Osteomalacia is the softening of bones caused by defective bone mineralization due to inadequate levels of phosphate and calcium, often caused by vitamin D deficiency. Some key risk groups include homebound adults, vegetarians, and those with limited sun exposure or gastrointestinal disorders that impact absorption. Symptoms include muscle weakness, bone pain, and increased fracture risk. Treatment involves high dose oral vitamin D, calcium, and phosphate supplements, while prevention focuses on diet, sun exposure, and treating underlying conditions.

1. OSTEOMALACIA
Presented By:
Shisam Neupane
Roll no.: 29
BPH 4th Sem

2. Outline of Presentation
1. Introduction
2. Problem Statement
3. Risk Groups
4. Aetiological Factors
5. Signs and Symptoms
6. Clinical Features
7. Diagnosis
8. Treatment
9. Prevention and Control

3. 1. Introduction
Osteo: Bone
Malacia: Abnormal softening of something
 Osteomalacia is the softening of the bones
caused by defective bone mineralization
secondary to inadequate levels of available
phosphate and calcium.
 Overactive resorption of calcium from the bone
which can be caused by hyperparathyroidism.
 It’s also known as rickets, so, use of the term
“osteomalacia” is often restricted to the disease
in adults.

5. 2. Problem Statement
 The true prevalence of osteomalacia across the
globe remains unknown.
 Among 2,158 subjects (692 male and 1466
female) of 19-60 years, 73.68% had vit. D
deficiency whereas only 26.32% had optimum
level of vit. D.
 Females were more deficient than male by
5.29%.
(Prevalence of vit.D deficiency among adult
population of western region of Nepal, 2016)

6. 3. Risk Groups
 Homebound adults
 Vegetarians
 Women who wear traditional veils or dresses
preventing sun exposure
 Pregnant and lactating women
 Patients with malabsorption gastrointestinal
bypass surgery, kidney and liver problems

7. 4. Aetiological Factors
 Lack of vitamin D
 Less exposure to sunlight
 Lack of foods with vit. D supplement
 Poor absorption of vit. D
 Gastric bypass
 Celiac disease (damaged lining of intestines)
 Liver or kidney disorders (affect metabolism of vit.
D)
 Sometimes genetic too (rare condition)
 Low intake of phosphate or increased renal
losses

8. 5. Signs And Symptoms
 Muscle weakness
 Tiredness
 Bone pain
 Walking with waddling gait
 Stiffness
 Pain in lower back, hips and legs
 Bending of bones

11. 6. Clinical Features
 Weak, soft bones
 Easy and spontaneous fracture
 Looser’s zone
 Tetany by involuntary twitching of the
muscles of the face /carpopedal spasm

13. 7. Diagnosis
 Blood test
 Urine test
 Bone biopsy
 X-ray

14. 8. Treatment
 Oral supplements of vit. D (calciferol,
calcium, phosphate)
 3000 iu of vit. D per day
 Treatment of associated conditions
 Cirrhosis
 Kidney failure
 Braces to correct bone deformation

15. 9. Prevention and Control
 Dietary intake of vit. D rich foods
eg. Milk and milk products, egg, meat, cod liver
oil
 Enough sun exposure
 Timely treatment of associated aetiological
problems
 Food fortification
 RDA: 100 iu in adults
 A recurrence of the disease can probably be
prevented by 1000 iu of vit. D orally everyday for
life.

16. Thank you!