This document discusses osteoporosis and osteomalacia, two diseases affecting bone health. Osteoporosis is a disease where bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, increasing risk of fractures. It typically causes no symptoms until a bone is broken. Osteomalacia is a softening of the bones caused by impaired bone mineralization due to inadequate calcium, phosphate and vitamin D levels. The document defines, compares prevalence, signs/symptoms, causes, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment options of both diseases.

1. Mrs. P. Karthika
Assistant Professor
Department of Food Science and Nutrition
Periyar University, Salem - 11

2.  Definition
 Prevalence
 Signs and Symptoms
 Causes
 Risk factors
 Diagnosis
 Treatment

3. Osteoporosis Osteomalacia
It is a disease in which bone weakening
increases the risk of a broken bone.
Common in elderly people.
Bones that commonly break include the
vertebrae in the spine, the bones of the
forearm, and the hip.
Until a broken bone occurs there are
typically no symptoms
It is a disease characterized by the
softening of the bones caused by
impaired bone metabolism primarily
due to inadequate levels of available
phosphate, calcium, and vitamin D, or
because of resorption of calcium. The
impairment of bone metabolism causes
inadequate bone mineralization.

4. Osteoporosis Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis is the most prevalent bone
disease in the world.
NNHANES III dataset – estimates indicate
13-18% or 4-6 million have osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a disease affecting many
millions of people around the
world.
NNHANES III dataset - estimates indicate
37-50% or 13-17 million, have osteopenia

5. Osteoporosis Osteomalacia
Decrease in height over time
Hunched or stooped posture
Lower back pain
Easier than normal bone fracture
Difficulty in rising from a chair
Difficult in walking
Low back pain
Muscle weakness
Weight loss
Bowed legs

6. Osteoporosis Osteomalacia
lack of certain
hormones, particularly
estrogen in women and
androgen in men
Diet and lifestyle
change
Prolong medication
Low physical activity
Sufficient vitamin D
Certain surgeries
Lifestyle changes
Diet modification
Low physical activity

7. Osteoporosis Osteomalacia
Sex
Imbalanced
hormone
Ethnicity
Genetic factor
Fracture history
Inactive lifestyle
Medications
Vitamin D
Sun exposure
Inactive lifestyle
Age

8.  Blood and urine tests (calcium and phosphorus)
 X-rays (structure)
 Bone biopsy (threatening stage)

9.  dairy - milk, yoghurt, cream, cheese etc.
 green leafy vegetables such as cabbage, broccoli,
kale and okra also fennel, spinach.
 fortified orange juice.
 sesame seeds.
 dried figs and apricots.
 tofu, calcium-fortified.
 soya drinks with added calcium.
 soya beans