This document provides an overview of processors, including their history, types, performance, need, memory types, market statistics, advantages, and disadvantages. It discusses Moore's Law and how the number of transistors in integrated circuits doubles every two years. It outlines the history of early microprocessors in the 1970s and introduces common processor types like single-core, multi-core, dual-core, and quad-core. The document also discusses how multi-core processors provide benefits like improved performance, economical efficiency, and parallel computing.

1. Processors
By
Nipun Sharma
ID: 1411981520

2. Outline:
1. What is a Processor?
2. Moore’s Law
3. History
4. Types of Processors
5. Performance
6. Need Of Processor
7. Processor memory types
8. Market statistics
9. Advantages
10. Disadvantages
11. Conclusion
12. References

3. What is a Processor?
A processor is the logical circuit that responds
to and processes the basic instructions that
drives a computer.
The term processor has generally replaced the
term Central processing unit (CPU).
The processor in a personal computer or
in small devices is often called a Microprocessor.

4. MOORE’S LAW
• Moore's law is the observation that, over
the history of computing hardware, the
number of transistors in a dense integrated
circuit doubles approximately every two
years. The law is named after Gordon E.
Moore, co-founder of the Intel Corporation,
who described the trend in his 1965
paper. His prediction has proven to be
accurate, in part because the law is now used
in the semiconductor industry to guide long-
term planning and to set targets for research

5. History:
Intel introduced its first 4-bit microprocessor 4004 in 1971
The first microprocessors emerged in the early 1970s and
were used for electronic calculators, using binary-coded
decimal (BCD) arithmetic on 4-bit words.

6. History:
The Intel 8008 was introduced in 1972 ,the world's first
8-bit microprocessor.
But it had some performance issues, So Intel invented
another 8-bit microprocessor named as Intel 8080 in
1974

7. Types:
1. Single Core Processor:
It is a processor that has only one core, so it can
only start one operation at a time. It can however
in some situations start a new operation before the
previous one is complete. Originally all processors
Were single core. Multi Core processors were introduced
Later.

8. Types:
2. Multi-core or Many core Processor:
A multi-core processor is a single computing
component with two or more independent actual
central processing units (called "cores"), which are
the units that read and execute program instructions.

9. Types of Multi-Core:
1. Dual Core Processor:
Dual-core refers to a CPU that includes two complete
execution Cores per physical processor. It has
combined
two processors onto a single integrated circuit. These
processors are well-suited for multitasking because
there are two complete execution cores instead of one.

10. 2. Quad-Core Processor:
A quad-core processor is a chip with four
independent units
called cores that read and execute central processing
unit
(CPU) instructions such as add, move data, and
branch.
Quad-core and higher multi-core processor configurations
have become common for general-purpose computing, not
only for PCs but for mobile devices such as smartphones
and tablets.

11. PERFORMANCE
 The performance or speed of a processor depends
on, among many other factors, the clock rate
(generally given in multiples of hertz) and the
instructions per clock (IPC), which together are the
factors for the instructions per second(IPS) that the
CPU can perform.

12. • PROCESSING PERFORMANCE OF COMPUTERS IS
INCREASED BY USING MULTI-CORE PROCESSORS,
WHICH ESSENTIALLY IS PLUGGING TWO OR MORE
INDIVIDUAL PROCESSORS (CALLED CORES IN THIS
SENSE) INTO ONE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT. IDEALLY, A
DUAL CORE PROCESSOR WOULD BE NEARLY TWICE
AS POWERFUL AS A SINGLE CORE PROCESSOR.
INCREASING THE NUMBER OF CORES IN A
PROCESSOR INCREASES THE WORKLOAD THAT CAN
BE HANDLED. THIS MEANS THAT THE PROCESSOR
CAN NOW HANDLE NUMEROUS ASYNCHRONOUS
EVENTS, INTERRUPTS, ETC. WHICH CAN TAKE A TOLL
ON THE CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT) WHEN
OVERWHELMED.
Performance

14. Need Of Multi-core Processors:
The basic need of multi-core processors is the Parallel
Computing. Time consumption is the pulling drawback of
Single core processors. So, Multi-core technology has
become the mean to achieve efficiency thru parallel
processing.

15. Processor Memory Types:
 Shared memory:
In this model, there is one (large) common shared
memory for all processors.
 Distributed memory:
In this model, each processor has its own (small) local
memory, and its content is not replicated anywhere else

16. Why Multi-core?
 Better Performance
▪ For the Multi tasking
▪ e.g. Burning CD with graphic works at the same
time
 Economical efficiency
▪ A dual-core is much cheaper than two single cores

17. Why Multi-core?
 Save the room of motherboard
▪ Two single cores → In one die
▪ We can use this room more efficiently
 Parallel Computing
▪ As every core executes instructions as individual
processing unit, parallel processing is Achieved

18. MARKET STATISTICS
 In 2003, about US$44 billion worth of
microprocessors were manufactured and sold.
 In 2002, less than 10% of all the CPUs sold in the
world were 32-bit or more. Of all the 32-bit CPUs
sold, about 2% are used in desktop or laptop
personal computers. Most microprocessors are
used in embedded control applications such as
household appliances, automobiles, and computer
peripherals. Taken as a whole, the average price
for a microprocessor, microcontroller, or DSP is just
over $6.

19. ADVANTAGES
The largest boost in performance will likely be noticed
in improved response time while running CPU-
intensive processes, like antivirus scans,
ripping/burning media (requiring file conversion), or
searching for folders. For example, if the automatic
virus scan initiates while a movie is being watched,
the application running the movie is far less likely to
be starved of processor power, as the antivirus
program will be assigned to a different processor core
than the one running the movie playback.

20. DISADVANTAGES
 In addition to operating system (OS) support,
adjustments to existing software are required to
maximize utilization of the computing resources
provided by multi-core processors.
 Integration of a multi-core chip drives
production yields down and they are more
difficult to manage thermally than lower-density
single-chip designs.

21.  Intel has partially countered this first problem by
creating its quad-core designs by combining two
dual-core on a single die with a unified cache,
hence any two working dual-core dies can be used,
as opposed to producing four cores on a single die
and requiring all four to work to produce a quad-
core. From an architectural point of view, ultimately,
single CPU designs may make better use of the
silicon surface area than multiprocessing cores, so
a development commitment to this architecture may
carry the risk of obsolescence.
Disadvantages

22. Conclusion:
 All computers are now parallel computers.
 Multi-core processors represent an important new trend
in computer architecture.
 Decreased power consumption and Better
Performance.
 Efficient Processing.
 They enable true thread-level parallelism with great
energy efficiency.
 To utilize their full potential, applications will need to
move from a single to a multi-threaded model.

23. References:
 Olukotun, Kunle and Hammond, Lance. The future of
microprocessors.Queue, Volume 3, Issue 7, September
2005.
 www.princeton.edu/~jdonald/research/hyperthreading/g
arg_report.pdf
 Zheltov, Sergey N. and Bratanov, Stanislav V. Multi-
threading for Experts: Synchronization. Technical
Report. Intel. 2005. (WWWdocument, referenced
17.11.2005). Available:
http://www.intel.com/cd/ids/developer/asmo-
na/eng/183321.htm