The document summarizes a technical seminar on processors presented by Bharat Kumar Rajak. It discusses the evolution of processors from early transistor-based designs to modern multi-core CPUs. It covers key topics like processor architecture, types of processors including RISC and CISC, applications, and future directions. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like single-core, dual-core, and multi-core processor designs as well as cache memory and clock speed. The seminar aims to provide an overview of processors, their history, workings and importance in computers and other electronics.

1. TECHNICAL SEMINAR ON
PROCESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
PRESENTED BY:-
BHARAT KUMAR RAJAK
USN:-1GD18EC011
INTERNAL GUIDE:- KRISHNAKUMAR SIR
ASST.PROFFESSOR
GOPALAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
MANAGEMENT

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 EVOLUTION
 GENERATION
 ARCHITECTURE
 TYPES OF PROCESSORS
 APPLICATIONS
 FUTURE SCOPE
 LIMITATION
 CONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS PROCESSOR ?

4. IMAGE OF A PROCESSOR
Fig :2 Fig :3

5. DEFINITION
 Definition – Processor is known as “Microprocessor“, and it likes as small type of chip that is
placed in the computers and another electronics components.
 Processor can manage all instructions such as arithmetical, logical, input/output (I/O) and
other basic instructions, which are created by hardware or operating system.
 Its main job role is to obtain input from input devices and then produce the accurately result
on the output devices.
 Now these days, more advance processors are available in the market, which are capable to
control trillions of instructions in per second.

6. EVOLUTION OF PROCESSOR
 Transistor was invented in 1948 (23 December 1947 in Bell lab). IC was invented in 1958
(Fair Child Semiconductors) By Texas Instruments J Kilby. The microprocessor was first
invented by Robert Noyce and his crew,The first microprocessor was invented by
INTEL(INTegrated ELectronics).
 Size of the microprocessor – 4 bit
 Today, computers are a part of our lifestyle, but the first computer that was used and developed at the
University of Pennsylvania in the year 1946! It had an ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Computer) processor. The reprogramming feature that is so extensively used today, was introduced by
Alan Turing and John von Neumann with their teams. The von Neumann architecture is the basis of
modern computers.
 From the development of the first microprocessor – Intel’s 4004 to the latest ones – the microprocessors
have come a long way. Here, we look into the story so far.

7. EVOLUTION
 1971 – Intel 4004
 It was designed by Federico Faggin and Ted Hoff of Intel and Masatoshi Shima
of Busicom, and it was launched on November 15,1971.
It consisted of 2300 transistors with pMOS technology.
The total number of instructions were 46. The designed clock speed was 1 MHz
while only 740 kHz was achieved.
 Processors are probably the most single interesting piece of hardware in your
and neat history history, dating all the way back to 1971 with the first
microprocessor, the Intel 4004. As you can imagine and have no doubt seen
technology has improved by leaps and bounds.
 We’re going to show you a history of the processor, starting with the Intel
chose for the first PC and only has a neat history from then on out.

8. WHY TO USE THESE PROCESSOR?
 A processor is an essential part of any computer
since, without such a chip unit, it's unable to
perform any operations or run any software.
 Computer software is encoded in machine
language, which is a numeric code that CPUs
understand and process as a series of simple
commands.
 CPUs communicate with other devices installed
on a computer, such as input and output devices
and memory chips.
 Common manufacturers of CPUs include Intel and
AMD, which make processors for desktop and
laptop computers, and Qualcomm and ARM,
which make chips designed mostly for smaller
devices like smart phones and embedded tools.

9. ARCHITECTURE OF PROCESSOR

10. DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROCESSORS
 There are five types of microprocessors they are DSP (Digital Signal Processor), ASIC (Application Specific
Integrated Circuit), RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing), CISC (Complex Instruction Set
Computing) and Super Scalar Processor.

11. CLOCK SPEED
 The speed at which a microprocessor can execute
the instructions is called the clock speed. Basically
clock speed is the number of cycles that the
processor executes per second. We measure it in
MHz(MegaHertz) or GHz (Giga Hertz). Here, MHz
means 1 million cycles per second and GHz means 1
billion cycles per second
 The speed at which a microprocessor can execute the
instructions is called the clock speed
 A CPU with a clock speed of 3.2 GHz executes 3.2 billion
cycles per second. (Older CPUs had speeds measured in
megahertz, or millions of cycles per second.)
 Sometimes, multiple instructions are completed in a single
clock cycle; in other cases, one instruction might be handled
over multiple clock cycles.
 Since different CPU designs handle instructions differently, it’s
best to compare clock speeds within the same CPU brand and
generation.
Frequency is more operations
within a given amount of time, as
represented above.

12. CACHE MEMORY
 Cache memory is a chip-based computer component that makes retrieving data from the computer's
memory more efficient. It acts as a temporary storage area that
 Cache Memory is a special very high-speed memory. It is used to speed up and synchronizing with
high-speed CPU. Cache memory is costlier than main memory or disk memory but economical than
CPU registers. Cache memory is an extremely fast memory type that acts as a buffer between RAM and
the CPU. It holds frequently requested data and instructions so that they are immediately available to
the CPU when needed.
 Cache memory is used to reduce the average time to access data from the Main memory. The cache is
a smaller and faster memory which stores copies of the data from frequently used main memory
locations. There are various different independent caches in a CPU, which store instructions and data.

13. 13 4/10/2023
SINGLE-CORE COMPUTER
 A single-core processor is a microprocessor with a single
core on its die. It performs the fetch-decode-execute
cycle once per clock-cycle, as it only runs on one thread. A
computer using a single core CPU is generally slower than a
multi-core system.
 Single core processors used to be widespread in desktop
computers, but as applications demanded more processing
power, the slower speed of single core systems became a
detriment to performance. Windows supported single-core
processor up until the release of Windows 11, where a dual-
core processor is required.
 Single core processors are still in use in some niche
circumstances. Some older legacy systems like those
running antiquated operating systems cannot gain any
benefit from multi-core processors.

14. DUAL CORE COMPUTER
 IBM introduced dual-core chips in its Power 4
microprocessors in 2000. Dual core CPUs were
introduced in 2004. Because of the continual
increase in single core clock speeds, CPUs were
generating more heat and using more power.
 Dual cores were introduced to improve
performance without generating more heat as
dual core systems use about the same amount
of energy.
 Dual core is a CPU that has two distinct
processors that work simultaneously in the
same integrated circuit.
 This type of processor can function as efficiently
as a single processor but can perform
operations up to twice as quickly. Because each
core has its own cache, the operating system is
able to handle most tasks in parallel.

15. 15 4/10/2023
MULTI-CORE ARCHITECTURES
 Replicate multiple processor cores on a single die.
Core 1 Core 2 Core 3 Core 4
Multi-core CPU chip

16. 16 4/10/2023
MULTI-CORE COMPUTER
 A multi-core microprocessor is one that combines two or more
independent processors into a single package, often a single
integrated circuit (IC).
 A dual-core device contains two independent microprocessors.
 In general, multi-core microprocessors allow a computing device
to exhibit some form of thread-level parallelism (TLP) without
including multiple microprocessors in separate physical packages.

17. 17 4/10/2023
WHY MULTI-CORE ?
 Difficult to make single-core
clock frequencies even higher
 Many new applications are
multithreaded
 General trend in computer
architecture (shift towards
more parallelism)

18. 18 4/10/2023
MULTI-CORE PROCESSOR IS A SPECIAL
KIND OF A MULTIPROCESSOR:
ALL PROCESSORS ARE ON THE SAME CHIP
 Multi-core processors are MIMD:
Different cores execute different threads
(Multiple Instructions), operating on different
parts of memory (Multiple Data).
 Multi-core is a shared memory multiprocessor:
All cores share the same memory

19. 19 4/10/2023
 Dual-core
Intel Xeon processors
 Each core is
hyper-threaded
 Private L1 caches
 Shared L2 caches
memory
L2 cache
L1 cache L1 cache
C
O
R
E
1
C
O
R
E
0
hyper-threads

20. 20 4/10/2023
DESIGNS WITH PRIVATE L2 CACHES
memory
L2 cache
L1 cache L1 cache
C
O
R
E
1
C
O
R
E
0
L2 cache
memory
L2 cache
L1 cache L1 cache
C
O
R
E
1
C
O
R
E
0
L2 cache
Both L1 and L2 are private
Examples: AMD Opteron,
AMD Athlon, Intel Pentium D
L3 cache L3 cache
A design with L3 caches
Example: Intel Itanium 2

21. DO WE HAVE OTHER PROCESSING UNITS ?
Computers often include additional processing units beyond the
CPU. The most common type is the graphics processing unit that
is designed to display video on a computer screen.
Other specialized chips exist for other applications, including
handling audio and specialized applications that work with
cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin.

22. 22
WINDOWS TASK MANAGER
Windows Task Manager

23. CONCLUSION
CPU Computer processors have a major role to play in a Computer system with its various components for
processing and executing instructions
One of the most significant inventions to technology was the microprocessor because of its effect on technologic
engineering, different aspects of life, and of course how it can store data larger than the size of the actual chip.
The impacts the microprocessor had had on life and whether it was for the better the invention was made is a
controversy that still goes to this day. The microprocessor was first invented by Robert Noyce and his crew, the
Intel 4004. Since the model, 4004, microprocessors have advanced enormously over the past few decades. Then
the company Intel, originally Fairchild Semiconductor, had flourished because of all the variety of models ranging
from four bit arranged microprocessors to as big as sixteen bit. With the microprocessor came great impacts of
parts of life such as the military, business, and medicine, just to name a couple. Although the microprocessor was
on the rise, few would say technology was advancing too quickly because of it. Nevertheless, the microprocessor
was one of the greatest contraptions within the technologic world. Imagining a world without the microprocessor:
everything would change, meaning business, education, computers, phones, televisions, just everything. Keep that
in mind when using an electronic device next time.

24. THANK YOU