The document provides an overview of computer processors. It discusses the role of processors in fetching, decoding, executing, and writing back instructions. It describes the main parts of a CPU including the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, memory unit, cache memory, and registers. It discusses challenges for processors like performance, motherboard support, software support, energy consumption, and cooling. It also covers integrated circuits, 64-bit CPUs, popular processor brands like AMD, Intel, and Apple, and factors to consider when choosing a processor like cores, cache size, socket compatibility, and frequency. It predicts that future processors will be more efficient, compact, cheaper, reliable, and have better cooling and higher frequencies than today's processors.

1. COMPUTER
PROCESSORS
JASHANPREET SINGH
PC ASSEMBLY AND
TROUBLESHOOTING

2. Introduction
Role of processor
Challenges of CPU
Main parts of CPU
Integrated circut
64bit CPU
Popular Brands
TABLE OF
CONTENT
Choice of processors
Tomorrow's
Expectations

3. Introduction :
A computer processor or a central processing
unit is an electronic unit that can execute
computer programs.
A computer processor analyzes data and
controls data flow in a computer
A computer processor handles the central
management functions of a high powered pc

4. ROLE OF
COMPUTER
PROCESSORS
F E T C H :
Every instruction has its own address and is stored in the main
memory. The CPU fetches the address of the instruction which is
to be executed from the program counter in the memory and
performs the instruction.
D E C O D E :
The instruction that is to be executed is converted into binary
code so that the computer can easily understand it and perform
the required function.
E X E C U T E :
The process of performing the required task specified in the
instruction is known as execution
W R I T E B A C K :
After performing the instruction the CPU store the result in the
memory that process is known as a store or Write back.

5. Performance Motherboard
Support
Software support Energy
Consumption and
Cooling
CHALLANGES OF A
PROCESSOR

6. MAIN PARTS OF A
COMPUTER PROCESSOR
AIRTHMETIC AND LOGICAL UNIT
CONTROL UNIT
MEMORY UNIT
CACHE MEMORY
REGISTERS

7. DEFINATIONS-
Register
It is a very fast
temporary storage
location which
hold data that is
being processed,
instructions being
executed, and
addresses of the
memory location
to be accessed
This unit supplies
information to
other units of the
computer when
needed. It is also
known as Random
Access Memory
(RAM)
It is used to speed
up and
synchronizing with
high-speed CPU.
It holds
frequently
requested data
and instructions
so that they are
immediately
available to the
CPU when needed
It manages
fetching, decoding
and execution of
instructions
It carries logical,
algebraical or any
other type of
calculations
MU
Cache
CU
ALU

8. Other Important
Parts:
PTU: This part of the CPU works with
the control unit to monitor whether or
not functions are carried out
correctly.
FPU: Floating point operations involve
arithmetic on numbers with decimal
places and high math operations like
trigonometry and logarithms.
BIU: The BIU supervises
the transfer of data
over the bus system
between the other
components of the
computer and the
CPU. It also serves as
the interface point for
the CPU and its
external bus, as well
as handling all data
transfers out of the
control unit.

9. Intergated Circut-
An integrated circuit (IC)is a combination of electronic
components, such as transistors, capacitors, and
resistors. An IC is designed to fulfill some logical function
and can be built to be a timer, counter, a bank of
computer memory, or even a microprocessor.
The basic building block of an IC is a logic gate. A logic
gate performs the Boolean algebra AND operation by
testing two input signals (each stored in a transistor). If
both are positive(representing true or 1), it sets the
signal of a result value to positive. Otherwise, the valueis
set to negative (representing false or 0).

10. Roll of a 64bit Processor-
Although 64 bit computer processors have been deployed since the
early 1990s, they have only been deployed at the consumer-level in large
numbers in recent years.
64 Bit processors are able to provide increased input/output access to
hard drives and the computer's video card that help to further increase
overall system performance
The primary advantage of a 64 bit computer processor over legacy
designs is the significantly expanded address space available to the
processor. The previous 32 bit processors would be limited to a
maximum of two to four gigabytes of effective RAM access.

11. CORES-
A core, or CPU core, is the "brain" of a CPU. It
receives instructions, and performs calculations, or
operations, to satisfy those instructions. A CPU can
have multiple cores.
A processor with two cores is called a dual-core processor; with four cores, a quad-core; six cores, hexa-core;
eight cores, octa-core. As of 2019, the majority of consumer CPUs feature between two and twelve cores.
Workstation and server CPUs may feature as many as 48.
When processors were running on a single core, that one core was responsible for handling all the data sent to
the processor. As more cores are integrated into a processor, those cores are able to split up the processor’s
tasks. This makes the processor faster and more efficient.

12. AMD
HEADQUATERS:
Santa Clara, California.
FOUNDED: 1st May
1969
INTEL
HEADQUATERS:
Santa Clara, California
FOUNDED: 18th July,
1968
APPLE.Inc
HEADQUATERS:
Cupertino, California
FOUNDED: 1st April,
1976
POPULAR BRANDS FOR PROCESSORS

13. CHOICE OF
PROCESSORS:
CORES-
When processors were running on a single core, that one core was responsible for handling
all the data sent to the processor. As more cores are integrated into a processor, those cores
are able to split up the processor’s tasks. This makes the processor faster and more efficient.
CACHE-
A processor’s cache is similar to the memory of a computer. A processor’s cache is a small
amount of very fast memory that is used for temporary storage. This allows a computer to
retrieve the files that are in the processor’s cache very quickly. The larger a processor’s
cache, the more files it will be able to store for that quick retrieval.

14. SOCKET COMPATIBILITY-
Socket compatibility is a primary concern when it comes to buying a processor. The socket
compatibility enables the interface between a motherboard and its CPU. If a motherboard
has already been acquired, make sure that the processor installed is compatible with the
motherboard’s socket. Alternately, when building a computer around the processor, make
sure that the motherboard is compatible with the existing processor.
Integrated Graphics Processing Units (GPUs)-
Many of today’s processors have integrated graphics processing units, which are designed
to perform the calculations related to graphics. If a processor does not have an integrated
GPU, the computer can still display graphics if a separate graphics card is present or if the
motherboard offers onboard video. If the computer will be used for graphics-intensive
software and programs, then a CPU with an integrated GPU will likely not perform as
needed.

15. FREQUENCY(CLOCK SPEED)-
The frequency of a CPU, measured in hertz (Hz), is the speed at which it operates. In the
past, a merely faster frequency equaled better performance. This is not necessarily the
case any longer. In some cases, a CPU running at a lower frequency may actually perform
better than a processor running at a higher frequency due to the infrastructure of the
CPU. It is important to look at a CPU’s “instructions per clock” in addition to the frequency
of the CPU. While frequency is still a good indication of how quickly a processor can
perform, it is no longer the only factor that impacts the actual speed of a processor.
THERMAL-
Processors generate heat. The thermal design power specification assigned to a CPU
explains how much heat the processor is going to give off. This will directly affect the type
of cooling device needed for a CPU. If the CPU does not come with a cooling device or if
the cooling device provided is not used, a device must be installed that can cool the
system sufficiently. Overheating is a primary danger to a computer’s componentry.

16. FUTURE EXPECTATIONS
NEXT GEN
PROCESSORS WILL
BE MORE EFFICIENT
THAN TODAY'S
PROCESSORS
NEXT GEN
PROCESSORS WILL
BE IN VERY SMALL
AND COMPACT, I.E.
THEY WILL BE IN
NANO IN SIZE
INSTEAD OF MICRO
THEY WILL BE MORE
CHEAPER AND
RELIABLE THAN
TODAY'S
PROCESSORS
THEY WILL HAVE
BETTER COOLING
SYSTEMS AND VERY
HIGH FREQUENCY
SPEED THAN
TODAY'S
PROCESSORS

17. Thank
You!