The document provides details about several Mughal architectural structures and styles. It discusses: 1) The Gulbarga Jami Masjid in Bidar, known for its domed central hall instead of an open courtyard, covering nearly 38,000 square feet. 2) The Bidar Madrassa, known as the "Madrassa of Mond", which has the plan and style of a typical Persian university transplanted to India. 3) Humayun's Tomb in Delhi, built in 1556, which has an octagonal layout inspired by Persian models and Hindu temple planning. 4) The Fatehpur Sikri complex, including the large central mosque, Diwan

2. MONUMENTAL- Bidar – Jami Masjid
Gulbarga – Jami Masjid
CIVIC SPACES – Treatment of a space
within mosque, an enclosed space for
Gathering
DOMESTIC SPACES – Bidar – Madrassa
of Mond
PROVINCIAL STYLE - III

3. MONUMENTAL ARCH – Humayun’s Tomb,
Fatehpur Sikri layout, Jami Masjid, Diwan-I-Khas, Tomb
of Salim Chisti
CIVIC SPACE – Buland Darwaza
Garden(Humayun’s Tomb)
DOMESTIC – Birbal’s House
Jodha bai’s Palace
MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE - I

4.  Master builder Rafi of this Jami Masjid.
 Inspired b the form of Muslim religious edifices in eastern Europe ‘domed and
vaulted hall of the basilica type’.
 In this extremely original and daring innovation for the Gulbarga mosque the
decided to abandon the open to sky central courtyard and replace it with an
entirely roofed-in, domed and pillared hall.
 Measuring a handsome 216ft X 176ft and consequently covering an area of
37,916sq ft in plan.
 The mosque’s central hall is roofed over with 63 small cupolas and this allows
for 5000 worshippers periphery.
 The sanctuary is crowned by a stately contoured stilted dome rising over a
square clere storey.

5.  The wide arcades on the three sides of the central hall are spanned
across by low arches , roofed over by long pointed barrel vaults
that appear to form cordon around.
 The glorious white monument testifies as much to the originality of
its designer concept.
 Many other architectural flourishes that adorn this mosque became
a part and parcel of the subsequent south Indian Islamic idiom.

6.  The so called sola khumbha or ‘sixteen pillars’ mosque at Bidar is
indeed representative of this solemnity.
 It is built in a sedate and unaffected style consisting of a 77ft wide and
295ft long sanctuary.
 The mehrab in the middle of the liwan is enclosed within a square
compartment over which rises a stilted Gulbarga-type dome resting on
an octagonal base.
 The humdrum mosque is the installation of the three scores of 4.25ft
diameter, plain, circular pillars to hold up the groined roof of the long
chamber.

7.  More exotic and fanciful of the structures at
Bidar is the somewhat better preserved
madrassa of Mohammed gawan , malik-u’t-
tanjur, prime minister, scholar and military
general of Mohammed Shah 111.

8.  The building popularly known as the madrassa of gawan seems ‘like a piece
of Persia planted in India’.
 The building plan of the typical Persian university, without the slightest
modifications whatever to suit the new environment was used in Bidar.
 This has a plan of 205ft X 180ft rectangular three-tiered structure consists of
a series of lecture halls, library, mosque and professors.
 Student’s room arranged around an open-to-sky central courtyard
measuring 100ft square.
 The entrance façade on the east emphasized by two 100ft high Persian
minarets on either side of lofty gateway.
 While in the middle of each of the other three sides are planted semi-
octagonal shaped bastions crowned by a typical tartar dome.

9.  Outer surface of the madrassa are three rows of deep and severely
formed arched niches devoid of any other sculptural embellishments,
recesses or projections.
 The entire structure was designed in the true Persian tradition.
 Covered by glazed tiles.
 Every part of the façade was overlaid with patterns obtained by this
method, primarily in green, white, and yellow.
 The builders laid layers of lead in the lower courses of the masonry.
 In the later use of the building as any armt barrack, an explosion blew
up a large part of the building including the entrance gateway and one
minaret.

10.  Was located in the banks of Yamuna in the year AD1556.
 The chief architect of this was MIRAK-MIRZA GHIAZ
 The site was selected on the banks of Yamuna, the settlement was
known to be known as Arab-ki-Sarai even though it housed
craftsmen largely of Persia.
 They contributed a great deal of their skills and borrowed an equal
amount from local tradition.
Elevation

11.  The plan of tomb proper is not the conventional single chamber but a
complex of octagonal halls comprising a central one surrounded by
four corner ones and is inspired as much by Persian models as by
classical Hindu panchratna planning.
 In elevation , each of the substantially similar four sides consists of
central rectangular fronton housing a deep semi-arch, flanked on
either side by rather squat and cubic masses with chamfered corners
.
 This shows Persian characters.

12.  The massive mosque measuring 515x432ft(157mx132m)
undoubtedly making it the largest mosque in India.
 It consists of central arched fronton which dwarfs the dome behind
in the old Tughlaq tradition.
 The centered framed arch is completely out of proportions with the
rather low-slung side wings
 The central dome decorated on the inside to give an appearance
of stone version of a timber ribbed dome, evokes the spirit of the
rest Sikri.
 The parapets of the cloisters and liwan are marked by a row of
exquisitely domed chattris that are held lighted torch at night
during festivals seasons and add a touch a mirth to the otherwise
somber and uninspired structure .

14.  Mughal gardens are of three types:-
› pleasure gardens
› tomb gardens
› palace gardens
 example of tomb garden is :- the Taj Mahal , Humayun’s tomb etc
 Examples of pleasure gardens are Shalimar Bagh
 Examples of palaces are Gram Bagh

15.  The idea of planting the garden around the tomb was a homage
later by Mughals to nature loving vision of their founding father
BABUR.
 Mughals, instead, organized each of the natural elements with in a
refined man –made frame woke of geometrical patterns
 The groves of trees is dispersed into trees planted sentinel-like at
strategic points, the rivulets becomes rigid channels of water laid
along the cardinal axes of the building punctuated by fountains at
regular intervals and rows of flowers flagged paths becomes
decorative borders for the grass contained with in square
quadrangles.
 The Mughal garden attempted to capture natural beauty within a
man made frame work highlighting the contrast between the two.

16. Shalimar Bagh, Kashmir site plan

17. Shalimar Bagh, Kashmir
 The first terrace is a public garden or the outer garden ending in the Diwan-e-Aam
(public audience hall).In this hall, a small black marble throne was installed over the
waterfall.
 The second terrace garden along the axial canal, slightly broader, has two shallow
terraces. The Diwan-e-Khas (the Hall of Private Audience), which was accessible
only to the noblemen or guests of the court, now derelict, is in its centre. However,
the carved stone bases and a fine platform surrounded by fountains are still seen.
The royal bathrooms are located on the north-west boundary of this enclosure. The
fountain pools of the Diwan-e-Khas, the Diwan-e-Aam, and in turn, the Zenana
terrace supplied in succession. it has 410 fountains
 In the third terrace, the axial water channel flows through the Zenana garden, which
is flanked by the Diwan-e-Khas and chinar trees. At the entrance to this terrace,
there are two small pavilions or guard rooms (built in Kashmir style on stone plinth)
that is the restricted and controlled entry zone of the royal harem. Shahajahan built
a baradari of black marble, called the Black Pavilion in the zenana garden. It is
encircled by a fountain pool that receives its supply from a higher terrace. A double
cascade falls against a low wall carved with small niches (chini khanas), behind the
pavilion. Two smaller, secondary water canals lead from the Black Pavilion to a
small baradari. Above the third level, two octagonal pavilions define the end wall of
the garden. The baradari has a lovely backdrop of the snow mountains, which is
considered a befitting setting for the Bagh.

18. Ram bagh
•The garden is a Persian garden, where pathways and canals divide the garden to
represent the Islamic ideal of paradise, an abundant garden through which rivers
flow.
•The Aram Bagh provides an example of a variant of the charbagh in which water
cascades down three terraces in a sequence of cascades.
•Two viewing pavilions face the Jumna river and incorporates a subterranean
'tahkhana' which was used during the hot summers to provide relief for visitors. The
garden has numerous water courses and fountains.

20. •Fatehpur Sikri is a city in the Agra District of Uttar Pardesh,
India.
•Akbar shifted his capital from Agra to Sikri ridge to honour the
Sufi saint Salim Chisti.
•Here he commenced the construction of a planned walled city,
which took the next fifteen years in planning and construction,
with a series of royal palaces, harems, courts, a mosque,
private quarters and other utility buildings.
•He named the city Fatehbad, with Fateh, a word of Arabic
origin in Persian, meaning “victorious”. it was later called
Fatehpur Sikri.
•Fatehpur Sikri is one of the best preserved examples of
Mughal Architecture in India.

22. •Buland Darwaza or the “Gate of
Magnificence” was built in 1601 A.D. by
Akbar to commemorate his victory over
Gujarat.
•It is the main entrance to the palace at Fatehpur Sikri, a town which is 43 km Agra,
India.
•It is the highest gateway in the world. It displays Akbar’s empire.
•Made up of red and buff sandstone, decorated by white and black marble and is
higher than the courtyard of the mosque.
•The total height of the structure is about 54m from the ground level.
•It is a 15 storied high gateway acting as the southern entrance of the city of
Fatehpur Sikri. The approach to the gate consists of 42 steps.
•It is octagonal in plan and two smaller triple-storied wings on either side.
•It has 3 kiskos on its top surrounded by thirteen smaller thirteen smaller domed
kiskos. There are smaller turrets surrounding the gateway.
•The monumental arch stands in the centre of three projecting sides and topped by
a dome.

23. Sectional view The Monumental Arch

24. TOMB OF SALIM CHISTI
•A white marble encased tomb of the Sufi saint, Salim Chisti(1478–1572),
within the Jama Masjid's sahn, courtyard.
• The single-storey structure is built around a central square chamber, within
which is the grave of the saint, under an ornate wooden canopy encrusted
with mother-of-pearl mosaic.
•Surrounding it is a covered passageway for circumambulation, with carved
Jalis, stone pierced screens all around with intricate geometric design and an
entrance to the south.
•The tomb is influenced by earlier mausolea of the early 15th century Gujarat
Sultanate period. Other striking features of the tomb are white marble
serpentine brackets, which support sloping eaves around the parapet.
•On the left of the tomb, to the east, stands a red sandstone tomb of Islam
Khan I, son of Shaikh Badruddin Chisti and grandson of Shaikh Salim
Chishti, who became a general in the Mughal army in the reign of Jahangir.
The tomb is topped by a dome and thirty-six small domed chattris and
contains a number of graves, some unnamed, all male descendants of
Shaikh Salim Chisti

25. •The tomb has been constructed on a platform which is about 1 m. high, a
flight of five steps leading to the entrance portico.
• The main tomb building is enclosed by delicate marble screens on all
sides, and the tomb is located in the centre of the main hall, which has a
single semi-circular dome.
•The marble building is beautifully carved, and has an ivory-like
appearance.
• The plinth is ornamented with mosaics of black and yellow marble
arranged in geometric patterns. An ebony “chhaparkhat” enclosure
surrounds the marble cenotaph, which is usually covered by a green cloth.

27. •Also known as the “hall of private audience” , was one of
the important public places in Fatehpur Sikri.
•Nobles used to discuss their issues with the emperor.
•Built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in 1635.
•This is located inside the fort. The gate of the north of
Diwan-I-Aam leads to the Diwan-I-Khas.
•The measurement of the hall is 67X90 feet and has
rectangular central chamber.
•The ceiling of the hall was made of flat wooden planks
which were covered with sheets of gold and silver in order
to allow the brightness of the sun.

28. BIRBAL’S HOUSE
•Birbal's House: The house of Akbar's favourite minister, who was a Hindu.
Notable features of the building are the horizontal sloping sunshades or chajjas
and the brackets which support them.

29. JODH BAI’S PALACE