Humayun's Tomb in Delhi, built in 1561, was the first garden-tomb on the Indian subcontinent and set an important precedent for Mughal architecture. It was commissioned by Humayun's wife Bega Begum to honor her late husband. The tomb stands on a high platform and features a double dome structure made of red sandstone and white marble. It inspired several major architectural innovations, culminating in the construction of the Taj Mahal. The tomb was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1993 and has undergone extensive restoration work.
Islamic Architecture in India: Imperial styleAr. TANIA BERA
The earliest appearance of Islamic architecture in India is referred to as the Imperial style. Indo-Islamic architecture may be divided into few phases starting from the twelfth century to sixteenth century. The sultanate of Delhi was undergone the regular change as five dynasties rose & fell; namely Slave dynasty, Khalji dynasty, Tughluq dynasty, Sayyid & Lodi dynasty.
Deccan architecture is derived from sultans of Delhi and Persian architecture.
Delhi influence was brought by Sultan Muhammad Tughlaq in 1340 when he shifted his capital to Daulatabad.
Artisans were brought from Delhi.
Rulers arrived from Persian gulf to west of India giving ready access to Bahamani kingdom.
First independent ruler Ala-Ud-Din Hassan Bahaman Shah was an Persian adventurer from court of Tuglaq
Islamic Architecture in India: Imperial styleAr. TANIA BERA
The earliest appearance of Islamic architecture in India is referred to as the Imperial style. Indo-Islamic architecture may be divided into few phases starting from the twelfth century to sixteenth century. The sultanate of Delhi was undergone the regular change as five dynasties rose & fell; namely Slave dynasty, Khalji dynasty, Tughluq dynasty, Sayyid & Lodi dynasty.
Deccan architecture is derived from sultans of Delhi and Persian architecture.
Delhi influence was brought by Sultan Muhammad Tughlaq in 1340 when he shifted his capital to Daulatabad.
Artisans were brought from Delhi.
Rulers arrived from Persian gulf to west of India giving ready access to Bahamani kingdom.
First independent ruler Ala-Ud-Din Hassan Bahaman Shah was an Persian adventurer from court of Tuglaq
influenced by architecture during islamic period in INDIA . the architectural features of islamic period mainly the mughal structures .
the designing pattern of great str like city of fatehpur sikri and more .
Jama masjid is the largest mosque in India.
Originally called Masjid-i-Jahanuma, or "mosque commanding view of the world“.
It was based on the plan and design of Ostad Khalil .
It can be called as the replica of Moti Masjid in Agra.
It is one of the finest mosque in the world.
It is a congregational mosque.
TOMB OF SIKANDER LODHI | MAUSOLEUM OF SIKANDER LODImanoj chauhan
MAUSOLEUM OF SIKANDER LODI
The lodhi dynasty (or lodhi) was An afghan dynasty that ruled
The delhi sultanate from 1451 to 1526.
It was the last dynasty of The delhi sultanate and was founded by bahlul khan
Lodi when he replaced Dynasty.
Indo-Islamic architecture is the use of Hindu and Islamic elements in combination.
The trend begun when Hindu artisans were forced to create Islamic structures for the Delhi Sultans who having arrived in India on conquest and plunder lacked artisans and architects.
Under later dynasties, Islamic immigrants trickling into the realm (and in greater numbers during the Mongol invasion of the Middle East) added to the talent pool with newer ideas and authentic Middle Eastern styles.
The mix of styles and use of elements gradually evolved overtime reaching its pinnacle under the Mughals.
The mausoleum of Sikandar Lodi is taken to be the first of the garden mausoleums built in the sub continent.
Inspired in parts by Muhammad Shah’s Mausoleum situated a little distance away, its most visibly distinguishing feature is its octagonal plan and garden inside.
Out of the two types of tombs constructed during the period, the octagonal design appear to be associated with royalty than the more numerous square type.
The tomb was an innovation in mausoleum complexes built during the reign of the Delhi Sultanates.
Enclosed within a raised fortified complex, with two dome shaped Chattris (umbrella shaped domes) at the main entrance, the octagonal mausoleum sits in the middle of a large garden.
The housing space is ringed by a wide veranda with lightly carved pillars placed at measured intervals.
Crowning the head of the mausoleum is a single dome with a lotus finial at the top. The interior is ornamented with tiles beneath which is a single tomb.
The compound outside has an open air mosque built into the western wall with a paved platform for holy men to offer prayers for the soul of the sultan.
Development of colonial architecture in indiaRohit Surekh
Development of Colonial architecture in India – Dutch, Portuguese, French and British architectural influences in India: merging of local architecture with various Colonial styles
A new style of architecture was flourished in India; called the Indo-Islamic architecture which is an amalgamation of Islamic and Hindu Style. As per Islamic philosophy, the worship is performed as congregational prayer in mosques and construction of tomb was followed for burial purpose; the fort and palaces were also part of this style of architecture. Islamic architecture focuses architectural elements, decoration, spiritual foundations, and construction materials.
influenced by architecture during islamic period in INDIA . the architectural features of islamic period mainly the mughal structures .
the designing pattern of great str like city of fatehpur sikri and more .
Jama masjid is the largest mosque in India.
Originally called Masjid-i-Jahanuma, or "mosque commanding view of the world“.
It was based on the plan and design of Ostad Khalil .
It can be called as the replica of Moti Masjid in Agra.
It is one of the finest mosque in the world.
It is a congregational mosque.
TOMB OF SIKANDER LODHI | MAUSOLEUM OF SIKANDER LODImanoj chauhan
MAUSOLEUM OF SIKANDER LODI
The lodhi dynasty (or lodhi) was An afghan dynasty that ruled
The delhi sultanate from 1451 to 1526.
It was the last dynasty of The delhi sultanate and was founded by bahlul khan
Lodi when he replaced Dynasty.
Indo-Islamic architecture is the use of Hindu and Islamic elements in combination.
The trend begun when Hindu artisans were forced to create Islamic structures for the Delhi Sultans who having arrived in India on conquest and plunder lacked artisans and architects.
Under later dynasties, Islamic immigrants trickling into the realm (and in greater numbers during the Mongol invasion of the Middle East) added to the talent pool with newer ideas and authentic Middle Eastern styles.
The mix of styles and use of elements gradually evolved overtime reaching its pinnacle under the Mughals.
The mausoleum of Sikandar Lodi is taken to be the first of the garden mausoleums built in the sub continent.
Inspired in parts by Muhammad Shah’s Mausoleum situated a little distance away, its most visibly distinguishing feature is its octagonal plan and garden inside.
Out of the two types of tombs constructed during the period, the octagonal design appear to be associated with royalty than the more numerous square type.
The tomb was an innovation in mausoleum complexes built during the reign of the Delhi Sultanates.
Enclosed within a raised fortified complex, with two dome shaped Chattris (umbrella shaped domes) at the main entrance, the octagonal mausoleum sits in the middle of a large garden.
The housing space is ringed by a wide veranda with lightly carved pillars placed at measured intervals.
Crowning the head of the mausoleum is a single dome with a lotus finial at the top. The interior is ornamented with tiles beneath which is a single tomb.
The compound outside has an open air mosque built into the western wall with a paved platform for holy men to offer prayers for the soul of the sultan.
Development of colonial architecture in indiaRohit Surekh
Development of Colonial architecture in India – Dutch, Portuguese, French and British architectural influences in India: merging of local architecture with various Colonial styles
A new style of architecture was flourished in India; called the Indo-Islamic architecture which is an amalgamation of Islamic and Hindu Style. As per Islamic philosophy, the worship is performed as congregational prayer in mosques and construction of tomb was followed for burial purpose; the fort and palaces were also part of this style of architecture. Islamic architecture focuses architectural elements, decoration, spiritual foundations, and construction materials.
The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 defines an ‘ Ancient Monument ’ as follows:-
Ancient Monument means any structure, erection or monument, or any tumulus or place of interment, or any cave, rock-sculpture, inscription or monolith which is of historical, archaeological or artistic interest and which has been in existence for not less than 100 years and includes—
#1 Remains of an ancient monument,
#2 Site of an ancient monument,
#3 Such portion of land adjoining the site of an ancient monument as
may be required for fencing or covering in or otherwise preserving such monument, a
#4 The means of access to, and convenient inspection of, an ancient monument;
Mughal Architecture of INDIA.
The Mughal rulers built magnificent gates, forts, mausoleums, mosques, palaces, public buildings and tombs etc. The period of Shah Jahan (1627-1658) witnessed a glorious outburst of activity in the development of architecture. The Mughal architecture can be divided into two sections: Early and Later Mughal Architecture. The main characteristic features of Mughal architecture are: bulbous domes, slender minarets with cupolas at the four corners, large halls, massive vaulted gateways and delicate ornamentation. Buildings were constructed of red sandstone and white marble. One of the important distinguishing features is ornamentation.
precolonial architecture of Cambodia, Angkor wat , history of architecture AMMU PRADEEP KUMAR
About the precolonial Cambodian architecture , introduction to khmer architecture ,characteristics of khmer architecture , architectural features and planning of Angkor wat.
Hadj Ounis's most notable work is his sculpture titled "Metamorphosis." This piece showcases Ounis's mastery of form and texture, as he seamlessly combines metal and wood to create a dynamic and visually striking composition. The juxtaposition of the two materials creates a sense of tension and harmony, inviting viewers to contemplate the relationship between nature and industry.
2137ad Merindol Colony Interiors where refugee try to build a seemengly norm...luforfor
This are the interiors of the Merindol Colony in 2137ad after the Climate Change Collapse and the Apocalipse Wars. Merindol is a small Colony in the Italian Alps where there are around 4000 humans. The Colony values mainly around meritocracy and selection by effort.
Explore the multifaceted world of Muntadher Saleh, an Iraqi polymath renowned for his expertise in visual art, writing, design, and pharmacy. This SlideShare delves into his innovative contributions across various disciplines, showcasing his unique ability to blend traditional themes with modern aesthetics. Learn about his impactful artworks, thought-provoking literary pieces, and his vision as a Neo-Pop artist dedicated to raising awareness about Iraq's cultural heritage. Discover why Muntadher Saleh is celebrated as "The Last Polymath" and how his multidisciplinary talents continue to inspire and influence.
2137ad - Characters that live in Merindol and are at the center of main storiesluforfor
Kurgan is a russian expatriate that is secretly in love with Sonia Contado. Henry is a british soldier that took refuge in Merindol Colony in 2137ad. He is the lover of Sonia Contado.
2. LOCATION MAP
MAP OF DELHI
HUMAYUN’S TOMB
The site was chosen on
the banks of Yamuna river,
due to its proximity
to Nizamuddin Dargah.
Not to scale
3. 1) The ‘original’ time of the building when it was built.
2) Colonial preservation efforts of the ASI under the
aegis of the British imperial powers
3) Its modern designation as a World Heritage Site.
1561
1857
1993
Humayun’s Tomb was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1993, and
extensive conservation work has been carried out since. This began with
restoration of the garden, restoration of pathways, repairing of water
channels, and even planting shrubs and other plants that were popular in the
time of the Mughals.
The location of the tomb in that particular site opens the discussion of
constructing political power through monuments. The tomb was located in
that particular site primarily due to two factors- 1) its proximity to the first
Mughal city built by Humayun in Delhi, and more importantly 2) its proximity
to the famous Auliya tomb so that it could draw upon the religious
significance of the buried person and establish an association with Humayun
and indirectly to Akbar, its patron.
TIMELINE
4. • Humayun's tomb is the tomb of
the Mughal Emperor Humayun in Delhi,
India built by Akbar.
• Designed by Mirak Mirza Ghiyas, a
Persian architect.
• The Tomb stands on a 120-square-metre
platform and reaches a height of 47
metres. Built of rubble masonry, the
structure is the earliest example of the use
of red sandstone and white marble in such
great quantities.
• The central walkways, terminate at two
gates. It has two double-storey entrances,
the West gate which used now, while the
South gate, which was used during Mughal
era. Aligned at the centre on the eastern
wall lies a baradari, literally a pavilion with
twelve doors, finally on the northern wall
lies a hammam, a bath chamber.
• On the south-east of Humayun's Tomb
there is a fine square tomb of 1590-91,
known as the Barber's Tomb.
INTRODUCTION
5. N
• In plan it is an irregular octagon with four long and four short sides.
• It is surmounted by a 42.5 m high double dome clad with marble flanked by
decorative pillared kiosks (chhatris).
• The middle of each side is deeply recessed by large arched vaults with a series of
smaller ones set into the face.
• The interior is a large octagonal chamber with vaulted roof compartments
interconnected by galleries or corridors. This octagonal plan is repeated on the
second storey.
Floor plan Section
6. Line The use of horizontal and vertical lines in the
elevation.
Shape The shape of the dome is bulbous.
The arches are pointed.
Colour Because of the use of red
sandstone and white marble the colour of
the entire structure is red and white.
Texture The combination of rough texture
of the sandstone and the soft texture of the
white marble.
ELEMENTS OF DESIGN
7. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
Pattern Geometrical patterns at the interior of the central
dome. The various jaali patterns because of which the
interiors are well lit. they act as latice screens from which
the sunshine enters the interiors.
Contrast Humayun's Tomb was built from
red sandstone and white marble and thus
exudes a stark contrast against the blue
sky.
8. Emphasis The dome of the Humayun's tomb
acts as a marker in the structure.
The emphasis is because of the white colour and
also because of the bulbous shape of the dome.
Balance The structure in all perspectives is a
balanced structure having a balanced plan,
elevations and a balanced view.
Rhythm / Movement The use of continuous
arches which direct the movement of the eye in
a straight line.
9. ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
• The most striking visual feature of the tomb is its size and its garden
setting. In terms of both these features, the tomb established an
unprecedented example in Indian Islamic architecture.
Four central axial water courses define Char
Bagh Garden's quadrilateral layout
at Humayun's Tomb
INSPIRATION
Charbagh or Chahar Bagh (Persian:
chahār bāgh, "Four Bāghs") is
a Persian-style garden layout. The
quadrilateral garden is divided by
walkways or flowing water into four
smaller parts. In Persian, "Chār" means
'four' and "bāgh" means 'garden'.
• One of the eye-catching features of the
tomb is its raised plinth that is the
cause of its visibility on the city skyline
today. But historically its importance lay
in the 56 cells housed within that raised
plinth and that were used as the burial
place of almost 100 royal descendants
and relatives. Red box showing the plinth
10. • The built form of the building (especially the dome), though apparently derived
from existing Sultanate and Timurid examples, is distinct from either. It
attempts to fuse together the formal aspects of both these types. By doing so
he established a link as the successor to the glorious Timurid’s of Iran as well
as the Islamic empire in India.
Sultanate example Timurid examples
Dome of Humayun’s tomb
11. • The use of red sandstone with white marble is a reference to the previous
architecture of the Delhi Sultanate and places the building as a logical
continuation in the same tradition.
Delhi sultanate examples
White marble and red sandstone
12. • A very well chosen rich red gravel used for the
paths.
• A delightful fountain, water flowing in the stone-edged
channels and planting rising from below the walkway
to above the walkway, as it should.
• A chadar (water sheet) cascading into a
pool.
• Humayun's Tomb Garden has a symmetrical plan.
Because the word chahar bagh means 'four garden',
etymologically, it is tempting to think of this as a classical
example. But it now seems unlikely that the old Persian,
Timurid and Afgan gardens which inspired this pattern
were themselves symmetrical.
AESTHETICS
- These elements contribute to the visual treat at
Humayun's tomb.
13. SYMBOLISM
• The building can be considered a
memorial to the expansion and the
establishment of the vast Mughal
Empire in India, a symbol of a vision of
kingship and an affirmation of the
Mughal power and permanence in
India.
• It can also be considered as
embodiment of the secular principles
promoted by Akbar. In building such a
remarkable monument, Akbar (to
whom the patronage of the building is
attributed), provided the city of Delhi
with a visual and religious signifier.
THUS INSPIRED…
• It inspired several major architectural
innovations, culminating in the
construction of the Taj Mahal.
14. EXPRESSIONISM
Humayun was the second emperor of the Mughal empire.
Humayun’s tomb serve as a focus for memory of the king. Humayun was the
son and successor of Bābur, who had founded the Mughal dynasty, He ruled
from 1530 to 1540 and again from 1555 to 1556.
Humayun was fatally injured by falling down the staircase of his library.
When Humayun had died in 1556, Bega Begum was so grieved over her
husband's death that she dedicated her life thenceforth to a sole purpose: the
construction of the most magnificent mausoleum in the Empire, at a site near
the Yamuna River in Delhi for the memorial of the late Emperor.
Thus, the humayun’s tomb is an expression of love
of a wife towards her dead husband.
It is an expression of the dedication of a wife for
her husband.
Mughal emperor
Humayun
15. ORNAMENTATION
Beautiful ceiling with windows and
ornaments
Ornamental arches of humayun's tomb
Arab script around the small side door to
Humayun's Tomb
Jaali patterns