The document provides details about historical sites from the Tughlaq dynasty that ruled Delhi in the 14th century. It describes:
1) Tughlaqabad Fort, the first capital of the dynasty built between 1321-1325, with massive fortifications and bastions to defend against attacks;
2) Other monuments within the fort including the tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq, the dynasty's founder; and
3) Other sites around Delhi commissioned by later sultans including Feroz Shah Kotla, Hauz Khas reservoir, and the tomb of Telangani.
Islamic Architecture in India: Imperial styleAr. TANIA BERA
The earliest appearance of Islamic architecture in India is referred to as the Imperial style. Indo-Islamic architecture may be divided into few phases starting from the twelfth century to sixteenth century. The sultanate of Delhi was undergone the regular change as five dynasties rose & fell; namely Slave dynasty, Khalji dynasty, Tughluq dynasty, Sayyid & Lodi dynasty.
TOMB OF SIKANDER LODHI | MAUSOLEUM OF SIKANDER LODImanoj chauhan
MAUSOLEUM OF SIKANDER LODI
The lodhi dynasty (or lodhi) was An afghan dynasty that ruled
The delhi sultanate from 1451 to 1526.
It was the last dynasty of The delhi sultanate and was founded by bahlul khan
Lodi when he replaced Dynasty.
Indo-Islamic architecture is the use of Hindu and Islamic elements in combination.
The trend begun when Hindu artisans were forced to create Islamic structures for the Delhi Sultans who having arrived in India on conquest and plunder lacked artisans and architects.
Under later dynasties, Islamic immigrants trickling into the realm (and in greater numbers during the Mongol invasion of the Middle East) added to the talent pool with newer ideas and authentic Middle Eastern styles.
The mix of styles and use of elements gradually evolved overtime reaching its pinnacle under the Mughals.
The mausoleum of Sikandar Lodi is taken to be the first of the garden mausoleums built in the sub continent.
Inspired in parts by Muhammad Shah’s Mausoleum situated a little distance away, its most visibly distinguishing feature is its octagonal plan and garden inside.
Out of the two types of tombs constructed during the period, the octagonal design appear to be associated with royalty than the more numerous square type.
The tomb was an innovation in mausoleum complexes built during the reign of the Delhi Sultanates.
Enclosed within a raised fortified complex, with two dome shaped Chattris (umbrella shaped domes) at the main entrance, the octagonal mausoleum sits in the middle of a large garden.
The housing space is ringed by a wide veranda with lightly carved pillars placed at measured intervals.
Crowning the head of the mausoleum is a single dome with a lotus finial at the top. The interior is ornamented with tiles beneath which is a single tomb.
The compound outside has an open air mosque built into the western wall with a paved platform for holy men to offer prayers for the soul of the sultan.
Islamic Architecture in India: Imperial styleAr. TANIA BERA
The earliest appearance of Islamic architecture in India is referred to as the Imperial style. Indo-Islamic architecture may be divided into few phases starting from the twelfth century to sixteenth century. The sultanate of Delhi was undergone the regular change as five dynasties rose & fell; namely Slave dynasty, Khalji dynasty, Tughluq dynasty, Sayyid & Lodi dynasty.
TOMB OF SIKANDER LODHI | MAUSOLEUM OF SIKANDER LODImanoj chauhan
MAUSOLEUM OF SIKANDER LODI
The lodhi dynasty (or lodhi) was An afghan dynasty that ruled
The delhi sultanate from 1451 to 1526.
It was the last dynasty of The delhi sultanate and was founded by bahlul khan
Lodi when he replaced Dynasty.
Indo-Islamic architecture is the use of Hindu and Islamic elements in combination.
The trend begun when Hindu artisans were forced to create Islamic structures for the Delhi Sultans who having arrived in India on conquest and plunder lacked artisans and architects.
Under later dynasties, Islamic immigrants trickling into the realm (and in greater numbers during the Mongol invasion of the Middle East) added to the talent pool with newer ideas and authentic Middle Eastern styles.
The mix of styles and use of elements gradually evolved overtime reaching its pinnacle under the Mughals.
The mausoleum of Sikandar Lodi is taken to be the first of the garden mausoleums built in the sub continent.
Inspired in parts by Muhammad Shah’s Mausoleum situated a little distance away, its most visibly distinguishing feature is its octagonal plan and garden inside.
Out of the two types of tombs constructed during the period, the octagonal design appear to be associated with royalty than the more numerous square type.
The tomb was an innovation in mausoleum complexes built during the reign of the Delhi Sultanates.
Enclosed within a raised fortified complex, with two dome shaped Chattris (umbrella shaped domes) at the main entrance, the octagonal mausoleum sits in the middle of a large garden.
The housing space is ringed by a wide veranda with lightly carved pillars placed at measured intervals.
Crowning the head of the mausoleum is a single dome with a lotus finial at the top. The interior is ornamented with tiles beneath which is a single tomb.
The compound outside has an open air mosque built into the western wall with a paved platform for holy men to offer prayers for the soul of the sultan.
Lecture 07: Islamic Architecture in India_Tughlaq DynastyKowshik Roy
This is a class lecture on Islamic Architecture in India. Architecture of Tughlaq Dynasty has covered in this lecture.
Course Title: Architectural Heritage-IV
Architecture Discipline,
Khulna University, Khulna
A new style of architecture was flourished in India; called the Indo-Islamic architecture which is an amalgamation of Islamic and Hindu Style. As per Islamic philosophy, the worship is performed as congregational prayer in mosques and construction of tomb was followed for burial purpose; the fort and palaces were also part of this style of architecture. Islamic architecture focuses architectural elements, decoration, spiritual foundations, and construction materials.
Lecture 06: Islamic Architecture in India_Khilji DynastyKowshik Roy
This is a class lecture on Islamic Architecture in India. Architecture of Khilji Dynasty has covered in this lecture.
Course Title: Architectural Heritage-IV
Architecture Discipline,
Khulna University, Khulna
Deccan architecture is derived from sultans of Delhi and Persian architecture.
Delhi influence was brought by Sultan Muhammad Tughlaq in 1340 when he shifted his capital to Daulatabad.
Artisans were brought from Delhi.
Rulers arrived from Persian gulf to west of India giving ready access to Bahamani kingdom.
First independent ruler Ala-Ud-Din Hassan Bahaman Shah was an Persian adventurer from court of Tuglaq
Lecture 07: Islamic Architecture in India_Tughlaq DynastyKowshik Roy
This is a class lecture on Islamic Architecture in India. Architecture of Tughlaq Dynasty has covered in this lecture.
Course Title: Architectural Heritage-IV
Architecture Discipline,
Khulna University, Khulna
A new style of architecture was flourished in India; called the Indo-Islamic architecture which is an amalgamation of Islamic and Hindu Style. As per Islamic philosophy, the worship is performed as congregational prayer in mosques and construction of tomb was followed for burial purpose; the fort and palaces were also part of this style of architecture. Islamic architecture focuses architectural elements, decoration, spiritual foundations, and construction materials.
Lecture 06: Islamic Architecture in India_Khilji DynastyKowshik Roy
This is a class lecture on Islamic Architecture in India. Architecture of Khilji Dynasty has covered in this lecture.
Course Title: Architectural Heritage-IV
Architecture Discipline,
Khulna University, Khulna
Deccan architecture is derived from sultans of Delhi and Persian architecture.
Delhi influence was brought by Sultan Muhammad Tughlaq in 1340 when he shifted his capital to Daulatabad.
Artisans were brought from Delhi.
Rulers arrived from Persian gulf to west of India giving ready access to Bahamani kingdom.
First independent ruler Ala-Ud-Din Hassan Bahaman Shah was an Persian adventurer from court of Tuglaq
A comprehensive presentation on Mughal Architecture present in the Indian Subcontinent in the countries of India & Pakistan. It includes almost all of its architectural features and where it derives from. Includes almost all the important landmarks built by the Mughals themselves.
Copyright (C) 2021 - 2022 Ishan Ketan Bhavsar
TO BE USED FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
COMMON INTERPRETATIONS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
D
OME OF ROCK , JERUSALAM
•
G
REAT MOSQUE OF SAMARA AND CORODB DB A
•
UMMAYAD MOSQUE (GRAND MOSQUE OF DAMASCUS)
•
MADRASSA
•
MADRASSA OF SULTAN
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
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tughlaq dynasty architecture
1. TUGHLAQ DYNASTY
• Tughlaqabad
• Tomb of Giyas-ud-din Tughlaq
• Feroz Shah Kotla
• Khirki Masjid
• Hauz Khas
• Tomb of Telangani
2. TUGHLAQABAD FORT
Tughlaqabad Fort is a ruined fort in Delhi, stretching across 6.5 km,
built by Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq, the founder of Tughlaq dynasty, of
the Delhi Sultanate of India in 1321.
Its a massive structure that lies along the Mehrauli-Badarpur road.
3. PLAN OF TUGHLAQABAD FORT
• The pentagon shaped like plan is guarded
with parapet walls that support massive
cone-shaped bastions at every intersection.
• The borderline walls are inclined inward
and stand tall at a height of 11.75 meters
seen with continuous battlements furnish
with crenels.
•The arch shaped corridors and concave
chambers stretch along the interiors of the
courts borderline wall.
4. WHY IT IS CREATED?
• The massive fortifications of Tughlaqabad,
with immense circular bastions, were raised
by Ghiyas-ud-din to protect his subjects.
• One of the primary concerns of Ghiyas-ud-din
was to build a capital that was strong enough
to repulse Mongol attacks and provide
security to its citizens. Hence, in a short period
of four years, the massive Tughlaqabad Fort
was constructed.
5. CONSTRUCTION
• The fort of Tughlaqabad was completed
rapidly in a short span of four years (1321–25).
The fort’s massive battlements and bastions
(some as high as 15–30 m, built of enormous
blocks of stone and walls 10 m thick in places)
• Within its sky-touching walls, double-storied
bastions, and gigantic towers were housed
grand palaces, splendid mosques, and
audience halls
6. MILITARY STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE
• The crumbling ruins of the Tughlaqabad Fort
convey a sense of lost grandeur. The massive
ramparts, battlements, and the mammoth
stonework of this fort speak highly of the
engineering skills of the workers who constructed
it. The fort served the dual purpose of a defensive
structure as well as the imperial capital of Ghiyas-
ud-din Tughlaq, the founder of the Tughlaq
dynasty. There are a number of monuments
within the precincts of this massive fort.
8. WALLS
• the walls are thick, sloping
and high, capable of
withstanding Mongol
attacks. Rubble masonry is
used to make up the shape
of the structure, with huge
sandstone blocks, probably
quarried from the
surrounding hills,
enveloping the rubble.
10. PARTS
• Tughlaqabad is divided into three parts :
1. a palace section
2. a citadel and
3. a residential city.
Ruins of the Palace Complex Arch within Palace Complex
11. • moving east from the main entrance to the
fort brings one to the citadel. This is probably
the best preserved area of the Fort, and
houses a few interesting structures. Walking
up the pathway to the citadel, there are
several defensive parapets
and circular bastions that are brought into
close view.
12. • The most interesting structure
within the fort is -
an underground passageway
with chambers along the length
linking to the palace area.
13. • There is a building with a roof – the only one in the
fort that is still complete. It has been conjectured
that it functioned as a house.
14. TOMB OF GHIYAS-UD-DIN TUGHLAQ
• is situated in the south of the fortress of
Tughlaqabad
• built by Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq in AD 1325
within an unusual irregular pentagonal
fortified enclosure
• The structure of this simple but elegant
building
Tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq (foreground)
and Zafar Khan (small dome in background)
15. • The plan was dictated by the contours of the hillock just
outside the southern gates of the fortress over which this
barbican-like structure was planted.
• The tomb is connected to the fortress by a 228.6 m long
causeway, that was supported by 26 piers and arches and
crossed over the artificial lake connecting his Tomb with his
Fort, but today lake or water reservoir is dry scrubland.
16. • Within the Court and diagonally placed is the Tomb of
Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq seen as a square shaped rubble like
stonework structure with the absence of any decorations or
carvings on its exterior portion, however, the interior is
overlaid with red sandstone and a decorative white marble.
• Distinctive 75 degree camber of its outer walls,
(20 sq metres ) area of tomb and
Height of tomb is 24 metres
• The interior diameter 10.41 metres while the exterior
diameter measures 13.41 metres and it is dressed with a
pointed dome that rests on the intersection of small arched
corners.
17. THE ARCH AND LINTEL
• The most characteristic of these
is the mixed attitude of the
Hindu builder to the arched
form of construction and the
lintel and beam method.
• In spite of using true arch to
span the openings,a redundant
stone lintel was installed just
below the springing of the arch.
18. KALASA OVER THE MUSLIM DOME
• The Dome is crowned with the KALASA pinnacle and hence
depicts Hindu architectural influences as seen in Hindu
Temples across Delhi.
19. GRAVE
• Here lie the remains of
Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq, his
wife , Begam Makhdima
Jehan, and his son and later
Sultan, Muhammad bin
Tughlaq.
21. FIROZ SHAH KOTLA
• Built by the famous ruler, Sultan
Firoz Shah Tughluq in the year
1354, it is a typical structure of
that era.
• Sultan Feroz Shah Tughlaq
established Ferozabad and Feroz
Shah kotla.
• Feroz Shah Kotla was the grand
and opulent royal citadel of the
city.
22. Ruins of Palace
• The walls of the citadel are as high as 15 metres high and have a
slight slope on the outside. The top parapets or merlons have
now disappeared but the arrow slits can still be seen.
23. • The entrance has a huge iron gate with a board that bears the name of Feroz Shah
Kotla.
• The boundary walls of the fort, built as a stone masonary, are as high as 15 metres.
• Inside the fort you will find a number of ruined structures, of which the Mosque
and the Baoli (step well) are still recognizable.
• The Ashoka Pillar which stands tall on the top of a pyramidal three-tiered structure.
The 13 metres high pillar, which was brought by Feroz Shah Tughlaq from Ambala
to Delhi, bears the edicts of Ashoka’s principles.
24. PYRAMIDAL STRUCTURE
• It is a three-storey building which was
specially commissioned by Feroz Shah to
support the Ashoka pillar.
• The pillar had several edicts regarding
Ashoka's principles of government inscribed
on it.
25. ASHOK PILLAR
• This monolith pillar is 13 metres
high, with a diameter of 65
centmetres at the top and 97
centimetres at the bottom.
• It was crowned by a capital of
coloured stones and a golden
globe with a crescent on top.
26. JAMI MASJID
• Built inside Feroz Shah’s Kotla, Jami Masjid used to be one of the
largest mosques of the Tughlaq period. However, most of the
structures such as the prayer hall and walkways have vanished.
• It was built on a series of underground cells and made of quartzite
stone covered with lime plaster and surrounded by a huge courtyard
with cloisters and a Prayer Hall.
27. • The entrance of Jama Masjid lies on the northern
side and was connected by a causeway to the
pyramidal structure of the Ashokan Pillar.
28. BAOLI
• The circular Baoli, which means 'step well', lies towards the
north western side of the Ashokan Pillar and in the heart of a
large garden constructed in the form of subterranean
apartments and a large underground canal built on its eastern
side through which the water runs into the well.
29. BAOLI
• This Baoli served as a summer retreat for the Royalties
where they spent time cooling off and bathing in the
water of this well.
30. KHIRKI MASJID
• Enterance of khirki masjid in south.
• The word 'Khirki' prefixed to masjid is an
Urdu word that means "window" and
hence is also called "The Masjid of
Windows"
• The Masjid, which is in a quadrangular
shape, was built as a fortress with an
unusual fusion of Islamic and
traditional Hindu architecture.
31. THE LAYOUT
• Instead of a one big open courtyard, the mosque has four smaller square
courtyards measuring 30 Ft x 30 Ft. Due to the modern day construction found all
around, little sunlight filters in through the lattices on the upper floors.
• Another interesting aspect of this mosque is its design of the terrace. Partitioned
into 25 squares of equal size, each square has 9 domes on each side, measuring 81
in all & these square blocks are alternated by 12 flat roofs, giving a very distinct
shadow upon the interiors. One can take the eastern flank stairs to reach the roof &
a visit is imperative to comprehend the mathematical beauty of its design.
32. HAUZ KHAS
• The name Hauz Khas in Urdu language is derived from
the words -
‘Hauz’: “water tank” (or lake) and
‘Khas’:“royal”- the “Royal tank”
33. HAUZ KHAS
• The notable structures built by Firuz Shah on the eastern and northern side of the
reservoir consisted of the Madrasa (Islamic School of Learning – a theological college),
the small Mosque, the Main tomb for himself and six domed pavilions in its precincts,
which were all built between 1352 and 1354 A.D.
• The madrasa complex measures 76 metres N-S by 138 metres along the E-W.The six
individual domed pavilionsare all scattered in the gardens of the eastern part of the
complex.
34. FIROZ SHAH’S TOMB
• Entry to the tomb is through a passage in the south leading to the doorway.
• The passage wall is raised on a plinth which depicts the shape of a fourteen-
faced polyhedron built in stones.
• Three horizontal units laid over eight vertical posts that are chamfered constitute the plinth.
• Squinches and muqarnas are seen in the solid interior walls of the tomb and these provide the
basic support to the octagonal spherical dome of the tomb.
• The dome with a square plan – 14.8 m (48.6 ft) in length and height – has a diameter of 8.8 m
(28.9 ft).
35. • The tomb, a square chamber, is made of local quartzite rubble with a
surface plaster finish that sparkled in white colour when completed. The door, pillars
and lintels were made of grey quartzites while red sandstone was used for carvings of
the battlements. The door way depicts a blend of Indian and Islamic architecture.
• Another new feature not seen at any other monument in Delhi, built at the entrance to
the tomb from the south, is the stone railings.
• There are four graves inside the tomb, one is of Feruz Shah and two others are of his
son and grand son.
37. TOMB OF TELENGANI
• This was the tomb of firoz’s shah Prime
Minister, Khan-E-Jahan Telangani, built in
the Nizam-ud-din Auliya area.
• The tughlaq builders decided that since
the inner space of a tomb served only the
function of accommodating a gravemit
need not necessarily be square in plan
but could very well be an octagon.
• The spread-out base provided by the
surrounding veranda certainly lent visual
credence to the structure.
• The entire composition is further
appropriately graded by the installation
of small kiosks along the base of the
dome and over the veranda.
• Use of the typical Hindu chajja added a
new dimension.