Workshop on Instigators and Barriers to Renewable Energy Development and Deployment - 16 November 2015
Mr. Martin SPATH
ECN
Local Manufacturing & Production Aspects for Solar Cells & Modules
The document summarizes a presentation given by Fatima Toor of Lux Research on bifacial photovoltaic modules. It discusses how current crystalline silicon module technologies will not meet efficiency and cost targets to achieve $1 per watt system prices. Bifacial silicon modules are presented as a technology that can beat these targets by reaching 30% efficiency at a manufacturing cost of $0.36 per watt by 2030, enabling system prices below $1 per watt. The presentation outlines Lux Research's analysis of bifacial modules' potential for commercial feasibility and technology disruption compared to other photovoltaic technologies.
NICE is a new module technology developed by Apollon Solar that uses glass-glass encapsulation without the need for soldering or adhesives. It provides reliable, high performance modules through a simpler production process. Apollon Solar has partnered with Energy Industrie in Tunisia to build a 30 MW production line. Testing shows the NICE modules experience very low degradation and passed IEC certification. Development continues on bifacial and busbar-free cell versions to further improve yields.
Randy Stewart, CEO of Prism Solar Technologies, discusses enhanced bifacial solar modules for next generation applications. Prism Solar creates modules with holograms that aid in sunlight harvesting for increased efficiency. Their T-120 product line uses holograms optimized for different mounting structures and angles of incidence to maximize energy capture. New opportunities in smaller building-integrated arrays require additional design considerations like structural integrity, electrical connections, and harnessing light reflected from neighboring surfaces. Prism Solar performs testing to demonstrate the improved yearly performance of their hologram-enhanced bifacial modules over conventional designs.
The CEA LITEN laboratory focuses on developing low-carbon energy technologies such as solar photovoltaics, thermal systems, biomass, hydrogen, energy efficiency, and electric mobility. It has over 1,350 employees and a budget of 180 million euros. Some of its research areas include batteries, fuel cells, solar energy, advanced materials, and energy efficiency. It operates major research facilities in Grenoble and Chambery. CEA LITEN is working on integrated approaches from nanomaterials to demonstrator projects. It is involved in increasing solar PV efficiency and lowering costs through initiatives like the INES PV research center to help solar PV compete without subsidies and increase its small share of global energy production over the coming decades.
1) bSolar has developed an industrial process for manufacturing bifacial solar cells using standard p-type silicon fabrication.
2) Their bifacial PERC cell achieves 18.4% front-side efficiency on average in industrial production, with a bifaciality factor of 75%, and they expect to reach 19.6% efficiency.
3) Field tests of bSolar bifacial modules show annual energy gains of 22-23% compared to monofacial modules, demonstrating the effectiveness of capturing light reflected onto the back side.
This document outlines the history and milestones of Helios Technology and its related companies in solar photovoltaics from 1981 to present. It describes the company's involvement in various parts of the solar value chain including polysilicon production, module manufacturing, solar parks, and cell technology. Key events include establishing joint ventures for ingot and wafer production in 1990, merging with Kerself Group in 2006, founding Silfab spa in 2007 to pursue an integrated PV supply chain, and establishing manufacturing facilities in Italy, Canada, and Croatia. The document also discusses goals of grid parity for solar electricity and lessons learned from PV installations in Saudi Arabia regarding dust impacts and cleaning costs.
Bifacial PV technology has the potential to significantly reduce the cost of electricity from PV systems. Bifacial modules can capture light on both sides of the panel, increasing energy yields by up to 30% compared to traditional monofacial panels. The presentation discusses the history of bifacial PV and its future prospects. It also outlines several industrial partnerships to mass produce bifacial modules in Italy, Egypt, and Chile in order to drive down costs and create local jobs.
The document summarizes a presentation given by Fatima Toor of Lux Research on bifacial photovoltaic modules. It discusses how current crystalline silicon module technologies will not meet efficiency and cost targets to achieve $1 per watt system prices. Bifacial silicon modules are presented as a technology that can beat these targets by reaching 30% efficiency at a manufacturing cost of $0.36 per watt by 2030, enabling system prices below $1 per watt. The presentation outlines Lux Research's analysis of bifacial modules' potential for commercial feasibility and technology disruption compared to other photovoltaic technologies.
NICE is a new module technology developed by Apollon Solar that uses glass-glass encapsulation without the need for soldering or adhesives. It provides reliable, high performance modules through a simpler production process. Apollon Solar has partnered with Energy Industrie in Tunisia to build a 30 MW production line. Testing shows the NICE modules experience very low degradation and passed IEC certification. Development continues on bifacial and busbar-free cell versions to further improve yields.
Randy Stewart, CEO of Prism Solar Technologies, discusses enhanced bifacial solar modules for next generation applications. Prism Solar creates modules with holograms that aid in sunlight harvesting for increased efficiency. Their T-120 product line uses holograms optimized for different mounting structures and angles of incidence to maximize energy capture. New opportunities in smaller building-integrated arrays require additional design considerations like structural integrity, electrical connections, and harnessing light reflected from neighboring surfaces. Prism Solar performs testing to demonstrate the improved yearly performance of their hologram-enhanced bifacial modules over conventional designs.
The CEA LITEN laboratory focuses on developing low-carbon energy technologies such as solar photovoltaics, thermal systems, biomass, hydrogen, energy efficiency, and electric mobility. It has over 1,350 employees and a budget of 180 million euros. Some of its research areas include batteries, fuel cells, solar energy, advanced materials, and energy efficiency. It operates major research facilities in Grenoble and Chambery. CEA LITEN is working on integrated approaches from nanomaterials to demonstrator projects. It is involved in increasing solar PV efficiency and lowering costs through initiatives like the INES PV research center to help solar PV compete without subsidies and increase its small share of global energy production over the coming decades.
1) bSolar has developed an industrial process for manufacturing bifacial solar cells using standard p-type silicon fabrication.
2) Their bifacial PERC cell achieves 18.4% front-side efficiency on average in industrial production, with a bifaciality factor of 75%, and they expect to reach 19.6% efficiency.
3) Field tests of bSolar bifacial modules show annual energy gains of 22-23% compared to monofacial modules, demonstrating the effectiveness of capturing light reflected onto the back side.
This document outlines the history and milestones of Helios Technology and its related companies in solar photovoltaics from 1981 to present. It describes the company's involvement in various parts of the solar value chain including polysilicon production, module manufacturing, solar parks, and cell technology. Key events include establishing joint ventures for ingot and wafer production in 1990, merging with Kerself Group in 2006, founding Silfab spa in 2007 to pursue an integrated PV supply chain, and establishing manufacturing facilities in Italy, Canada, and Croatia. The document also discusses goals of grid parity for solar electricity and lessons learned from PV installations in Saudi Arabia regarding dust impacts and cleaning costs.
Bifacial PV technology has the potential to significantly reduce the cost of electricity from PV systems. Bifacial modules can capture light on both sides of the panel, increasing energy yields by up to 30% compared to traditional monofacial panels. The presentation discusses the history of bifacial PV and its future prospects. It also outlines several industrial partnerships to mass produce bifacial modules in Italy, Egypt, and Chile in order to drive down costs and create local jobs.
This document summarizes heterojunction silicon-based solar cells. It discusses the motivation for developing heterojunction solar cells using thin amorphous silicon layers on crystalline silicon to improve efficiency. Achievements include laboratory cells reaching over 23% efficiency and commercialization by Sanyo of their HIT solar cells. Challenges include reducing optical, recombination, and resistance losses through techniques like surface texturing, high quality thin film deposition, and contact design.
This document summarizes PVG Solutions Inc.'s experience with bifacial photovoltaic installations in snowy regions of Japan. It discusses PVG's bifacial cell and module technology, as well as a 1.25 MW bifacial solar power plant installation in Asahikawa, Hokkaido. The plant experienced less power loss from snow coverage than monofacial installations due to rear-side power generation and faster snow melting on bifacial modules. Power generation data showed the bifacial system maintained a higher performance ratio than monofacial systems in winter months. The conclusion is that bifacial technology is well-suited for snowy climates due to rear-side generation
The document discusses the need for standardization of IV measurements for bifacial solar cells and modules. It proposes two initial standards - one for inline inspection of cells and modules under bifacial STC conditions, and another for offline energy rating of bifacial modules. For the bifacial STC standard, it recommends simultaneous front and back illumination with 1000 W/m2 AM1.5G for the front at 25°C, and 200 W/m2 AM1.5G for the back within 2% non-uniformity. Additional illumination conditions could also be considered.
This document discusses the challenges of characterizing bifacial photovoltaic modules and cells. It identifies issues such as transient effects, contacting high-capacitive busbarless cells, calibration needs, and temperature measurement of bifacial devices. Solutions proposed include using a hybrid simulator with long-pulse monochromatic light to address transients, a dynamic voltage sweep approach to measure modules, and temporary contacting methods compatible with different cell technologies. The importance of reflection-compensated measurements and defining reference surfaces is emphasized for comparability. Distinguishing laboratory and production measurement needs is advised.
1) IEC qualification testing standards can be applied to bifacial PV modules with some modifications to test conditions that involve module current levels. Specifically, thermal cycling, hot spot, and bypass diode thermal tests need to set the test current based on the maximum total module short circuit current.
2) Maximum total module current is calculated by adding the short circuit current from 1000 W/m2 front side irradiation and 400 W/m2 rear side irradiation. Simulation studies have confirmed rear side irradiance can reach 400 W/m2 under real operating conditions.
3) Power rating for bifacial modules should refer only to front side power output, with rear side output provided as additional information.
The document discusses the need for a new standard measurement method for bifacial solar cells and modules, as bifacial technology provides more power from both sides of the panel, especially in the morning, afternoon, and winter. It poses questions about making the advantages of bifacial modules clear to buyers, calculating the additional costs of bifacial technology, and what is needed to significantly grow the bifacial PV market to tens of gigawatts. Improving module layout is also discussed, such as optimizing cells for bifacial use and testing to guarantee the lifetime of bifacial modules.
The document presents a comparison of parameter estimation methods for modelling monofacial and bifacial solar modules. It describes analytic models of photovoltaic cells, including ideal, single-diode, two-diode and thin-film models. It also discusses parameter estimation methods like experimental I-V curve fitting, coupled nonlinear equations and decoupled equations. Preliminary results show the Handling and Modified Newton-Raphson methods estimate bifacial and monofacial module parameters more accurately than Villalva and datasheet-based methods based on comparisons to experimental measurements.
This document discusses the cost structure and market potential of bifacial solar cell technologies. It finds that converting from monofacial to bifacial cell designs has a minor impact on the production costs of HJT and PERC cell lines. HJT cells show the best overall cost structure at the cell, module, and levelized cost of energy. While bifacial modules have a small increase in cost, they provide a strong decrease in costs at the installation level due to increased energy generation from both sides of the module. The document concludes that bifacial HJT solar technology currently provides the best overall solution from cell to module to end user costs and has the highest efficiency potential without additional capital costs.
This document discusses RCT Solutions' turnkey PERCT solar cell technologies. It summarizes RCT's monofacial PERCT technology that has achieved up to 18% efficiency in pilot production. It then introduces their new bifacial PERCT technology which provides additional efficiency gains over standard Al-BSF cells by utilizing light captured on both sides of the cell. Test results show the bifacial PERCT cells can achieve over 1.5% absolute efficiency improvement compared to standard designs. The document concludes that bifacial PERCT provides the best cost of ownership compared to monofacial designs due to its efficiency gains from light captured on the rear side.
The document discusses the challenges of integrating photovoltaic (PV) power into electrical grids. As PV penetration increases, it can become limited by grid capacity. Storage technologies can help shift PV power from times of excess production to times of higher demand, but battery storage is currently costly. As more electric vehicles (EVs) are adopted, their batteries could provide significant additional storage capacity for the grid. New pumped hydro storage projects and improving storage technologies may help address the intermittency of renewable energy sources like PV.
Radovan Kopecek presented at the bifacial PV workshop in Chambery, 2014. The presentation discussed the history and current state of bifacial PV technology and outlined a vision for its future. It argued that bifacial modules using bifacial cells could significantly increase total system power output compared to monofacial modules. However, standardized testing and measurement procedures would need to be established to accurately evaluate bifacial cell and module performance and help introduce the technology into the market. The presentation aimed to connect the bifacial PV community and discuss strategies to commercialize bifaciality.
The document discusses prospects and challenges for new products being introduced in the photovoltaic (PV) market. It summarizes that mainstream products face challenges in achieving competitive pricing and a tedious ramp-up process, while new products have challenges proving their long-term viability but may be able to quickly ramp up or serve niche markets. The document also notes the market imbalance in 2011 with demand greatly exceeding supply, and provides projections on future price reductions and technology shifts in the PV industry over the next two decades.
The present invention relates to an electromagnetic radiation emitting device, particularly in the visible spectrum that is capable of simply and effectively modifying the primary emission spectrum of the device
Alta Devices is developing thin-film gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar technology to increase the endurance of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). GaAs solar cells can be made into flexible thin films and integrated onto UAV wings, providing more power than rigid solar options. For the Cyclopes-C UAV, adding a 41 watt GaAs solar array was estimated to increase flight time from 2 hours to over 8 hours without battery power. The presentation outlined the benefits of GaAs solar and considerations for optimally designing solar systems for UAV applications.
A silicon solar cells lamination plant and a process carried out with this plantToscana Open Research
The object of this invention is a plant for the lamination of silicon solar cells which allows to obtain photovoltaic modules of improved efficiency thanks to the reduction of the impact of the phenomenon of silicon cracking.
1. This document discusses power measurements of bifacial photovoltaic modules. It outlines difficulties in predicting energy yields for bifacial modules due to dependencies on albedo.
2. Outdoor measurements were taken of a bifacial module's maximum power (Pmax) under different albedo backgrounds and compared to Pmax measurements in a lab under standardized test conditions.
3. Specific energy yield comparisons between the bifacial module and a standard reference module showed good agreement when using the bifacial module's Pmax that was measured under a white background, indicating this is a suitable value for predicting energy yields.
This document summarizes three case studies on the vertical potential of bifacial photovoltaic modules: 1) Integrating bifacial modules into a double-skin facade, 2) Using a vertical facade demonstrator, and 3) Analyzing vertical ground-mounted bifacial systems. For the double-skin facade, parameters like coating reflectivity and distance between walls impacted electrical gains up to 17%. The vertical facade demonstrator characterized indoor performance of different module architectures. Ray-tracing then simulated outdoor performance, showing gains of 4-6% for textured glass. Vertical ground-mounted bifacial systems in desert regions can gain over 30% annually compared to monofacial systems due to high ground albedo
This document presents the results of experiments characterizing bifacial solar modules. Bifacial modules were able to generate additional energy from their back sides by collecting light reflected from the ground or other surfaces below. Testing was conducted at outdoor test fields in Jerusalem and Geilenkirchen, Germany on bifacial and standard monofacial modules over time periods ranging from days to months. The energy gain provided by bifacial modules depended on factors like diffuse to global radiation ratio, sun position, albedo of the underlying surface, and module elevation and spacing. Annual energy gains over 23% were typical for bifacial modules in field tests in Germany.
This document discusses the need for standardized measurements of bifacial solar cells and PV modules. It proposes a measurement method using a bifacial flash tester that can illuminate both sides of a solar cell or module simultaneously and uniformly. Standardized IV measurements are needed to characterize bifacial devices and enable accurate performance predictions for different installation conditions. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of developing internationally recognized standards for bifacial solar device measurements.
Al-Si alloy formation in narrow p-Si contact areasElías Urrejola
Solar cells with dielectrically passivated rear side and screen printed local rear contacts combine the high performance potential of the PERC (passivated emitter and rear) concept with the well-established metallization method of nowaday’s industrial solar cells. This article presents a specific analysis of the formation of such localized screen printed Al-Si contacts. We observe that the contact resistivity depends on the width of the contact openings, and decreases when reducing the contact area. The optimal contact formation is observed for lateral contact widths smaller than 50–80 μm. Analysis of the Al-Si alloy formation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS/EDX) analysis shows that the alloy formation below the contacts is more homogeneous in such small openings than in larger ones.
This document summarizes heterojunction silicon-based solar cells. It discusses the motivation for developing heterojunction solar cells using thin amorphous silicon layers on crystalline silicon to improve efficiency. Achievements include laboratory cells reaching over 23% efficiency and commercialization by Sanyo of their HIT solar cells. Challenges include reducing optical, recombination, and resistance losses through techniques like surface texturing, high quality thin film deposition, and contact design.
This document summarizes PVG Solutions Inc.'s experience with bifacial photovoltaic installations in snowy regions of Japan. It discusses PVG's bifacial cell and module technology, as well as a 1.25 MW bifacial solar power plant installation in Asahikawa, Hokkaido. The plant experienced less power loss from snow coverage than monofacial installations due to rear-side power generation and faster snow melting on bifacial modules. Power generation data showed the bifacial system maintained a higher performance ratio than monofacial systems in winter months. The conclusion is that bifacial technology is well-suited for snowy climates due to rear-side generation
The document discusses the need for standardization of IV measurements for bifacial solar cells and modules. It proposes two initial standards - one for inline inspection of cells and modules under bifacial STC conditions, and another for offline energy rating of bifacial modules. For the bifacial STC standard, it recommends simultaneous front and back illumination with 1000 W/m2 AM1.5G for the front at 25°C, and 200 W/m2 AM1.5G for the back within 2% non-uniformity. Additional illumination conditions could also be considered.
This document discusses the challenges of characterizing bifacial photovoltaic modules and cells. It identifies issues such as transient effects, contacting high-capacitive busbarless cells, calibration needs, and temperature measurement of bifacial devices. Solutions proposed include using a hybrid simulator with long-pulse monochromatic light to address transients, a dynamic voltage sweep approach to measure modules, and temporary contacting methods compatible with different cell technologies. The importance of reflection-compensated measurements and defining reference surfaces is emphasized for comparability. Distinguishing laboratory and production measurement needs is advised.
1) IEC qualification testing standards can be applied to bifacial PV modules with some modifications to test conditions that involve module current levels. Specifically, thermal cycling, hot spot, and bypass diode thermal tests need to set the test current based on the maximum total module short circuit current.
2) Maximum total module current is calculated by adding the short circuit current from 1000 W/m2 front side irradiation and 400 W/m2 rear side irradiation. Simulation studies have confirmed rear side irradiance can reach 400 W/m2 under real operating conditions.
3) Power rating for bifacial modules should refer only to front side power output, with rear side output provided as additional information.
The document discusses the need for a new standard measurement method for bifacial solar cells and modules, as bifacial technology provides more power from both sides of the panel, especially in the morning, afternoon, and winter. It poses questions about making the advantages of bifacial modules clear to buyers, calculating the additional costs of bifacial technology, and what is needed to significantly grow the bifacial PV market to tens of gigawatts. Improving module layout is also discussed, such as optimizing cells for bifacial use and testing to guarantee the lifetime of bifacial modules.
The document presents a comparison of parameter estimation methods for modelling monofacial and bifacial solar modules. It describes analytic models of photovoltaic cells, including ideal, single-diode, two-diode and thin-film models. It also discusses parameter estimation methods like experimental I-V curve fitting, coupled nonlinear equations and decoupled equations. Preliminary results show the Handling and Modified Newton-Raphson methods estimate bifacial and monofacial module parameters more accurately than Villalva and datasheet-based methods based on comparisons to experimental measurements.
This document discusses the cost structure and market potential of bifacial solar cell technologies. It finds that converting from monofacial to bifacial cell designs has a minor impact on the production costs of HJT and PERC cell lines. HJT cells show the best overall cost structure at the cell, module, and levelized cost of energy. While bifacial modules have a small increase in cost, they provide a strong decrease in costs at the installation level due to increased energy generation from both sides of the module. The document concludes that bifacial HJT solar technology currently provides the best overall solution from cell to module to end user costs and has the highest efficiency potential without additional capital costs.
This document discusses RCT Solutions' turnkey PERCT solar cell technologies. It summarizes RCT's monofacial PERCT technology that has achieved up to 18% efficiency in pilot production. It then introduces their new bifacial PERCT technology which provides additional efficiency gains over standard Al-BSF cells by utilizing light captured on both sides of the cell. Test results show the bifacial PERCT cells can achieve over 1.5% absolute efficiency improvement compared to standard designs. The document concludes that bifacial PERCT provides the best cost of ownership compared to monofacial designs due to its efficiency gains from light captured on the rear side.
The document discusses the challenges of integrating photovoltaic (PV) power into electrical grids. As PV penetration increases, it can become limited by grid capacity. Storage technologies can help shift PV power from times of excess production to times of higher demand, but battery storage is currently costly. As more electric vehicles (EVs) are adopted, their batteries could provide significant additional storage capacity for the grid. New pumped hydro storage projects and improving storage technologies may help address the intermittency of renewable energy sources like PV.
Radovan Kopecek presented at the bifacial PV workshop in Chambery, 2014. The presentation discussed the history and current state of bifacial PV technology and outlined a vision for its future. It argued that bifacial modules using bifacial cells could significantly increase total system power output compared to monofacial modules. However, standardized testing and measurement procedures would need to be established to accurately evaluate bifacial cell and module performance and help introduce the technology into the market. The presentation aimed to connect the bifacial PV community and discuss strategies to commercialize bifaciality.
The document discusses prospects and challenges for new products being introduced in the photovoltaic (PV) market. It summarizes that mainstream products face challenges in achieving competitive pricing and a tedious ramp-up process, while new products have challenges proving their long-term viability but may be able to quickly ramp up or serve niche markets. The document also notes the market imbalance in 2011 with demand greatly exceeding supply, and provides projections on future price reductions and technology shifts in the PV industry over the next two decades.
The present invention relates to an electromagnetic radiation emitting device, particularly in the visible spectrum that is capable of simply and effectively modifying the primary emission spectrum of the device
Alta Devices is developing thin-film gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar technology to increase the endurance of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). GaAs solar cells can be made into flexible thin films and integrated onto UAV wings, providing more power than rigid solar options. For the Cyclopes-C UAV, adding a 41 watt GaAs solar array was estimated to increase flight time from 2 hours to over 8 hours without battery power. The presentation outlined the benefits of GaAs solar and considerations for optimally designing solar systems for UAV applications.
A silicon solar cells lamination plant and a process carried out with this plantToscana Open Research
The object of this invention is a plant for the lamination of silicon solar cells which allows to obtain photovoltaic modules of improved efficiency thanks to the reduction of the impact of the phenomenon of silicon cracking.
1. This document discusses power measurements of bifacial photovoltaic modules. It outlines difficulties in predicting energy yields for bifacial modules due to dependencies on albedo.
2. Outdoor measurements were taken of a bifacial module's maximum power (Pmax) under different albedo backgrounds and compared to Pmax measurements in a lab under standardized test conditions.
3. Specific energy yield comparisons between the bifacial module and a standard reference module showed good agreement when using the bifacial module's Pmax that was measured under a white background, indicating this is a suitable value for predicting energy yields.
This document summarizes three case studies on the vertical potential of bifacial photovoltaic modules: 1) Integrating bifacial modules into a double-skin facade, 2) Using a vertical facade demonstrator, and 3) Analyzing vertical ground-mounted bifacial systems. For the double-skin facade, parameters like coating reflectivity and distance between walls impacted electrical gains up to 17%. The vertical facade demonstrator characterized indoor performance of different module architectures. Ray-tracing then simulated outdoor performance, showing gains of 4-6% for textured glass. Vertical ground-mounted bifacial systems in desert regions can gain over 30% annually compared to monofacial systems due to high ground albedo
This document presents the results of experiments characterizing bifacial solar modules. Bifacial modules were able to generate additional energy from their back sides by collecting light reflected from the ground or other surfaces below. Testing was conducted at outdoor test fields in Jerusalem and Geilenkirchen, Germany on bifacial and standard monofacial modules over time periods ranging from days to months. The energy gain provided by bifacial modules depended on factors like diffuse to global radiation ratio, sun position, albedo of the underlying surface, and module elevation and spacing. Annual energy gains over 23% were typical for bifacial modules in field tests in Germany.
This document discusses the need for standardized measurements of bifacial solar cells and PV modules. It proposes a measurement method using a bifacial flash tester that can illuminate both sides of a solar cell or module simultaneously and uniformly. Standardized IV measurements are needed to characterize bifacial devices and enable accurate performance predictions for different installation conditions. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of developing internationally recognized standards for bifacial solar device measurements.
Al-Si alloy formation in narrow p-Si contact areasElías Urrejola
Solar cells with dielectrically passivated rear side and screen printed local rear contacts combine the high performance potential of the PERC (passivated emitter and rear) concept with the well-established metallization method of nowaday’s industrial solar cells. This article presents a specific analysis of the formation of such localized screen printed Al-Si contacts. We observe that the contact resistivity depends on the width of the contact openings, and decreases when reducing the contact area. The optimal contact formation is observed for lateral contact widths smaller than 50–80 μm. Analysis of the Al-Si alloy formation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS/EDX) analysis shows that the alloy formation below the contacts is more homogeneous in such small openings than in larger ones.
Solar cells directly convert sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect in semiconductor materials like silicon, with solar panels consisting of multiple interconnected solar cells to produce a usable amount of power. The document discusses the basic physics of how silicon is doped to create either holes or electrons that form pairs when struck by photons, as well as explaining the components and operation of single solar cells and larger solar panels.
This document summarizes several bifacial solar cell technologies:
1) Heterojunction solar cells show similar efficiency potential for bifacial (20%) and non-bifacial configurations but rear efficiency is lower (17%) due to reflectivity limitations.
2) N-type PERT cells initially showed lower rear efficiency (16%) but modifying the process to use a lighter rear doping achieved 92% of front efficiency (18%).
3) Ion implantation and co-diffusion processes simplify PERT cell fabrication and could achieve the highest efficiency (19.5%) at lowest cost through fewer steps.
Sungen is a PV solar panel manufacture with HQ located in Hong Kong and with 2 Manufacturing facilities in mainland china. We specialize in a-Si thin film technology with over 120 mw production per year and ramping up to 200mw in 2011 using Anwell automated production equipment.. we also manufacture the traditional Mono and Poly crystalline modules. Having offices in Asia, Australia, Europe and USA. (Tel. 1 650 492 5202)
Optical spectroscopy techniques such as transmission, reflection, absorption, and photoluminescence measurements are important tools for characterizing the optical properties of semiconductor materials for photovoltaic applications. These techniques can determine the band gap type and energy, which are crucial for a material's suitability as a solar cell absorber. A direct band gap is preferable to an indirect band gap. Temperature-dependent absorption measurements provide insight into the temperature dependence of the band gap and allow comparison to density functional theory calculations. Characterizing defects through photoluminescence is also useful. Together, optical measurements provide essential information for understanding and improving photovoltaic materials.
Solar panels use the photovoltaic effect to convert sunlight into electricity by exciting electrons in silicon or other semiconductor materials. The electricity generated can power homes, buildings, spacecraft, and more. Research on solar cells won Einstein the Nobel Prize and continued improvements aim to increase the contribution of solar power to global energy needs.
The document provides an overview of applications of solar, wind, and fuel cell energy in power systems. It discusses how solar power is generated through photovoltaic panels, concentrating solar plants, and solar thermal plants. Wind power is generated through wind turbines in both on-grid and off-grid applications. Fuel cells use hydrogen to generate electricity and can be used for residential power, backup power, converting waste to energy, and large-scale power generation. The document also reviews advantages such as renewable energy sources and disadvantages like intermittent power generation for each technology.
This document discusses the basic principles and measurements of dye solar cells. It begins by introducing dye solar cells and their advantages over other solar cell technologies. It then provides a simplified diagram of a dye solar cell's setup and components. The remainder of the document thoroughly explains the electrochemical processes and energy transfers that occur in a dye solar cell when exposed to light, including excitation of dye molecules, electron injection and transport, redox reactions, and regeneration of the electrolyte. It also defines and discusses important parameters that can be measured from dye solar cell I-V curves, such as short circuit current, open circuit potential, fill factor, series and shunt resistances, maximum power, and efficiency.
Nano solar cells utilize tiny nanorods or nanoparticles to convert sunlight into electricity in a thin, inexpensive layer. These dye-sensitized or "nano" solar cells consist of a thin layer of nanorods dispersed in a polymer that can be easily mass produced. While efficiency is still low, nano solar cells have potential for low-cost electricity generation due to inexpensive manufacturing using solution-based coating or printing techniques.
The document provides information about Solar & Gas Advisory Service, a company that provides advice on renewable energy installations including solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. It describes how solar PV systems work to generate electricity from sunlight using panels and inverters, and the financial incentives available through the Feed-in Tariff program which pays homeowners for electricity generated and exported to the grid. Installation costs and processes are outlined along with the equipment included in a typical residential solar PV installation.
The document discusses solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes the I-V characteristics of solar cells and equivalent circuit. Variations in isolation and temperature affect the PV characteristics. Losses limit conversion efficiency. Maximizing open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and fill factor leads to high performance. Solar cells are classified based on material thickness, junction structure, and active material. PV modules, panels, and arrays are also discussed. Maximum power point tracking using a buck-boost converter can optimize solar PV output. Systems can be centralized, distributed, or hybrid to serve various applications including power generation, water pumping, and lighting.
Solar cells convert sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. They consist of a semiconductor material with a positive and negative layer that generate electrons and holes when exposed to light. Multiple solar cells are connected together in a panel to increase voltage or power output. The efficiency of solar cells can be improved with anti-reflective coatings and the maximum efficiency so far is 18.7%. Solar cells come in crystalline types like mono and multicrystalline, and amorphous thin film types. They have applications for powering homes, buildings, consumer electronics, and remote areas without access to electricity grids.
The document discusses various alternative energy sources including solar energy. It provides advantages and disadvantages of solar energy, wind energy, clean coal technology, fossil fuels, geothermal energy, hydro power, and nuclear energy. For solar energy specifically, it notes that the sun is the most abundant energy source, solar panels can be used to collect energy, and energy storage methods exist. However, solar energy also has high initial costs and can only generate energy during the day.
Solar energy is the conversion of sunlight into electricity or heat. It is a renewable and non-polluting energy source. Solar energy can be captured using photovoltaic cells or concentrated solar power systems and has many applications including generating electricity, heating water, drying crops, and powering vehicles. While solar energy has high initial costs, it has benefits such as being renewable, producing no emissions, and allowing energy production in remote areas not connected to power grids.
This document provides information about different types of solar energy, including passive solar energy, active solar energy, photovoltaic solar power, solar thermal energy, and concentrated solar power. It discusses applications of each type and how they can be used to generate electricity or heat water and spaces. The document also covers topics like how solar panels are manufactured, costs of building solar lanterns, and locations of solar power stations in India.
IstmoSolar is a Panamanian renewable energy company formed in 2013 that offers turnkey solar photovoltaic and solar thermal energy projects. It has offices in Panama, Spain, the US, and the Dominican Republic. IstmoSolar's team has engineering, construction, and installation experience and has completed several grid-connected solar farms in Panama as well as projects in Spain. The company also engages in research and development, training, and engineering and architecture services related to renewable energy.
Presentation of the new Energy Systems Sector in SUPSI, with focus on "developing innovative approaches to intelligent energy management and to photovoltaic systems quality,
facilitating their implementation in the built environment,
promoting the knowledge transfer to industry, professionals and younger generation.
This document summarizes research activities at CIEMAT, a public research organization in Spain. It has over 1,300 employees and a budget of 98.1 million euros. CIEMAT focuses on energy, environment and technology research. It has four main units: 1) a photovoltaic solar energy unit developing solar cells and modules; 2) an energy efficiency in buildings unit researching passive and active solar systems; 3) a solar concentrating systems unit improving solar thermal technologies; and 4) additional units on socio-technical studies and information technologies.
Workshop on Instigators and Barriers to Renewable Energy Development and Deployment - 16 November 2015
Mr. Badr IKKEN
General Director of the Research Institute for Solar Energy and New Energies (IRESEN)
Research & Development in Morocco
CRTEN by Prof. AmenAllah Guizani - Maghrenov workshop on research infrastruct...Maghrenov
The document summarizes the infrastructure needs for renewable energy implementation at the Center of Research and Energy Technologies (CRTEn) in Tunisia. CRTEn has three laboratories - thermal processes, photovoltaic, and wind energy - conducting research on solar, wind, biomass, and other renewable technologies. The laboratories need equipment to test materials, components, and systems for various renewable applications including solar collectors, photovoltaic cells, and small wind turbines. Additional needs include facilities for testing the durability of collectors and reliability of components. Meteorological data collection and an expanded test area would also help research and development efforts.
The document discusses Solland's strategy to focus on innovative, high-efficiency solar modules and partner with other companies to gain scale in global markets. It outlines their Sunweb technology which uses thinner solar cells to increase efficiency and lower costs. Solland plans to launch their Sunweb module commercially in late 2010 after completing production facilities.
Non moins d'un septantaine de participants furent présents sur le le Campus Automobile de Spa-Francorchamps et TWEED, ce 2 octobre dernier, pour un événement consacré à l'hydrogène. Près de 10 conférenciers européens (University of Birmingham, TU Delft, Toyota, MC Phy, Segula, Hinicio, Engie, ...) ont eu l'occasion de part de leur expertise, tandis qu'une démonstration de l'efficacité d'une pile à combustible (hydrogène) et une visite du campus furent également proposées !
Tundra Systems is developing an all-optical quantum computing solution to overcome limitations of traditional electronics-based computing. Their technology uses photon polarized optical technology in indium phosphide to implement quantum models in an all-optical microprocessor. This would eliminate propagation delays, maximize efficiency, and enable exascale computing. Tundra Systems aims to develop the first commercial all-optical processor and subsequent high-performance optical computing servers and workstations tailored for industries such as finance, defense, and healthcare. They are seeking venture capital to fund their multi-stage development plan to realize this new computing paradigm.
This document discusses technical evaluation in CPV (concentrated photovoltaic) systems. It outlines Mott MacDonald's role as an independent engineer in conducting technical due diligence and assessing the bankability of CPV technologies. The technical due diligence process for CPV systems must go beyond standard PV modules to also evaluate the quality control and integration of the entire CPV system, including optics, tracking systems, and performance over long periods of operation. Achieving a 'bankable' status for CPV remains challenging due to the lack of extensive operational data from different locations, but compliance with quality and performance standards as well as independent review and testing can help boost investor and lender confidence in CPV technologies.
Motivation, benefits, and challenges for new photovoltaic material & module d...Leonardo ENERGY
The main objective of the IEA-PVPS Task 13 Report on “Designing New Materials for Photovoltaics: Opportunities for Lowering Cost and Increasing Performance through Advanced Material Innovations” is to provide a global survey of technical efforts aimed at lowering cost and increasing performance and reliability of PV modules by employing new designs, materials and concepts. Furthermore, the report aims to (1) increase the exchange of information about promising materials and design concepts, (2) provide the means for increasing the value of PV modules, (3) provide recommendations on characterization methods for new technologies and (4) give input regarding new requirements for standardization. This paper focuses on describing the motivation, benefits, and challenges for new photovoltaic material and module developments.
Gopalakrishna B is a solar and wind energy professional with over 21 years of experience in project design, management, and technical support roles. He has extensive experience designing both large-scale and small-scale solar PV and wind energy projects across multiple countries. His skills include solar resource assessment, component selection and sizing, electrical design, and project execution from feasibility to commissioning.
CSUN Solar is a global tier 1 solar cell and PV module supplier founded in 2004 in Nanjing, China. It has 1,600 employees worldwide, 6 manufacturing campuses, and an annual capacity of 2 GW as of 2016. The company has shipped over 4 GW of modules since 2007. It has manufacturing facilities in China, Turkey, South Korea, Vietnam, and the US, and focuses on high efficiency mono-PERC and polycrystalline solar cells and modules through advanced robotic production lines.
Q4 2014 base company background eng and biznowosad88
This document describes the engineering and consulting services provided by 88 Equipment. They offer process, equipment, materials, and device engineering consulting for industries including semiconductor, solar, LED, and energy. They have expertise in silicon and III-V materials. Services include site designs, clean room designs, equipment selection and specifications, process engineering, and training programs. They work with joint venture partners for formal site designs and construction.
WHY VIKRAM SOLAR FOR YOUR SOLAR ENERGY NEEDS?Vikram Solar
https://vikramsolar.com
As a globally recognized solar energy solutions provider, Vikram Solar specializes in
high-efficiency PV module manufacturing and provides comprehensive EPC solutions
• With more than 4-decade success story of the Vikram group, Vikram Solar has been building
upon the same since 2006
• With our international presence across 6 continents, we actively contribute towards the
global solar revolution
• Our solar modules are designed and manufactured with the highest standards of quality,
performance, and reliability
Vikram Solar has hit the mark of 1 GW in the annual PV production capacity in 2017
• More than 940 MW* of solar EPC experience and 400 MW+ of O&M experience in India
• Top player in DNV GL PQP 2017 and modules audited by Black & Veatch
• Vikram Solar modules are BIS Certified, PID free, ammonia resistant, salt mist
corrosion resistant, and sand dust test certified
• Our manufacturing facility has the finest machinery which has been imported from
Germany, Japan, Switzerland, and the United States
• Sustainable production, high ROI, and a proven consistency of our products have made
us the preferred choice amongst global EPC enterprises, project developers, and investors
• Quality Circles (QC) and use of the latest software tools for engineering & design,
such as PVSyst, SUNDAT, AutoCAD, PVCAD, STAAD Pro, Sketch Up
WHAT MAKES US THE BEST CHOICE
• A nationwide project presence with a wide range of rooftop and ground-mounted solar
EPC solutions
• India’s leading Tier-1 module manufacturer with system integrator grading of SP1A,
indicating high financial strength and performance capability
• 27 years linear performance warranty and 12 years product warranty on our modules
• The first company to build Solar PV Rooftop Array on world’s first 100% solar powered
airport
• Reduced more than 780,469 tonnes of CO2 footprints through commissioned projects
• Performed India’s first floating solar PV installation
• Wide ranged EPC experience in building solar plants in difficult terrains, high altitudes,
and coastal areas
WHY VIKRAM SOLAR FOR YOUR SOLAR NEEDS?vikram solar
WHO WE ARE:
As a globally recognized solar energy solutions provider, Vikram Solar is the biggest solar company specializes in
high-efficiency PV module manufacturing and provides comprehensive EPC solutions
• With more than 4-decade success story of the Vikram group, Vikram Solar has been building
upon the same since 2006
• With our international presence across 6 continents, we actively contribute towards the
global solar revolution
• Our solar modules are designed and manufactured with the highest standards of quality, performance, and reliability
HOW ARE WE DIFFERENT
Vikram Solar solar energy company has hit the mark of 1 GW in the annual PV module production capacity in 2017
• More than 940 MW* of solar EPC experience and 400 MW+ of O&M experience in India
• Top player in DNV GL PQP 2017 and modules audited by Black & Veatch
• Vikram Solar modules are BIS Certified, PID free, ammonia resistant, salt mist
corrosion resistant, and sand dust test certified
• Our manufacturing facility has the finest machinery which has been imported from
Germany, Japan, Switzerland, and the United States
• Sustainable production, high ROI, and a proven consistency of our products have made
us the preferred choice amongst global EPC enterprises, project developers, and investors
• Quality Circles (QC) and use of the latest software tools for engineering & design,
such as PVSyst, SUNDAT, AutoCAD, PVCAD, STAAD Pro, Sketch Up
Solar energyc ompany
The document discusses various solar cell technologies, including their world record efficiencies. It covers traditional silicon technologies, as well as thin-film technologies like CIGS and CdTe. Emerging technologies discussed include perovskites, dyes, organics, and multi-junction cells. For each technology, it provides the strengths and weaknesses, example efficiency levels, and sometimes a diagram. It aims to give an overview of both established and new concepts in photovoltaics.
Sonu Kumar is seeking a challenging role applying his technical and functional skills. He has over 5 years of experience in roles related to solar power projects, LED lighting design and development, and technical training. Some of his responsibilities have included solar power system design, installation and commissioning, quality control, and project management. He holds a B.Tech in ECE and has experience with programming languages like C and C++.
Sustainable Energy for All – A multidisciplinary educational approach.lenses
This document discusses sustainable energy systems and technologies being implemented in Kenya. It provides an overview of various decentralized renewable energy technologies being used, including solar portable lanterns, biogas, and solar PV. It then discusses implementation of these technologies, safety considerations regarding wind loads, water tightness, and electrical safety. Finally, it covers financial incentives like net metering and peak load shaving, and concludes that African higher education institutions should establish their own sustainable energy projects and develop related educational programs.
Beyond all of the hype and tumult, market drivers and technological developments are converging to ensure a bright future for Si photonics.
THOUGH THE SI PHOTONICS MARKET HAS JUST KICKED OFF, VOLUME PRODUCTION IS ALREADY CLOSE
Big data is getting bigger by the second, and transporting it with existing technologies will push the limits of power consumption, density and weight. Yole Développement analysts are convinced that photons will replace electrons, and that Si photonics will be the mid-term platform to assist this transition.
Si photonics offers the advantages of silicon technology: low cost, higher integration, more embedded functionalities and higher interconnect density. It also provides two other key advantages:
1. Low power consumption: particularly when compared to copper-based solutions, which are expensive and require high electrical consumption.
2. Reliability: especially important for data centers, where a typical rack server’s lifespan is two years before replacement.
Back in 2006, VOA were the market’s first Si photonics products. Today, there are still a few Si photonics products on the market (i.e. VOA, AOC and transceivers from Luxtera, Kotura/Mellanox and Cisco/Lightwire) but big companies (i.e. Intel, HP and IBM) are close to realizing silicon photonics products. Yole Développement also sees big OEMs such as Facebook, Google and Amazon developing their own optical data center technology in partnership with chip firms (such as Facebook with Intel).
In this report Yole Développement shows that, in the short-term, silicon photonics will be the platform solution for future high-power, high-bandwidth data centers. Silicon photonics chips will be deployed in high-speed signal transmission systems, which greatly exceed copper cabling’s capabilities, i.e. for data centers and high-performance computing (HPC). As silicon photonics evolves and chips become more sophisticated, we expect the technology to be used more often in processing tasks such as interconnecting multiple cores within processor chips to boost access to shared cache and busses.
Analysts also analyzed silicon photonics’ chances of being used for telecom, consumer, medical and biosensors applications, compared with competing technologies.
More information on that report at http://www.i-micronews.com/reports/Silicon-Photonics-2014-report/1/445/
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Mr. Paul VAN DEN OOSERTKAMP - Renewable energy and the Dutch contextMouhcine Benmeziane
The document summarizes the Dutch energy context and policy. It notes that the Netherlands relies heavily on fossil fuels like natural gas, coal, and oil. Renewable energy makes up a small share at around 4.5% in 2013, below the country's 2020 target of 14%. The document outlines Dutch energy policy goals around increasing renewable energy and energy savings. It also discusses barriers like the country's dense population and reliance on natural gas revenues. Finally, it presents the 2013 Energy Agreement as a major integrated program agreed upon by stakeholders to help the Netherlands catch up to its renewable energy targets through concentrated efforts across various sectors.
Mr. Paul VAN DEN OOSERTKAMP - Global trends and developments in the renewable...Mouhcine Benmeziane
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ECN
Global trends and developments in the renewable energy domain
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Context, situation and achievements in Morocco
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
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Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
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photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
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massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
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Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
3. Contents
• Introduction
– Installed Solar Capacity Sun belt
• Private Sector PV Manufacturing
– Qatar Solar Energy
– Mission Solar USA
– Yingli Solar China
• Solar Academy
– Technology Transfer & Capacity Building
• Manufacturing Aspects High Efficency Solar Cells & Modules
– Dutch Solar Alliance
5. Market trends: Solar belt
Europe
91GWUSA
16GW
China
28GW
Japan
22GW
2014: Outside the Solar belt 157 GW
installed
2014: Inside the Solar belt 25 GW
installed
7. ECN n-type technology roadmap
7
Cell and
Interconnection
technology
in mass production
efficiency,
module
power
n-Pasha
n-MWT
n-IBC
Conductive
back-sheet foil
interconnection
Rear patterning IBC Major
innovation
steps
factory-ready under development
Mercury architecture
8. n-PASHA cell technology
8
n-type Cz
p+ emitter
n+ BSF
• Emitter & BSF co-diffusion
• Both sides SiNx passivation
and ARC
• H-patterned front and rear
metallization
• Symmetric, bifacial solar cell,
suitable for very thin wafers
• Enables bifacial modules
9. Bi-facial modules (n-Pasha) glass/glass
• Cell same on front and back
– Light collected on both sides
• Module of 2m x 1m
– Output with rear side covered: 345 W
– Output with white reflector behind module: 395 W
• Annual energy output dependent on
– orientation of module
– Type of surface reflectivety
– Can be up to 30% more
9
10. ECN Solar cells & modules:
From lab to fab & field in 1 year
10
11. n- type technology transfer history
Production proven technology…
Mission Solar Energy
Qatar
12. Integrated cell and module
architecture: n-MWT cell
Base: p Base: p
n+
Base: p
n+
Base: p
n+ n+
emitter
rear Al
ARC
MWT Ag
Front Rear
Status: Industrial process
Avg : 20.8% with best cell eff. of 21%
15. Solar Academy
• ECN Solar Energy has broad experience on training PV employees
• These have been executed as the Solar Academy
• Aim: Train starting employees of solar cell and module manufacturing
companies
– Managers
– Operators
– R&D employees
– Installers
15
16. Solar Academy courses
• Solar cell manufacturing and quality control
– PV Overview
– Operation of solar cells
– Solar cell production processes + characterisation per step
– Cleaning, diffusion, wet-chemical etching, SiN deposition and
metallisation
– Practical run on ECN solar cell pilot line
– Plus characterisation at cell level
• PV modules: manufacturing and liftime aspects
• Solar Industry for managers
• Installation aspects
• Followed by ECN technology transfer on location
16
19. Process flow
Strategy
Process & Technology
Building, Utilities & Infrastructure
Project management & Consultancy
Education & Knowledge transfer
Financial Consultancy
20. Strategy
What are your ambitions?
What is your value proposition?
Who is your client?
Which resources are required?
How do you react on future developments?
Together, we roadmap your future!
21. Strategy
Two layer set-up
Smaller foot print
Less piping
High safety level
Modular set-up
Fast-track
Cost-effective
Flexibility / adaptability
22. Strategy
Factory designed
for over 100MWp till …GWp
Feasibility / masterplan
Local vs. Central Utility concepts
(or combination)
Chosen Technology
Integrated or Cell or Modules
1-layer vs 2-layers
Phasing
Factory designed
for pilot up to 100MWp
Feasibility / masterplan
Brownfield vs greenfield
Chosen Technology
Integrated or Cell or Modules
1-layer vs 2-layers
Connection to existing utilities
24. Thank you for your attention
ECN
Westerduinweg 3 P.O. Box 1
1755 LE Petten 1755 ZG Petten
The Netherlands The Netherlands
T +31 88 515 49 49 info@ecn.nl
F +31 88 515 44 80 www.ecn.nl
Contact:
Martin Späth
SPATH@ECN.NL
24
Editor's Notes
Example of collaboration in the picture; this is an installation executed in Qatar by the Dutch Solar Alliance in collaboration with local partners.
Do you have a business case for the project? If not, we will support you in setting up a feasible business case. If you already have a business case, what does it look like? We will challenge your business case if we believe it enhances the feasibility of the business case. Together (the client and Dutch Solar Alliance), we roadmap your future!
Different choices to be made in the facility type
Facility build up will be different for each scale
All technology choices are open. the Alliance collaboration can assist in the decision making process.
Production proven technologies cell: standard cells, PERC, n-type bifacial, Metal Wrap Through
Module: standard, bifacial and back contact
Options on next generation technologies such as IBC or other developments from ECN