2 kopecek bifi pv_ok

Bifacial world – monofacial modules:
why do we compromise system power?
Radovan Kopecek
International Solar Energy Research Center (ISC), Konstanz, GERMANY

Radovan Kopecek, bifiPV workshop, Chambery 2014
- connect the “bifacial community”
- present bifacial technology and
economy
- discuss bifacial future: how to
introduce bifaciality into market
>> create bifacial standards
>> strategy how to sell bifaciality
what is the goal of this WORKSHOP?
2

- bifacial history
- bifacial present
- bifacial future
what is the goal of this presentation?
3

THANKS FOR THE
PERFECT ORGANISATION!

THANKS FOR THE
history of glasses
monocle
PV present

THANKS FOR THE
history of glasses
glasses
PV future
monocle
PV present

THANKS FOR THE
history of glasses
monocle
PV present
glasses
PV future
google
PV future

THANKS FOR THE
history of glasses
monocle
PV present
google
PV future
star treck
PV future
glasses
PV future

THANKS FOR THE
history of glasses
monocle
PV present
google
PV future
star treck
PV future
glasses
PV future
- high efficient
- bifacial and
- smart module
e.g.
BOSCH, LG electronics,
Sunpower, Meyer&Burger,
Nexolon, MegaCell…

bifacial history

1954 bifacial n-type IBC
1998 bifacial installations
Nordmann in Switzerland
2014 2nd bifiPV
2015 bifacial cell
productions
2012
first bifiPV
1966 bifacial
cell proposals
2010+ first bifacial cell
production
2000+ bifacial concepts
UKN- POWER 2001
ISFH- OEKO 2003
ANU- SLIVER 2003
ISC/ECN- FOXY2007
and other
1974-2000 russian space applications
bifacial history
2013 large bifacial
installations in
Japan

bifacial present

THANKS FOR THE
PERFECT OGANISATION!
http://www.solarbuzz.com/news/recent-findings/multicrystalline-
silicon-modules-dominate-solar-pv-industry-2014
who rules the PV world in 2014

THANKS FOR THE
http://www.solarbuzz.com/news/recent-findings/multicrystalline-
silicon-modules-dominate-solar-pv-industry-2014
BIFACIAL
bifacial
bifacial

ITRPV roadmap

THANKS FOR THE
40%
40%
BIFACIAL
bifacial

THANKS FOR THE
40%
40%
BIFACIAL
bifacial
sunpower
Panasonic
Solarwind
Yingli
PVGS
LG electronics
Nexolon
MegaCell
Motech
Meyer&Burger
Solarwind
bSolar
3D Solar
RCT (mc PERCT)

A
BC
FD E
SOLAR CELL PRODUCERS
A sunpower (IBC) 1993
B Panasonic (HIT) 1997
C Solarwind (NN) 2005
D Yingli (Panda) 2010
E PVGS (EarthOn) 2011
F LG electronics (Neon)2013
G Nexolon
H MegaCell
WAFER AND INGOT
PRODUCERS
1 SunEdison
2 Norsun
3 Pillar
4 BOSCH
5 FerroTec
6 China
7 GTAT
8 Comtech
9 Longi
10 Solargiga
11 M Setek
… (non exhaustive list)
G
2
1
34
n-type technologies in production 2014
7
8 9
10
11
5
6
J. Libal, V.D. Mihailetchi, R. Kopecek and , PV international, March 2014
H

Radovan Kopecek, bifiPV workshop, Chambery 2014 19
present n-type screen printed, “diffused” technologies
R. Kopecek and J. Libal, PV international, September 2013
n-type technologies in 2014

BiSoN: certified I/V measurement at
Fraunhofer ISE CalLab
Area
[cm2]
Isc
[A]
Voc
[mV]
FF
[%]
Pmpp
[W]
Eff
[%]
239 9.4 652 79 4.841 20.25
 Implied Voc ≈ 690 mV
 Room for even higher efficiencies with improved metalization (reduced
contact area and new metal pastes)
 Typical I/V parameters of a BiSoN solar cell

roadmap of BiSoN technology
 High implied Voc > 690 mV:
• High quality of the process and device design
• High emitter quality and its surface passivation
  significant room for improvements using current process
sequence and equipment by various optimizations
50 μm fingers
fine line print
Jsc: 40.1 mA/cm2
20.6%
FF: 79.5%
20.8%
double print
improved FF
Voc: 660 mV
21.0%
reduced contact area,
improved metal pastes
Current status
h 20.3%
JSC 39.4 mA/cm2
VOC 652 mV
FF 78.9%

coo of ISC ZOO compared to others
22

BiSoN technology. www.megacell.it
23

BiSoN technology. www.megacell.it

bifaciality as a large plus:
results from ISC‘s test site in Egypt

bifi module: a great tool to play with
Mihailetchi, bifiPV 2012
Traverso, MegaCell website 2014

bifacial future

If you claim to have the best technology why
don´t you rule the PV world???
29
discrepance
between R&D
and industry
- bottle necks?
- show stoppers?
crysis
- tuning the p-type
technology has
highest priority
- no budget for
innovations
PV as extremely
slow market
- producers need to
gain confidence in
new products
- small installers do
not understand the
advantage of high
power modules yet

Bifacial world – monofacial modules:
why do we compromise system power?
30
discrepance
between R&D
and industry
- bottle necks?
- show stoppers?
crysis
- tuning the p-type
technology has
highest priority
- no budget for
innovations
PV as extremely
slow market
- producers need to
gain confidence in
new products
- small installers do
not understand the
advantage of high
power modules yet

4000 modules = 1 MWp
15% less modules and area  BOS cost savings (land, labour, mounting structures, ....)
= 1.44 MWh/year ( *1440 kWh/kWp e.g in Bari/Italy)
3448 modules = 1 MWp
12 modules = 3.0 kWp
250W standard modules
4320 kWh/year (*)
290W BiSoN modules
12 modules = 3.48 kWp
5011 kWh/year
monofacial modules with bifacial cells

Bifacial Bison module with 290W front side Pmpp can produce the same
kWh/kWp as a monofacial module with 350 W Pmpp (20% Albedo)
250W mc-Si modules
4000 modules = 1.44 MWh/year (1 MWp)
30% less modules and area !  significant BOS cost savings
(land, labour, mounting structures, ....)
Bifacial Bison module (“350W”)
2857 modules = 1.44 MWh/year
(0.828 MWp front side)
bifacial modules with bifacial cells

Why do we not compromise system´s
power (or better kWh) in future?
-Bifaciality offers the possibility to increase the yearly
yield to a large extend
- Cost effective n-type (and p-type) solar cell concepts
are getting bifacial anyhow (more complex processes
but: better performance, material savings).
- Module manufacturers are switching to glass-glass
modules anyhow (longer lifetime, desert modules)
THINGS TO BE SOLVED:
- Standardization of bifacial measurements and testing
- Selling advantage to the end user

measuring standards for
bifacial solar cells
34

BIFACIAL
“bifacial devices have an increased efficiency”
“we use black chucks”
“for measuring bifacial cells we take 20% light
intensity from rear”
“we use reflective chucks”
“………………………”
35

n-type standard module
?
measuring bifacial cells
n-type bifacial module
- bifacial cells measured for bifacial
module application
- increased harvesting depending on
bifacial factor and albedo
- bifacial cells measured for monofacial
module application
- CTM losses/gains depending on
measurement setup and module techn.

CHUCK
- black chuck
- reflective
- conductive
- non conductive
- ….
37
??

proposal by BOSCH (Jan Lossen)
at the 1st bifacial WS in Konstanz 2012
38

standardisation
(AM1.5, 25°C, not active area
measurement; indicate technology and
hocus-pocus processes)
- measurement after LID or
regeneration to be mentioned
- white reflective chuck (similar to
white tedlar)
- non conductive chuck (as
tedlar)
- length of pulse (e.g.> 50 ms)
- …
39
white non conductive

first start of standardization group

summary
41
- solar cells in near future will be bifacial anyhow
- many modules in future will be glass-glass
- the system power can be extremely increased by using
bifacial cells and bifacial modules
- in order to be able to estimate CTM losses from cell
performance, to compare technologies and bring it to
market measuring standards have to be introduced

ISC Konstanz
research for a sunny future
THANK YOU!

25th 26th 27th 28th
March 23-26, 2015
KONSTANZ

2 kopecek bifi pv_ok

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