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The document outlines the principles and technologies behind solar photovoltaic (PV) energy, detailing its advantages, various types of installations, and advancements in PV technologies. It discusses the composition of PV cells and modules, the evolution of efficiencies, and emerging technologies like perovskites. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of international standards and certification schemes for ensuring the reliability and performance of PV components.

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Funded by EU GCC CLEAN ENERGY NETWORK II Join us: www.eugcc-cleanergy.net Contact us: contact@eugcc-cleanergy.net Dra. Ana Rosa Lagunas Director, Photovoltaic Solar Energy department
Funded by Agenda • Solar potential & technologies • PV Technology in a simplified way • Selection criteria
Funded by EU GCC CLEAN ENERGY NETWORK II Join us: www.eugcc-cleanergy.net Contact us: contact@eugcc-cleanergy.net
Funded by What is solar photovoltaic energy? Advantages Photovoltaic Solar Energy obtained by direct conversion of solar radiation into electricity • Technical Advantages of a technical nature: – Direct conversion solar-electricity – Safe, inexhaustible and non-polluting source – Modularity of facilities – Possibility of architectural integration – Opportunities for technological development and innovation • Economic and social benefits: – Proximity citizen-energy distributed – Return on Investment – Job creation associated with the manufacture of equipment and the maintenance of the facilities – Abundant solar resource
Funded by Solar photovoltaic cell Photovoltaic solar cells are the basic constituents of photovoltaic modules: • Devices that convert light directly into electricity • Composed of semiconductor materials: silicon or compounds of II-VI, III-V (multi-junctions), as well as organic and hybrid substances • Produce direct current
Funded by Solar photovoltaic cell • Absorption capacity depending on the technology and the wavelength of the radiation
Funded by Solar photovoltaic modules • Photovoltaic modules formed by the electrical connection (series and parallel) of the photovoltaic solar cells
Funded by Solar photovoltaic Systems • The PV plant includes the PV Generation part (DC) and the Balance of System (BOS), as the components to convert DC into AC and feed it into the grid (if needed)) • Prices of BOS have evolved in last 10 years Source: “A Strategic Research Agenda for Photovoltaic Solar Energy. PV Technology Platform 2007,
Funded by Solar photovoltaic Systems • The PV plant includes the PV Generation part (DC) and the Balance of System (BOS), as the components to convert DC into AC and feed it into the grid (if needed)) • Prices of BOS have evolved in last 10 years Source: “A Strategic Research Agenda for Photovoltaic Solar Energy. PV Technology Platform 2007,
Funded by Solar photovoltaic Systems: Grid connected • Usually, electricity is sold to the utility • Self consumption is increasing its market share
Funded by Types of photovoltaic installations: Grid-connected • Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems: – Mass production plants – Roofing facilities for buildings – Architectural integration (facade coverings, parasols, pergolas, slats in windows, tiles ...)
Funded by Types of photovoltaic installations: Stand-alone • Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems – Isolated homes, resorts – Traffic signals – Chargers for consumer products
Funded by EU GCC CLEAN ENERGY NETWORK II Join us: www.eugcc-cleanergy.net Contact us: contact@eugcc-cleanergy.net
Funded by Photovoltaic Technologies • Based on silicon: monocrystalline silicon, multicrystalline silicon, hybrid cells • Thin film: amorphous or amorphous / microcrystalline silicon, compounds of group II-VI, organic materials • Photovoltaic Concentration (CPV) • Emerging technologies: perovskites
Funded by Maximum solar photovoltaic cell efficiencies evolution http://www.nrel.gov/pv/assets/images/efficien cy_chart.jpg
Funded by Monocrystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Modules • Si wafer from monocrystalline Si ingot grown by Czocralski and sliced • Different technologies, from simple screen printed very mature although until the highest efficiency • Rigid module • Spectacular cost reduction in the last years • Technological variants for high efficiency development (PERT, PERC, bifacials, … • High laboratory cell efficiency: 25.2% (SunPower) for backcontact technology
Funded by Heterojunction solar cells • Variant of monocrystalline technology based on Si wafer combined with thin film processes • Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin Layer, Sanyo HIT) • Maximum cell efficiency in laboratory up to September 2016: 25.6% (Panasonic)
Funded by Heterojunction solar cells • A combination of heterojunction technology using high-quality amorphous silicon, low resistance electrode technology, and a back-contact structure developed by Kaneka Corporation. • Achievement of the world’s highest conversion efficiency, 26.33%, in a crystalline silicon solar cell having a practical size (180 cm2). This achievement breaks the world record of 25.6% by ~0.7%, exceeding 26% for the first time in the world.
Funded by Multicrystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Modules • c-Si wafer from ingot usually obtained by casting • Crystals are visible in the range of cm • Cheaper than the monocrystalline Si because of the technique of obtaining the ingot uses much less energy, but sharing the same starting material • Production characteristics (screen printed) similar to monocrystalline Si, but lower efficiency • Cost reduction also based on a clear tendency to reduce the thickness of the wafers • Maximum cell efficiency in laboratory: 21.25% (Trina Solar)
Funded by Bifacial solar cells • The concept is to use light absorption also from the albedo. • it was established that bifacial solar cells can increase the power density of PV modules compared to monofacial cells while reducing area-related costs for PV R. Guerrero-Lemus et al, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 60, July 2016, Pages 1533– 1549
Funded by Multijunction solar cells • Photons with energies below the band gap are not absorbed, whereas photons with energies above the band gap are not fully converted to electrical energy because of thermalization of charge • A single junction solar cell can not produce above its Shocley-Queisser limit
Funded by Multijunction solar cells • Reduce thermalization and non- absorption power losses
Funded by Thin film technologies • Very thin layers of semiconductor material, on the order of several microns • The most mature technologies are based on silicon (amorphous and microcrystalline), on CdTe and CI (G) S • Technologies based on organic materials are not in the same degree of maturity as the previous ones • These technologies require a substrate as support. • Depending on the type of substrate, the module may have different characteristics such as flexibility and transparency • Cell and module are manufactured simultaneously, so lower use of material and in time • Low consumption of raw materials • The company First Solar (CdTe) • Maximum cell efficiency in laboratory: 22.1% (First Solar)
Funded by Concentrated Photovoltaic • It uses optical elements (lenses or mirrors) to focus the sunlight on the photovoltaic cell. • High concentration: reaches up to 1000x and low concentration below 10x • It uses only direct solar radiation so it needs precise solar trackers and is only profitable in specific geographical areas with high direct radiation • It is in an initial state of commercialization
Funded by Concentrated Photovoltaic • It is used with high performance cells (faces) so that costs are reduced by decreasing the amount of semiconductor material • Variety of solutions, there is no single concept (high and low concentration, different cells and optical elements) • Maximum cell efficiency in laboratory: 46.0% (Fraunhofer ISE / Soitec)
Funded by New materials: Perovskites • Hybrid compound with perovskite structure formed by organic-inorganic material • Typical structure CH3NH3PbX3, where X is a halogen atom such as iodine, bromine or chlorine • Spectacular increase in efficiency in the last 3 years • Simple production process; does not need high temperatures • Low cost of production • Problems of degradation • Transparent, light, flexible and efficient Emerging technology • Maximum cell efficiency (not stabilized) in laboratory: 21.0% (EPFL)
Funded by EU GCC CLEAN ENERGY NETWORK II Join us: www.eugcc-cleanergy.net Contact us: contact@eugcc-cleanergy.net
Funded by VALUE CHAIN ​​OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ENERGY: CRYSTALLINE SILICON Polisilicon Ingot Wafer Cell Module System • Si purification • Crystallization • Slicing • Superficial Processes (Chemical, thermal…) • Connections • Assembly • Lamination • Distribution • Balance of system (BOS) • Instalation
Funded by Solar Cell Fabrication (majority technology) Texturization P-n junction PSG etching Anti Reflection Coating Contact Definition Contact Formation Edge Isolation Solar Cell Characterization
Funded by Solar Cell Interconnection (majority technology) • Electrical connection between cells • Material: Copper Tape Covered with SnPb Alloy • The elimination of Pb presents one of the technological and cost challenges
Funded by Solar Module Glass Cells Encapsulant Backsheet Connections box Frame Encapsulant
Funded by PV module characterization MAXIMUM POWER VS TEMPERATURE 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 TEMPERATURE (ºC) POWER(W) Manufacturer Measured Points High Temperature Points Least Squares Straight line Uncertainty+ Uncertainty-
Funded by PV module characterization • Visual inspection • I-V curve • Isolation tests • Wet leakage current tests • Irradiance/Temperature matrix MAXIMUM POWER VS TEMPERATURE 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 TEMPERATURE (ºC) POWER(W) Manufacturer Measured Points High Temperature Points Least Squares Straight line Uncertainty+ Uncertainty-
Funded by PV plant components • Among all the considerations for the cash flow analysis of a PV plant it is of great importance to have confident values of performance, cost and durability of PV components • Groups of experts worldwide are working together in order to elaborate PV standards that can provide the certitudes for longterm PV components performance (IEC) • International standards allow testing the PV components in order to be able to certify their capacities of operation • That scheme is also extended to the PV plant itself (IECRE)
Funded by Certification Scheme • Why certification tests? • They are not just a requirement of power companies. • From the point of view of the end user they serve to: • Verify that the products are reliable. • Ensure reasonable and maintained operation for years. • Avoid risks during installation and operation. • From the point of view of designers and manufacturers, they serve to: • Test your designs against parameters common to other producers. • Define the scope of the guarantees. TO CERTIFY TO DECLARE CONFORMITY TO STANDARDS
Funded by Module Design and Security Certification Regulations related to the product qualification-certification IEC 61215 ed2.0 Crystalline silicon terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules - Design qualification and type approval International IEC 61646 ed2.0 Thin-film terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules - Design qualification and type approval International IEC 61730-1 ed1.2 Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification - Part 1: Requirements for construction International IEC 61730-2 ed1.1 Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification - Part 2: Requirements for testing International IEC 62941 TS Guideline for increased confidence in PV module design qualification and type approval International UL 1703 ed.3 Standard for Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Modules and Panels U.S. Valid Pending for approval
Funded by Module Design and Security Certification IEC standards in the process of approval applicable to the qualification-certification process IEC 61215-1 Ed.1 Design qualification and type approval - Part 1: Requirements for testing International IEC 61215-1-1 Ed. 1 Design qualification and type approval - Part 1-1: Special requirements for testing of crystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) modules International IEC 61215-1-2 Ed.1 Terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules - Design qualification and type approval - Part 1-2: Special requirements for testing of cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaic (PV) modules International IEC 61215-1-3 Ed.1 Terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules - Design qualification and type approval - Part 1-3: Special requirements for testing of amorphous silicon (a-Si) and microcrystalline silicon (c-Si) photovoltaic (PV) modules International IEC 61215-1-4 Ed.1 Terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules - Design qualification and type approval - Part 1-4: Special requirements for testing of copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) and copper indium selenide (CIS) photovoltaic (PV) modules International IEC 61215-2 Ed.1 Terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules - Design qualification and type approval - Part 2: Test procedures International IEC 61730-1 ed2 Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification - Part 1: Requirements for construction International IEC 61730-2 ed2 Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification - Part 2: Requirements for testing International IEC 62915 TS Photovoltaic (PV) modules - Retesting for type approval, design and safety qualification. International
Funded by Module Operation and Degradation Degradation standards Another standard to evaluate operation EN 50380 Datasheet and nameplate information for photovoltaic modules Europe IEC 61853-1 ed1.0 Photovoltaic (PV) module performance testing and energy rating - Part 1: Irradiance and temperature performance measurements and power rating International IEC 61853-2 ed.1.0 Photovoltaic (PV) modules performance testing and energy rating - Part 2: Spectral response, incidence angle and module operating temperature measurements International IEC 61853-4 ed.1.0 Photovoltaic (PV) module performance testing and energy rating – Part 4: Standard reference climatic profiles (proposed IEC 61853-4) International IEC 62804 Ed. 1.0 System voltage durability qualification test for crystalline silicon modules International IEC 61701 ed2.0 Salt mist corrosion testing of photovoltaic (PV) modules International IEC 62716 Ed.1 Photovoltaic (PV) modules - Ammonia corrosion testing International ASTM E1597 Standard Test Method for Saltwater Pressure Immersion and Temperature Testing of Photovoltaic Modules for Marine Environments U.S. IEC 60068-2-68 Environmental testing - Part 2: Tests - Test L: Dust and sand International IEC 61345 ed1.0 UV test for photovoltaic (PV) modules International IEC 62782 Ed. 1.0 Dynamic mechanical load testing for photovoltaic (PV) modules International IEC 62938 Ed.1 Non-uniform snow load testing for photovoltaic (PV) modules. International IEC 62759-1 Ed. 1.0 Transportation testing of photovoltaic (PV) modules - Part 1: Transportation and shipping of PV module stacks International IEC 62916 TS: Bypass diode electrostatic discharge susceptibility testing for photovoltaic modules International
Funded by Solar Photovoltaic Devices Characterization Characterization of solar photovoltaic devices (cells and modules) IEC 60891 ed2.0 Photovoltaic devices - Procedures for temperature and irradiance corrections to measured I-V characteristics International IEC 60904-1 ed2.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 1: Measurement of photovoltaic current-voltage characteristics International IEC 60904-2 ed2.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 2: Requirements for reference solar devices International IEC 60904-3 ed2.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 3: Measurement principles for terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) solar devices with reference spectral irradiance data International IEC 60904-4 ed1.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 4: Reference solar devices - Procedures for establishing calibration traceability International IEC 60904-5 ed2.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 5: Determination of the equivalent cell temperature (ECT) of photovoltaic (PV) devices by the open-circuit voltage method International IEC 60904-7 ed3.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 7: Computation of the spectral mismatch correction for measurements of photovoltaic devices International IEC 60904-8 ed3.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 8: Measurement of spectral response of a photovoltaic (PV) device International IEC 60904-9 ed2.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 9: Solar simulator performance requirements International IEC 60904-10 ed2.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 10: Methods of linearity measurement International
Funded by Solar Photovoltaic Devices Characterization Characterization standard drafts IEC 60904-1 ed3.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 1: Measurement of photovoltaic current-voltage characteristics International IEC 60904-1-1 ed1.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 1-1: Measurement of current-voltage characteristics of multi-junction photovoltaic devices International IEC 60904-3 ed3.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 3: Measurement principles for terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) solar devices with reference spectral irradiance data International IEC 60904-7 ed4.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 7: Computation of the spectral mismatch correction for measurements of photovoltaic devices International IEC 60904-8-1: Photovoltaic devices - Part 8-1: Measurement of spectral responsivity of multi-junction photovoltaic (PV) devices International IEC 60904-9 ed3.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 9: Solar simulator performance requirements International IEC 60904-9-1 ed1.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 9-1: Collimated beam solar simulator performance requirements (proposed IEC 60904-9-1) International IEC 60904-11 ed1.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 11: Measurement of initial light-induced degradation of crystalline silicon solar cells and photovoltaic modules International IEC/TS 60904-12 Ed1.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 12: Infrared thermography of photovoltaic modules International IEC/TS 60904-13 Ed1.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 13: Electroluminescence of photovoltaic modules (82/901/NP) International IEC 60904-14 ed1.0 Photovoltaic devices – Part 14: Outdoor infrared thermography of photovoltaic modules and plants (proposed IEC 60904-14 or alternatively IEC 60904-12-2) International IEC 60904-1-2 ed.1 Photovoltaic devices - Part 1-2: Measurement of current-voltage characteristics of bifacial photovoltaic (PV) devices International
Funded by Concentration Photovoltaics (CPV) IEC 62108 ed1.0 Concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) modules and assemblies - Design qualification and type approval International IEC 62108 ed2.0 Concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) modules and assemblies - Design qualification and type approval International IEC 62670-1 ed1.0 Photovoltaic concentrators (CPV) - Performance testing - Part 1: Standard conditions International IEC 62670-2 Ed. 1.0 Concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) performance testing - Part 2: Energy measurement International IEC 62670-3 Ed. 1.0 Concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) performance testing - Part 3: Performance Measurements and Power Rating International IEC 62688 ed1.0 Concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) module and assembly safety qualification International UL 8703 Outline of Investigation for Concentrator Photovoltaic Modules and Assemblies U.S. IEC 62817 ed1.0 “Photovoltaic systems-Design qualification of solar trackers” International
Funded by Module Design and Security Certification Components IEC 60529 ed2.2 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code) International IEC 62790 Ed. 1.0 Junction boxes for photovoltaic modules - Safety requirements and tests International IEC 62852 Ed. 1.0 Connectors for DC-application in photovoltaic systems - Safety requirements and tests International EN 50521 Connectors for photovoltaic systems - Safety requirements and tests Europe UL 4703 Outline of Investigation for Photovoltaic Wire U.S. UL 3730 Outline of Investigation for Photovoltaic Junction Boxes U.S. UL 6703 Outline of Investigation for Connectors for Use in Photovoltaic Systems U.S. UL 2703 Rack mounting systems and clamping devices for flat-plate PV modules and panels U.S.
Funded by Materials IEC 62788-1-2 Ed.1 Measurement procedures for materials used in photovoltaic modules - Part 1-2: Encapsulants - Measurement of volume resistivity of photovoltaic encapsulation and backsheet materials International IEC 62788-1-4 Ed.1 Measurement procedures for materials used in photovoltaic modules; Part 1-4:Encapsulants - Measurement of optical transmittance and calculation of the solar-weighted photon transmittance, yellowness index, and UV cut-off frequency International IEC 62788-1-5 Ed.1 Measurement procedures for materials used in photovoltaic modules - Part 1-5: Encapsulants - Measurement of change in linear dimensions of sheet encapsulation material resulting from applied thermal conditions International IEC 62788-1-6 Ed.1 Encapsulants - Test methods for determining the degree of cure in Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate encapsulation for photovoltaic module International IEC 62788-2 Ed.1 Measurement procedures for materials used in photovoltaic modules - Part 2: Polymeric materials used for frontsheets and backsheets International IEC 62788-5-1 Ed.1 Measurement procedures for materials used in photovoltaic modules – Part 5-1 Suggested test methods for use with edge seal materials (proposed future IEC 62788-5-1) International IEC 62788-6-2 Ed.1. Measurement procedures for materials used in photovoltaic modules – Part 6-2: Moisture permeation testing with polymeric films International IEC 62788-5-2 Ed.1 Measurement procedures for materials used in photovoltaic modules - Part 5-2: Edge-Seal durability evaluation guideline International IEC 62788-7-2 TS Ed.1 PNW/TS 82-913 Ed.1, Measurement procedures for materials used in photovoltaic modules - Part 7-2: Environmental exposures - Accelerated weathering tests of polymeric materials International IEC 62805-1 Ed.1 IEC 62805-1 Ed.1: Method for measuring photovoltaic (PV) glass - Part 1: Measurement of total haze and spectral distribution of haze International IEC 62805-2 Ed.1 IEC 62805-2 Ed.1: Method for measuring photovoltaic (PV) glass - Part 2: Measurement of transmittance and reflectance International ANSI Z97.1 Safety Glazing Materials Used in Buildings - Safety Performance Specifications and Methods of Test U.S.
Funded by Other standards: inverters EN 50530 Overall efficiency of grid connected photovoltaic inverters. Test methods for measuring static and dynamic efficiency of PV inverters EU EN 50524 Data sheet and name plate for photovoltaic inverters EU IEC 62109-1 ed1.0 Safety of power converters for use in photovoltaic power systems - Part 1: General requirements International IEC 62109-2 ed1.0 Safety of power converters for use in photovoltaic power systems - Part 2: Particular requirements for inverters International IEC 62116 Utility-interconnected photovoltaic inverters - Test procedure of islanding prevention measures International IEC 61683 Photovoltaic systems - Power conditioners - Procedure for measuring efficiency International UL 1741 ed.2 Standard for Inverters, Converters, Controllers and Interconnection System Equipment for Use With Distributed Energy Resources U.S. IEC TS 62910 Ed1 Test procedure of LVRT for utility-interconnected PV inverter International IEC 62891 Overall efficiency of grid-connected photovoltaic inverters International UNE 206007-1 Requirements for connecting to the power system. Part 1: Grid-connected inverters Spain UNE 206007-2 Requirements for connecting to the power system. Part 2: Requirements concerning system security for installations containing inverters Spain
Funded by Other standards: systems IEC 62446 Grid connected PV systems - Minimum system documentation, commissioning tests and inspection requirements International IEC/TS 62738 Ed.1 Design guidelines and recommendations for photovoltaic power plants International IEC/TS 61724-1 Ed.1 Photovoltaic system energy performance – Part 1: Monitoring International IEC/TS 61724-2 Ed.1 Photovoltaic system energy performance – Part 2: Capacity evaluation method International IEC/TS 61724-3 Ed.1 Photovoltaic system energy performance – Part 3: Energy evaluation method International IEC/TS 61724-4 Ed.1 Photovoltaic system energy performance – Part 4: Degradation rate evaluation method International IEC 62446-2 Grid connected photovoltaic (PV) systems – Part 2: Maintenance of PV systems International IEC 629xx TS Ed.1 Information model for availability of photovoltaic (PV) power systems International IEC XXXX Terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) systems - Guideline for increased confidence in PV system installation International IEC 63027 DC arc detection and interruption in photovoltaic power systems International
Funded by Durability - Severity IEC 61215 Increased • IEC standards for module qualification do not guarantee long-term operation (reliability) or predict life-time (durability). • The current trend is to increase the severities specified in IEC 61215 as follows: • Increase the number of cycles and duration of the test, typically by a factor of approximately 2 X • Increasing the upper temperature limits (eg 90 ° C instead of 85 ° C in thermal cycles) • To submit to the same modules to several climatic tests that in the original norm would go in different sequences. • Apply current in tests to represent the actual operating conditions (wet heat with current) • Add dynamic and static loads to simulate the action of wind and snow • Increase the number and type of intermediate evaluations and diagnoses (EL, isolates, dark curves ... ..etc.)
Funded by Durability - Severity IEC 61215 Increased • Very useful for establishing comparisons between different module designs • Reliably reproduces some degradation mechanisms (PID) • The extended thermal cycles are effective to reproduce thermomechanical wear But… • They do not contemplate the possibility of simultaneously applying degradation actions that can cause specific failure modes if they occur under real operating conditions. • Only degradations are simulated in a limited time • They do not provide a model to simulate power loss and do not establish correlation factor between accelerated test and actual operating conditions. • These tests beyond the qualification are not particularized according to the climates • The effects of radiation (especially UV) may be underestimated. • Most of the tests are performed in dark conditions or by applying polarization currents that do not have to reproduce the operating conditions of the PV modules under real solar conditions
Funded by Durability - Severity IEC 61215 Increased: New project of standard IEC 62892 • Standardization initiative that aims to provide the end user with the selection of the PV modules of their installation depending on the climate where they will operate and the type of installation (above ground or roof) • Climate zones are described in IEC 60721-2-1 Ed.1 Classification of environmental conditions - Part 2-1: Environmental conditions that appear in nature - Temperature and humidity • Warm climate: (warm temperate and dry) • Extremely warm and dry: temperature mean values ​​range from + 8 ° C to +43 ° C and the maximum absolute humidity is 24 g / m3. • Warm and humid: temperature mean values ​​range from + 17 ° C to +33 ° C the maximum absolute humidity of 30 g / m3. IEC 62892 Comparative testing of PV modules to differentiate performance in multiple climates and applications
Funded by Durability - Severity IEC 61215 Increased: Standard IEC 62892 • The purpose of the IEC 62892 standard is to define a classification system based on specific tests to establish an indicator of the long-term reliability of the flat PV modules depending on the different types of climate and the conditions of use. • Part 1 General test requirements • Part 2 Mechanical and thermal cycling tests (welding and breaking of cells) Part 3 Defines the UV aging test. The purpose of the standard is to identify the effects that can be caused by exposure to sunlight for a prolonged period. • Part 4 Specific conditions to demonstrate greater durability in hot climates or rooftop installations involving high operating temperatures • Part 5 Specific conditions to demonstrate greater durability in hot and humid climates IEC 62892 Comparative testing of PV modules to differentiate performance in multiple climates and applications
Funded by Durability - Severity IEC 61215 Increased: Standard IEC 62892
Funded by Durability - Severity IEC 61215 Increased: Standard IEC 62892
Funded by EU GCC CLEAN ENERGY NETWORK II Join us: www.eugcc-cleanergy.net Contact us: contact@eugcc-cleanergy.net
Funded by Grid connected photovoltaic Systems • Solar Resource and Electrical Production. • Design and prior dimensioning of IFVs (pre-projects). • Analysis of solutions and study of alternatives. • Optimization of PV projects. • Technical-Economic Evaluation of PV Projects: Contracts EPCs, O & M and Due-Diligence. • Field Measurement / Inspection; Commissioning tests. Analysis of monitored data
Funded by Grid connected photovoltaic Systems Evaluation of the solar resource at the location 0 50 100 150 200 250 Enero Febrero M arzo Abril M ayo Junio Julio Agosto Septiem bre O ctubre N oviem bre D iciem bre kWh/m2 PVGIS Meteonorm SoDa 0 50 100 150 200 250 Enero Febrero M arzo Abril M ayo Junio Julio Agosto Septiem bre O ctubre Noviem bre Diciem bre Energía(kWh) 0 50 100 150 200 250 Radiación(kWh/m2) Energía horizontal Energía inclinada Radiación horizontal Radiación inclinada Mean solar irradiance values ​​in the horizontal plane for the considered location.
Funded by Grid connected photovoltaic Systems Design of the photovoltaic system (I) Evaluation of various configurations: • Planning of the installation: power to install, technical characteristics of the possible components, modularity of the different sub-installations, distribution on the ground, among others • Calculation of the installation: studies of solar tracking, possibilities of grouping module / inverter and simulation of the complete configuration chosen for each of the sub-installations. • Technical design, which will include the electrical design, lay-out of the plant monitoring systems and civil works in every case. • Economic report of the project • Calculation of PR • Calculation of LCOE  decision among the various alternatives
Funded by Grid connected photovoltaic Systems Design of the photovoltaic system (II) Project design of the PV plant: • Site identification • Solar resource evaluation • PV plant components • Technical design of the PV plant • Modularity • Selection of components • Simulation of the PV plant • Energy production after simulation • Economic analysis of the design • Costs (CAPEX, OPEX) • Considerations for economic analysis • LCOE calculations
Funded by Grid connected photovoltaic Systems
Funded by Grid connected photovoltaic Systems Trackers 2-axes Azimut
Funded by Grid connected photovoltaic Systems Trackers Polar Horizontal
Funded by Grid connected photovoltaic Systems Construction of the PV plant • Civil works • General construction and installation of components Main points to consider: • Quality of components • Plant commissioning • Maintenance and Operation activities.
Funded by Basic concepts for Quality of components • All equipment certified and manufacturer with regular factory audits by certification entity • Selected samples for tracking and control of potential lost of efficiency associated to shipment • On arrival, in plant inspection sampling (mostly if access route is complex): Electroluminescence, I-V curve • Similar tests when installation finished (analysis of induced stresses) mostly if mobile parts exist
Funded by Grid connected photovoltaic Systems: Commissioning activities Initial acceptance tests: • Monitoring of energy production of sub- plants • Performance ratio evaluation (PR) • Follow-up of trends in main indicators of plant performance • Specifics of sandy environment • Control of components guarantees • M&O general activities (including monitoring system M&O)  Reference level established Final acceptance tests • Establish control strategies • Continue with control of components guarantees • Optimize M&O operations
Funded by Basic concepts for M&O operations • Optimum monitoring system with detection of trends towards failure • For PV modules regular guarantee controls (power and construction) • Very well trained people in all activities
Funded by Grid connected photovoltaic Systems: Commissioning activities Initial acceptance tests: • Monitoring of energy production of sub- plants • Performance ratio evaluation (PR) • Follow-up of trends in main indicators of plant performance • Specifics of sandy environment • Control of components guarantees • M&O general activities (including monitoring system M&O)  Reference level established Final acceptance tests • Establish control strategies • Continue with control of components guarantees • Optimize M&O operations
Funded by

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S2 solar energy i pv

  • 1.
    Funded by EU GCCCLEAN ENERGY NETWORK II Join us: www.eugcc-cleanergy.net Contact us: contact@eugcc-cleanergy.net Dra. Ana Rosa Lagunas Director, Photovoltaic Solar Energy department
  • 2.
    Funded by Agenda • Solarpotential & technologies • PV Technology in a simplified way • Selection criteria
  • 3.
    Funded by EU GCCCLEAN ENERGY NETWORK II Join us: www.eugcc-cleanergy.net Contact us: contact@eugcc-cleanergy.net
  • 4.
    Funded by What issolar photovoltaic energy? Advantages Photovoltaic Solar Energy obtained by direct conversion of solar radiation into electricity • Technical Advantages of a technical nature: – Direct conversion solar-electricity – Safe, inexhaustible and non-polluting source – Modularity of facilities – Possibility of architectural integration – Opportunities for technological development and innovation • Economic and social benefits: – Proximity citizen-energy distributed – Return on Investment – Job creation associated with the manufacture of equipment and the maintenance of the facilities – Abundant solar resource
  • 5.
    Funded by Solar photovoltaiccell Photovoltaic solar cells are the basic constituents of photovoltaic modules: • Devices that convert light directly into electricity • Composed of semiconductor materials: silicon or compounds of II-VI, III-V (multi-junctions), as well as organic and hybrid substances • Produce direct current
  • 6.
    Funded by Solar photovoltaiccell • Absorption capacity depending on the technology and the wavelength of the radiation
  • 7.
    Funded by Solar photovoltaicmodules • Photovoltaic modules formed by the electrical connection (series and parallel) of the photovoltaic solar cells
  • 8.
    Funded by Solar photovoltaicSystems • The PV plant includes the PV Generation part (DC) and the Balance of System (BOS), as the components to convert DC into AC and feed it into the grid (if needed)) • Prices of BOS have evolved in last 10 years Source: “A Strategic Research Agenda for Photovoltaic Solar Energy. PV Technology Platform 2007,
  • 9.
    Funded by Solar photovoltaicSystems • The PV plant includes the PV Generation part (DC) and the Balance of System (BOS), as the components to convert DC into AC and feed it into the grid (if needed)) • Prices of BOS have evolved in last 10 years Source: “A Strategic Research Agenda for Photovoltaic Solar Energy. PV Technology Platform 2007,
  • 10.
    Funded by Solar photovoltaicSystems: Grid connected • Usually, electricity is sold to the utility • Self consumption is increasing its market share
  • 11.
    Funded by Types ofphotovoltaic installations: Grid-connected • Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems: – Mass production plants – Roofing facilities for buildings – Architectural integration (facade coverings, parasols, pergolas, slats in windows, tiles ...)
  • 12.
    Funded by Types ofphotovoltaic installations: Stand-alone • Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems – Isolated homes, resorts – Traffic signals – Chargers for consumer products
  • 13.
    Funded by EU GCCCLEAN ENERGY NETWORK II Join us: www.eugcc-cleanergy.net Contact us: contact@eugcc-cleanergy.net
  • 14.
    Funded by Photovoltaic Technologies •Based on silicon: monocrystalline silicon, multicrystalline silicon, hybrid cells • Thin film: amorphous or amorphous / microcrystalline silicon, compounds of group II-VI, organic materials • Photovoltaic Concentration (CPV) • Emerging technologies: perovskites
  • 15.
    Funded by Maximum solarphotovoltaic cell efficiencies evolution http://www.nrel.gov/pv/assets/images/efficien cy_chart.jpg
  • 16.
    Funded by Monocrystalline SiliconPhotovoltaic Modules • Si wafer from monocrystalline Si ingot grown by Czocralski and sliced • Different technologies, from simple screen printed very mature although until the highest efficiency • Rigid module • Spectacular cost reduction in the last years • Technological variants for high efficiency development (PERT, PERC, bifacials, … • High laboratory cell efficiency: 25.2% (SunPower) for backcontact technology
  • 17.
    Funded by Heterojunction solarcells • Variant of monocrystalline technology based on Si wafer combined with thin film processes • Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin Layer, Sanyo HIT) • Maximum cell efficiency in laboratory up to September 2016: 25.6% (Panasonic)
  • 18.
    Funded by Heterojunction solarcells • A combination of heterojunction technology using high-quality amorphous silicon, low resistance electrode technology, and a back-contact structure developed by Kaneka Corporation. • Achievement of the world’s highest conversion efficiency, 26.33%, in a crystalline silicon solar cell having a practical size (180 cm2). This achievement breaks the world record of 25.6% by ~0.7%, exceeding 26% for the first time in the world.
  • 19.
    Funded by Multicrystalline SiliconPhotovoltaic Modules • c-Si wafer from ingot usually obtained by casting • Crystals are visible in the range of cm • Cheaper than the monocrystalline Si because of the technique of obtaining the ingot uses much less energy, but sharing the same starting material • Production characteristics (screen printed) similar to monocrystalline Si, but lower efficiency • Cost reduction also based on a clear tendency to reduce the thickness of the wafers • Maximum cell efficiency in laboratory: 21.25% (Trina Solar)
  • 20.
    Funded by Bifacial solarcells • The concept is to use light absorption also from the albedo. • it was established that bifacial solar cells can increase the power density of PV modules compared to monofacial cells while reducing area-related costs for PV R. Guerrero-Lemus et al, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 60, July 2016, Pages 1533– 1549
  • 21.
    Funded by Multijunction solarcells • Photons with energies below the band gap are not absorbed, whereas photons with energies above the band gap are not fully converted to electrical energy because of thermalization of charge • A single junction solar cell can not produce above its Shocley-Queisser limit
  • 22.
    Funded by Multijunction solarcells • Reduce thermalization and non- absorption power losses
  • 23.
    Funded by Thin filmtechnologies • Very thin layers of semiconductor material, on the order of several microns • The most mature technologies are based on silicon (amorphous and microcrystalline), on CdTe and CI (G) S • Technologies based on organic materials are not in the same degree of maturity as the previous ones • These technologies require a substrate as support. • Depending on the type of substrate, the module may have different characteristics such as flexibility and transparency • Cell and module are manufactured simultaneously, so lower use of material and in time • Low consumption of raw materials • The company First Solar (CdTe) • Maximum cell efficiency in laboratory: 22.1% (First Solar)
  • 24.
    Funded by Concentrated Photovoltaic •It uses optical elements (lenses or mirrors) to focus the sunlight on the photovoltaic cell. • High concentration: reaches up to 1000x and low concentration below 10x • It uses only direct solar radiation so it needs precise solar trackers and is only profitable in specific geographical areas with high direct radiation • It is in an initial state of commercialization
  • 25.
    Funded by Concentrated Photovoltaic •It is used with high performance cells (faces) so that costs are reduced by decreasing the amount of semiconductor material • Variety of solutions, there is no single concept (high and low concentration, different cells and optical elements) • Maximum cell efficiency in laboratory: 46.0% (Fraunhofer ISE / Soitec)
  • 26.
    Funded by New materials:Perovskites • Hybrid compound with perovskite structure formed by organic-inorganic material • Typical structure CH3NH3PbX3, where X is a halogen atom such as iodine, bromine or chlorine • Spectacular increase in efficiency in the last 3 years • Simple production process; does not need high temperatures • Low cost of production • Problems of degradation • Transparent, light, flexible and efficient Emerging technology • Maximum cell efficiency (not stabilized) in laboratory: 21.0% (EPFL)
  • 27.
    Funded by EU GCCCLEAN ENERGY NETWORK II Join us: www.eugcc-cleanergy.net Contact us: contact@eugcc-cleanergy.net
  • 28.
    Funded by VALUE CHAIN​​OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ENERGY: CRYSTALLINE SILICON Polisilicon Ingot Wafer Cell Module System • Si purification • Crystallization • Slicing • Superficial Processes (Chemical, thermal…) • Connections • Assembly • Lamination • Distribution • Balance of system (BOS) • Instalation
  • 29.
    Funded by Solar CellFabrication (majority technology) Texturization P-n junction PSG etching Anti Reflection Coating Contact Definition Contact Formation Edge Isolation Solar Cell Characterization
  • 30.
    Funded by Solar CellInterconnection (majority technology) • Electrical connection between cells • Material: Copper Tape Covered with SnPb Alloy • The elimination of Pb presents one of the technological and cost challenges
  • 31.
  • 32.
    Funded by PV modulecharacterization MAXIMUM POWER VS TEMPERATURE 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 TEMPERATURE (ºC) POWER(W) Manufacturer Measured Points High Temperature Points Least Squares Straight line Uncertainty+ Uncertainty-
  • 33.
    Funded by PV modulecharacterization • Visual inspection • I-V curve • Isolation tests • Wet leakage current tests • Irradiance/Temperature matrix MAXIMUM POWER VS TEMPERATURE 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 TEMPERATURE (ºC) POWER(W) Manufacturer Measured Points High Temperature Points Least Squares Straight line Uncertainty+ Uncertainty-
  • 34.
    Funded by PV plantcomponents • Among all the considerations for the cash flow analysis of a PV plant it is of great importance to have confident values of performance, cost and durability of PV components • Groups of experts worldwide are working together in order to elaborate PV standards that can provide the certitudes for longterm PV components performance (IEC) • International standards allow testing the PV components in order to be able to certify their capacities of operation • That scheme is also extended to the PV plant itself (IECRE)
  • 35.
    Funded by Certification Scheme •Why certification tests? • They are not just a requirement of power companies. • From the point of view of the end user they serve to: • Verify that the products are reliable. • Ensure reasonable and maintained operation for years. • Avoid risks during installation and operation. • From the point of view of designers and manufacturers, they serve to: • Test your designs against parameters common to other producers. • Define the scope of the guarantees. TO CERTIFY TO DECLARE CONFORMITY TO STANDARDS
  • 36.
    Funded by Module Designand Security Certification Regulations related to the product qualification-certification IEC 61215 ed2.0 Crystalline silicon terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules - Design qualification and type approval International IEC 61646 ed2.0 Thin-film terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules - Design qualification and type approval International IEC 61730-1 ed1.2 Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification - Part 1: Requirements for construction International IEC 61730-2 ed1.1 Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification - Part 2: Requirements for testing International IEC 62941 TS Guideline for increased confidence in PV module design qualification and type approval International UL 1703 ed.3 Standard for Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Modules and Panels U.S. Valid Pending for approval
  • 37.
    Funded by Module Designand Security Certification IEC standards in the process of approval applicable to the qualification-certification process IEC 61215-1 Ed.1 Design qualification and type approval - Part 1: Requirements for testing International IEC 61215-1-1 Ed. 1 Design qualification and type approval - Part 1-1: Special requirements for testing of crystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) modules International IEC 61215-1-2 Ed.1 Terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules - Design qualification and type approval - Part 1-2: Special requirements for testing of cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaic (PV) modules International IEC 61215-1-3 Ed.1 Terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules - Design qualification and type approval - Part 1-3: Special requirements for testing of amorphous silicon (a-Si) and microcrystalline silicon (c-Si) photovoltaic (PV) modules International IEC 61215-1-4 Ed.1 Terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules - Design qualification and type approval - Part 1-4: Special requirements for testing of copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) and copper indium selenide (CIS) photovoltaic (PV) modules International IEC 61215-2 Ed.1 Terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules - Design qualification and type approval - Part 2: Test procedures International IEC 61730-1 ed2 Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification - Part 1: Requirements for construction International IEC 61730-2 ed2 Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification - Part 2: Requirements for testing International IEC 62915 TS Photovoltaic (PV) modules - Retesting for type approval, design and safety qualification. International
  • 38.
    Funded by Module Operationand Degradation Degradation standards Another standard to evaluate operation EN 50380 Datasheet and nameplate information for photovoltaic modules Europe IEC 61853-1 ed1.0 Photovoltaic (PV) module performance testing and energy rating - Part 1: Irradiance and temperature performance measurements and power rating International IEC 61853-2 ed.1.0 Photovoltaic (PV) modules performance testing and energy rating - Part 2: Spectral response, incidence angle and module operating temperature measurements International IEC 61853-4 ed.1.0 Photovoltaic (PV) module performance testing and energy rating – Part 4: Standard reference climatic profiles (proposed IEC 61853-4) International IEC 62804 Ed. 1.0 System voltage durability qualification test for crystalline silicon modules International IEC 61701 ed2.0 Salt mist corrosion testing of photovoltaic (PV) modules International IEC 62716 Ed.1 Photovoltaic (PV) modules - Ammonia corrosion testing International ASTM E1597 Standard Test Method for Saltwater Pressure Immersion and Temperature Testing of Photovoltaic Modules for Marine Environments U.S. IEC 60068-2-68 Environmental testing - Part 2: Tests - Test L: Dust and sand International IEC 61345 ed1.0 UV test for photovoltaic (PV) modules International IEC 62782 Ed. 1.0 Dynamic mechanical load testing for photovoltaic (PV) modules International IEC 62938 Ed.1 Non-uniform snow load testing for photovoltaic (PV) modules. International IEC 62759-1 Ed. 1.0 Transportation testing of photovoltaic (PV) modules - Part 1: Transportation and shipping of PV module stacks International IEC 62916 TS: Bypass diode electrostatic discharge susceptibility testing for photovoltaic modules International
  • 39.
    Funded by Solar PhotovoltaicDevices Characterization Characterization of solar photovoltaic devices (cells and modules) IEC 60891 ed2.0 Photovoltaic devices - Procedures for temperature and irradiance corrections to measured I-V characteristics International IEC 60904-1 ed2.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 1: Measurement of photovoltaic current-voltage characteristics International IEC 60904-2 ed2.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 2: Requirements for reference solar devices International IEC 60904-3 ed2.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 3: Measurement principles for terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) solar devices with reference spectral irradiance data International IEC 60904-4 ed1.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 4: Reference solar devices - Procedures for establishing calibration traceability International IEC 60904-5 ed2.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 5: Determination of the equivalent cell temperature (ECT) of photovoltaic (PV) devices by the open-circuit voltage method International IEC 60904-7 ed3.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 7: Computation of the spectral mismatch correction for measurements of photovoltaic devices International IEC 60904-8 ed3.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 8: Measurement of spectral response of a photovoltaic (PV) device International IEC 60904-9 ed2.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 9: Solar simulator performance requirements International IEC 60904-10 ed2.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 10: Methods of linearity measurement International
  • 40.
    Funded by Solar PhotovoltaicDevices Characterization Characterization standard drafts IEC 60904-1 ed3.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 1: Measurement of photovoltaic current-voltage characteristics International IEC 60904-1-1 ed1.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 1-1: Measurement of current-voltage characteristics of multi-junction photovoltaic devices International IEC 60904-3 ed3.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 3: Measurement principles for terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) solar devices with reference spectral irradiance data International IEC 60904-7 ed4.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 7: Computation of the spectral mismatch correction for measurements of photovoltaic devices International IEC 60904-8-1: Photovoltaic devices - Part 8-1: Measurement of spectral responsivity of multi-junction photovoltaic (PV) devices International IEC 60904-9 ed3.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 9: Solar simulator performance requirements International IEC 60904-9-1 ed1.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 9-1: Collimated beam solar simulator performance requirements (proposed IEC 60904-9-1) International IEC 60904-11 ed1.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 11: Measurement of initial light-induced degradation of crystalline silicon solar cells and photovoltaic modules International IEC/TS 60904-12 Ed1.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 12: Infrared thermography of photovoltaic modules International IEC/TS 60904-13 Ed1.0 Photovoltaic devices - Part 13: Electroluminescence of photovoltaic modules (82/901/NP) International IEC 60904-14 ed1.0 Photovoltaic devices – Part 14: Outdoor infrared thermography of photovoltaic modules and plants (proposed IEC 60904-14 or alternatively IEC 60904-12-2) International IEC 60904-1-2 ed.1 Photovoltaic devices - Part 1-2: Measurement of current-voltage characteristics of bifacial photovoltaic (PV) devices International
  • 41.
    Funded by Concentration Photovoltaics(CPV) IEC 62108 ed1.0 Concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) modules and assemblies - Design qualification and type approval International IEC 62108 ed2.0 Concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) modules and assemblies - Design qualification and type approval International IEC 62670-1 ed1.0 Photovoltaic concentrators (CPV) - Performance testing - Part 1: Standard conditions International IEC 62670-2 Ed. 1.0 Concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) performance testing - Part 2: Energy measurement International IEC 62670-3 Ed. 1.0 Concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) performance testing - Part 3: Performance Measurements and Power Rating International IEC 62688 ed1.0 Concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) module and assembly safety qualification International UL 8703 Outline of Investigation for Concentrator Photovoltaic Modules and Assemblies U.S. IEC 62817 ed1.0 “Photovoltaic systems-Design qualification of solar trackers” International
  • 42.
    Funded by Module Designand Security Certification Components IEC 60529 ed2.2 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code) International IEC 62790 Ed. 1.0 Junction boxes for photovoltaic modules - Safety requirements and tests International IEC 62852 Ed. 1.0 Connectors for DC-application in photovoltaic systems - Safety requirements and tests International EN 50521 Connectors for photovoltaic systems - Safety requirements and tests Europe UL 4703 Outline of Investigation for Photovoltaic Wire U.S. UL 3730 Outline of Investigation for Photovoltaic Junction Boxes U.S. UL 6703 Outline of Investigation for Connectors for Use in Photovoltaic Systems U.S. UL 2703 Rack mounting systems and clamping devices for flat-plate PV modules and panels U.S.
  • 43.
    Funded by Materials IEC 62788-1-2Ed.1 Measurement procedures for materials used in photovoltaic modules - Part 1-2: Encapsulants - Measurement of volume resistivity of photovoltaic encapsulation and backsheet materials International IEC 62788-1-4 Ed.1 Measurement procedures for materials used in photovoltaic modules; Part 1-4:Encapsulants - Measurement of optical transmittance and calculation of the solar-weighted photon transmittance, yellowness index, and UV cut-off frequency International IEC 62788-1-5 Ed.1 Measurement procedures for materials used in photovoltaic modules - Part 1-5: Encapsulants - Measurement of change in linear dimensions of sheet encapsulation material resulting from applied thermal conditions International IEC 62788-1-6 Ed.1 Encapsulants - Test methods for determining the degree of cure in Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate encapsulation for photovoltaic module International IEC 62788-2 Ed.1 Measurement procedures for materials used in photovoltaic modules - Part 2: Polymeric materials used for frontsheets and backsheets International IEC 62788-5-1 Ed.1 Measurement procedures for materials used in photovoltaic modules – Part 5-1 Suggested test methods for use with edge seal materials (proposed future IEC 62788-5-1) International IEC 62788-6-2 Ed.1. Measurement procedures for materials used in photovoltaic modules – Part 6-2: Moisture permeation testing with polymeric films International IEC 62788-5-2 Ed.1 Measurement procedures for materials used in photovoltaic modules - Part 5-2: Edge-Seal durability evaluation guideline International IEC 62788-7-2 TS Ed.1 PNW/TS 82-913 Ed.1, Measurement procedures for materials used in photovoltaic modules - Part 7-2: Environmental exposures - Accelerated weathering tests of polymeric materials International IEC 62805-1 Ed.1 IEC 62805-1 Ed.1: Method for measuring photovoltaic (PV) glass - Part 1: Measurement of total haze and spectral distribution of haze International IEC 62805-2 Ed.1 IEC 62805-2 Ed.1: Method for measuring photovoltaic (PV) glass - Part 2: Measurement of transmittance and reflectance International ANSI Z97.1 Safety Glazing Materials Used in Buildings - Safety Performance Specifications and Methods of Test U.S.
  • 44.
    Funded by Other standards:inverters EN 50530 Overall efficiency of grid connected photovoltaic inverters. Test methods for measuring static and dynamic efficiency of PV inverters EU EN 50524 Data sheet and name plate for photovoltaic inverters EU IEC 62109-1 ed1.0 Safety of power converters for use in photovoltaic power systems - Part 1: General requirements International IEC 62109-2 ed1.0 Safety of power converters for use in photovoltaic power systems - Part 2: Particular requirements for inverters International IEC 62116 Utility-interconnected photovoltaic inverters - Test procedure of islanding prevention measures International IEC 61683 Photovoltaic systems - Power conditioners - Procedure for measuring efficiency International UL 1741 ed.2 Standard for Inverters, Converters, Controllers and Interconnection System Equipment for Use With Distributed Energy Resources U.S. IEC TS 62910 Ed1 Test procedure of LVRT for utility-interconnected PV inverter International IEC 62891 Overall efficiency of grid-connected photovoltaic inverters International UNE 206007-1 Requirements for connecting to the power system. Part 1: Grid-connected inverters Spain UNE 206007-2 Requirements for connecting to the power system. Part 2: Requirements concerning system security for installations containing inverters Spain
  • 45.
    Funded by Other standards:systems IEC 62446 Grid connected PV systems - Minimum system documentation, commissioning tests and inspection requirements International IEC/TS 62738 Ed.1 Design guidelines and recommendations for photovoltaic power plants International IEC/TS 61724-1 Ed.1 Photovoltaic system energy performance – Part 1: Monitoring International IEC/TS 61724-2 Ed.1 Photovoltaic system energy performance – Part 2: Capacity evaluation method International IEC/TS 61724-3 Ed.1 Photovoltaic system energy performance – Part 3: Energy evaluation method International IEC/TS 61724-4 Ed.1 Photovoltaic system energy performance – Part 4: Degradation rate evaluation method International IEC 62446-2 Grid connected photovoltaic (PV) systems – Part 2: Maintenance of PV systems International IEC 629xx TS Ed.1 Information model for availability of photovoltaic (PV) power systems International IEC XXXX Terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) systems - Guideline for increased confidence in PV system installation International IEC 63027 DC arc detection and interruption in photovoltaic power systems International
  • 46.
    Funded by Durability -Severity IEC 61215 Increased • IEC standards for module qualification do not guarantee long-term operation (reliability) or predict life-time (durability). • The current trend is to increase the severities specified in IEC 61215 as follows: • Increase the number of cycles and duration of the test, typically by a factor of approximately 2 X • Increasing the upper temperature limits (eg 90 ° C instead of 85 ° C in thermal cycles) • To submit to the same modules to several climatic tests that in the original norm would go in different sequences. • Apply current in tests to represent the actual operating conditions (wet heat with current) • Add dynamic and static loads to simulate the action of wind and snow • Increase the number and type of intermediate evaluations and diagnoses (EL, isolates, dark curves ... ..etc.)
  • 47.
    Funded by Durability -Severity IEC 61215 Increased • Very useful for establishing comparisons between different module designs • Reliably reproduces some degradation mechanisms (PID) • The extended thermal cycles are effective to reproduce thermomechanical wear But… • They do not contemplate the possibility of simultaneously applying degradation actions that can cause specific failure modes if they occur under real operating conditions. • Only degradations are simulated in a limited time • They do not provide a model to simulate power loss and do not establish correlation factor between accelerated test and actual operating conditions. • These tests beyond the qualification are not particularized according to the climates • The effects of radiation (especially UV) may be underestimated. • Most of the tests are performed in dark conditions or by applying polarization currents that do not have to reproduce the operating conditions of the PV modules under real solar conditions
  • 48.
    Funded by Durability -Severity IEC 61215 Increased: New project of standard IEC 62892 • Standardization initiative that aims to provide the end user with the selection of the PV modules of their installation depending on the climate where they will operate and the type of installation (above ground or roof) • Climate zones are described in IEC 60721-2-1 Ed.1 Classification of environmental conditions - Part 2-1: Environmental conditions that appear in nature - Temperature and humidity • Warm climate: (warm temperate and dry) • Extremely warm and dry: temperature mean values ​​range from + 8 ° C to +43 ° C and the maximum absolute humidity is 24 g / m3. • Warm and humid: temperature mean values ​​range from + 17 ° C to +33 ° C the maximum absolute humidity of 30 g / m3. IEC 62892 Comparative testing of PV modules to differentiate performance in multiple climates and applications
  • 49.
    Funded by Durability -Severity IEC 61215 Increased: Standard IEC 62892 • The purpose of the IEC 62892 standard is to define a classification system based on specific tests to establish an indicator of the long-term reliability of the flat PV modules depending on the different types of climate and the conditions of use. • Part 1 General test requirements • Part 2 Mechanical and thermal cycling tests (welding and breaking of cells) Part 3 Defines the UV aging test. The purpose of the standard is to identify the effects that can be caused by exposure to sunlight for a prolonged period. • Part 4 Specific conditions to demonstrate greater durability in hot climates or rooftop installations involving high operating temperatures • Part 5 Specific conditions to demonstrate greater durability in hot and humid climates IEC 62892 Comparative testing of PV modules to differentiate performance in multiple climates and applications
  • 50.
    Funded by Durability -Severity IEC 61215 Increased: Standard IEC 62892
  • 51.
    Funded by Durability -Severity IEC 61215 Increased: Standard IEC 62892
  • 52.
    Funded by EU GCCCLEAN ENERGY NETWORK II Join us: www.eugcc-cleanergy.net Contact us: contact@eugcc-cleanergy.net
  • 53.
    Funded by Grid connectedphotovoltaic Systems • Solar Resource and Electrical Production. • Design and prior dimensioning of IFVs (pre-projects). • Analysis of solutions and study of alternatives. • Optimization of PV projects. • Technical-Economic Evaluation of PV Projects: Contracts EPCs, O & M and Due-Diligence. • Field Measurement / Inspection; Commissioning tests. Analysis of monitored data
  • 54.
    Funded by Grid connectedphotovoltaic Systems Evaluation of the solar resource at the location 0 50 100 150 200 250 Enero Febrero M arzo Abril M ayo Junio Julio Agosto Septiem bre O ctubre N oviem bre D iciem bre kWh/m2 PVGIS Meteonorm SoDa 0 50 100 150 200 250 Enero Febrero M arzo Abril M ayo Junio Julio Agosto Septiem bre O ctubre Noviem bre Diciem bre Energía(kWh) 0 50 100 150 200 250 Radiación(kWh/m2) Energía horizontal Energía inclinada Radiación horizontal Radiación inclinada Mean solar irradiance values ​​in the horizontal plane for the considered location.
  • 55.
    Funded by Grid connectedphotovoltaic Systems Design of the photovoltaic system (I) Evaluation of various configurations: • Planning of the installation: power to install, technical characteristics of the possible components, modularity of the different sub-installations, distribution on the ground, among others • Calculation of the installation: studies of solar tracking, possibilities of grouping module / inverter and simulation of the complete configuration chosen for each of the sub-installations. • Technical design, which will include the electrical design, lay-out of the plant monitoring systems and civil works in every case. • Economic report of the project • Calculation of PR • Calculation of LCOE  decision among the various alternatives
  • 56.
    Funded by Grid connectedphotovoltaic Systems Design of the photovoltaic system (II) Project design of the PV plant: • Site identification • Solar resource evaluation • PV plant components • Technical design of the PV plant • Modularity • Selection of components • Simulation of the PV plant • Energy production after simulation • Economic analysis of the design • Costs (CAPEX, OPEX) • Considerations for economic analysis • LCOE calculations
  • 57.
    Funded by Grid connectedphotovoltaic Systems
  • 58.
    Funded by Grid connectedphotovoltaic Systems Trackers 2-axes Azimut
  • 59.
    Funded by Grid connectedphotovoltaic Systems Trackers Polar Horizontal
  • 60.
    Funded by Grid connectedphotovoltaic Systems Construction of the PV plant • Civil works • General construction and installation of components Main points to consider: • Quality of components • Plant commissioning • Maintenance and Operation activities.
  • 61.
    Funded by Basic conceptsfor Quality of components • All equipment certified and manufacturer with regular factory audits by certification entity • Selected samples for tracking and control of potential lost of efficiency associated to shipment • On arrival, in plant inspection sampling (mostly if access route is complex): Electroluminescence, I-V curve • Similar tests when installation finished (analysis of induced stresses) mostly if mobile parts exist
  • 62.
    Funded by Grid connectedphotovoltaic Systems: Commissioning activities Initial acceptance tests: • Monitoring of energy production of sub- plants • Performance ratio evaluation (PR) • Follow-up of trends in main indicators of plant performance • Specifics of sandy environment • Control of components guarantees • M&O general activities (including monitoring system M&O)  Reference level established Final acceptance tests • Establish control strategies • Continue with control of components guarantees • Optimize M&O operations
  • 63.
    Funded by Basic conceptsfor M&O operations • Optimum monitoring system with detection of trends towards failure • For PV modules regular guarantee controls (power and construction) • Very well trained people in all activities
  • 64.
    Funded by Grid connectedphotovoltaic Systems: Commissioning activities Initial acceptance tests: • Monitoring of energy production of sub- plants • Performance ratio evaluation (PR) • Follow-up of trends in main indicators of plant performance • Specifics of sandy environment • Control of components guarantees • M&O general activities (including monitoring system M&O)  Reference level established Final acceptance tests • Establish control strategies • Continue with control of components guarantees • Optimize M&O operations
  • 65.