Movement
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This document discusses various topics related to movement and muscle function, including: - The different types of forces acting on the body, types of muscle contraction and work, and ranges of muscle work. - How muscles generate strength through motor units and the group actions of muscles like agonists, antagonists, synergists and fixators. - Patterns and timing of movement, as well as the rhythm, nervous control and voluntary/involuntary aspects of movement.
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The document discusses physiological responses and health risks associated with exercise in cold environments. It covers topics like peripheral vasoconstriction, nonshivering thermogenesis, metabolic heat production, hypothermia, frostbite, and how factors like body size, wind chill, and cold water immersion impact heat loss. The key points are that the body's first response to cold is vasoconstriction to reduce heat loss, prolonged exercise in cold conditions can lead to declining core temperature and hypothermia if metabolic heat production is insufficient, and immersion in cold water greatly increases risk due to very rapid heat loss through conduction.
Knee pain
The document discusses knee pain, its causes, symptoms, and treatment options. It provides details on the anatomy of the knee joint, including its bones, muscles, synovium, cartilage, ligaments, and meniscus. Common causes of knee pain are then outlined for children, adults, and the elderly. Symptoms like popping, swelling, and instability are described. The document concludes with sections on deformities of the knee, preventing knee injuries, first aid with RICE, healthy lifestyle recommendations, and physiotherapy exercises for knee pain.
Frozen shoulder
Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, is characterized by stiffness and pain in the shoulder joint. It begins gradually and worsens over time before resolving within one to three years. The condition is caused by the formation of scar tissue within the shoulder joint capsule, which thickens and tightens, limiting movement and causing pain. Risk factors include age between 40-60 years, female sex, diabetes, and recent shoulder injury or surgery. Treatment focuses on physiotherapy and gentle exercises to restore range of motion.
Human gait
This document provides an overview of human gait, including its definition, major tasks, subtasks, phases, and kinematics. It discusses the five major tasks of walking proposed by Winter, including maintaining support, upright posture, foot trajectory control, energy generation/absorption. The phases of gait are described as stance (60%) and swing (40%) phases. Key events within each phase like initial contact, mid-stance, toe-off are outlined. Joint motions and ranges of motion of the hip, knee, and ankle are depicted graphically. Normal walking is characterized by hip flexion/extension of 20-30 degrees, knee flexion from 0-60 degrees, and ankle plantarflexion of 25 degrees and dors
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is a common joint disease that causes pain and stiffness. It occurs when the protective cartilage on the ends of bones wears down over time, causing bones to rub together. The most commonly affected joints are knees, hips, hands and spine, though it can impact any joint in the body.
Tightness test for lower quadrent muscle
This document discusses tests to assess tightness in the lower body muscles. It provides details on:
- The muscles involved - iliopsoas, rectus femoris, hamstrings, iliotibial band, gastrocnemius, soleus, gluteus medius and minimus.
- Tests for each muscle including positioning, the examiner's actions, and interpretation of tightness. Tests include Thomas, straight leg raise, Ober, and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion tests.
- It also discusses tests for quadratus lumborum and piriformis muscles. Positioning, examiner actions and interpreting tightness are outlined for each test.
Pt re const. surgery
This document discusses physiotherapy following reconstructive surgeries for conditions like cerebral palsy, polio, and leprosy. It focuses on cerebral palsy, explaining that orthopedic surgery can treat limitations in mobility and help prevent deformities. Common procedures discussed include muscle and tendon lengthening and transfers, tenotomies/myotomies, osteotomies, and arthrodesis. The goal is to improve range of motion, mobility, independence, and quality of life. Selective dorsal rhizotomy is also described as a way to reduce spasticity for some cerebral palsy patients.
Peripheral joint mobilization
The document discusses peripheral joint mobilization and manipulation techniques. It defines these techniques as passive manual therapy applied to joints to address range of motion limitations from altered joint mechanics. The techniques can be non-thrust oscillations or sustained distraction, or high-velocity thrusts applied at the end of available motion. Proper positioning, stabilization, and application of specific sliding forces are described to safely stretch tight joint capsules while avoiding compression. The effects of increased motion on joint health are also summarized.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to bone fragility and increased risk of fractures. It is determined by the rates of bone formation and resorption, resulting in low bone mineral density that is detectable via X-ray imaging. Common symptoms include back pain and fractures from minor falls or injuries.
Gout
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) and phosphoribosyl diphosphate (PRPP) play key roles in purine metabolism and cellular metabolism in humans. Gouty arthritis typically presents with rapid severe pain and swelling in the first metatarsophalangeal joint, and demonstrating monosodium urate crystals confirms a diagnosis of gout. Physical therapy for gout focuses on protection, range of motion, strength, and education about weight and exercise during acute flares and intercritical periods. Pseudogout resembles gout but affects older patients and joints like the knee and wrist, involving calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition.
Exercise physiology
This document discusses the mechanisms of thermoregulation in the human body. It explains that the body produces heat through metabolism and uses mechanisms like sweating and vasodilation/vasoconstriction to dissipate or conserve heat through the skin. Sensory receptors in the skin and brain precisely regulate internal temperature by signaling effectors to dilate or constrict blood vessels, produce sweat, shiver, and secrete hormones in response to temperature changes. Together, these reflexive responses maintain homeostasis and allow the body to adapt to hot or cold environments over time through acclimation.
Exercise in heat
During exercise in the heat, the body undergoes several cardiovascular adjustments to maintain blood flow to active muscles and dissipate excess heat through the skin. Sweating increases greatly to cool the body, but prolonged sweating can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. The body attempts to compensate through increased antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone to retain water and sodium. Failure of thermoregulation can result in heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and the life-threatening heatstroke if core body temperature rises above 104°F. Measuring wet bulb globe temperature accounts for multiple environmental factors to assess heat stress risk. Proper precautions and acclimatization can help prevent dangerous hyperthermia during exercise in
Chondromalacia patellae
Chondromalacia patellae is a condition that causes pain behind or around the kneecap. It occurs when the soft cartilage underneath the kneecap wears down over time. The document discusses this common knee condition and is written by Dr. Rachita Hada, an orthopedic physical therapist and lecturer at C.M. Patel College of Physiotherapy.
Bio mechanics of hip joint
The hip complex is made up of the femur, pelvis and sacroiliac joints. Excessive femoral anteversion, which is an inward twisting of the femur, can cause problems like increased risk of hip dislocation, knee pain and difficulty running. Correcting excessive femoral anteversion through surgical procedures like derotational osteotomy aims to realign the femur and reduce symptoms.
Ankylosing spondilitis
Ankylosing spondylitis is an inflammatory arthritis that primarily affects the spine. It causes pain and stiffness in the back and reduced range of motion. Physiotherapists assess patients for ankylosing spondylitis through range of motion tests of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine. Treatments include physical therapy, medications like NSAIDs and DMARDs, and surgery for joint replacement in severe cases. Physical therapy focuses on maintaining and improving posture, flexibility, strength, and function through exercises.
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Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
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Movement
- 1. Dr. Rachita Hada M.P.T (Orthopedics)
- 9. Forces Acting On Body External Forces Internal Forces
- 10. Types Of Movement Passive Movemnet Active Movement
- 11. Types Of Muscle Contraction Isometric Contraction Isotonic Contraction
- 12. Types Of Muscle Work Static Muscle Work Concentric Muscle Work Eccentric Muscle Work
- 13. Range Of Muscle Work Inner Range Middle Range Outer Range
- 15. Strength Of Muscle Contraction Muscles ability to generate the intra-muscular tension Motor Units.
- 17. Group Action Of Muscles Agonist (Prime movers) Antagonists Synergists Fixators
- 18. Patterns Of Movement Mass Movement Localized Movements
- 19. Timing Of Movement Sequence of muscle contraction for movement. Wastage of efforts. Inefficiency of movement. Purpose is not fulfilled. Functional movement- Distal To Proximal.
- 20. Rhythm Of Movement Regular beat/ Sequence. Inspiratory muscles, cardiac smooth muscles. Skeletal muscles » Fatigue Work + Rest » O2 + waste metabolites. Varies with Age (child-adult-older), Individual
- 21. Nervous Control Of Movemnet Motor unit A.H.C. from C.N.S & Other parts of body. Impulses are Excitatory & Inhibitory.
- 23. VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT- Conscious effort REFLEX/ INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENT- Sensory stimulation.