The document defines various terms related to physical education, physiology, fitness, training, nutrition, health, sports, leisure activities, and social and cultural factors influencing sports. It covers topics such as different body types, cardiovascular health, training principles, nutrients and diets, injuries, recreational activities, and international sporting competitions. Many terms are defined related to the muscular, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, principles of training, types of exercises and sports skills.
This document provides an overview of the muscular, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems. It describes the structure and function of skeletal muscle fibers and motor units. It explains the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. It also describes the structure and function of the heart and blood vessels, the conduction system that controls heart rate, electrocardiograms, and blood composition. Finally, it outlines gas exchange that occurs in the lungs through the process of inspiration and expiration.
This document discusses warm-up and stretching. It defines warm-up as activities that increase muscle temperature and blood flow, improving performance. An effective warm-up has general and sport-specific components lasting 5-12 minutes. Stretching is most effective post-exercise and should involve dynamic motions. Flexibility depends on factors like age, sex, activity level and can be improved through regular stretching, especially PNF techniques using partner assistance or agonist muscle contraction. Guidelines are provided for static, dynamic and PNF stretching techniques.
This document discusses different types of flexibility training and their specifics. It describes static, dynamic, ballistic, and PNF flexibility. Static flexibility involves slow, controlled stretches without movement. Dynamic flexibility uses movement to gradually increase range of motion. Ballistic stretching can cause injury if movements are too jerky or forceful. PNF stretching uses static stretches combined with isometric contractions and relaxation to develop range of motion. The document also lists internal factors like joint type and external factors like temperature that influence flexibility performance.
Sports Coaching Pedagogy presentation assessment on whether or not warming up & stretching prior to exercise has the potential to increase physical performace and prevent sports related injuries
The document discusses health, physical fitness, and exercise. It defines health and lists factors that affect health. It explains the importance of warming up before exercise and outlines the proper steps to warm up. It also discusses different aspects of physical fitness like endurance, flexibility, strength, and speed. It provides examples of exercises and sports that can help improve each of these physical capabilities.
The document defines various components of physical fitness including cardio-respiratory endurance, muscular strength, local muscular endurance, anaerobic power, flexibility, speed, muscular power, agility, coordination, balance, reaction time and body composition. It provides details on each component, how they are developed and utilized in sports. Factors like age, sex, muscle fibre type, joint structure etc. that influence each component are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of the muscular, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems. It describes the structure and function of skeletal muscle fibers and motor units. It explains the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. It also describes the structure and function of the heart and blood vessels, the conduction system that controls heart rate, electrocardiograms, and blood composition. Finally, it outlines gas exchange that occurs in the lungs through the process of inspiration and expiration.
This document discusses warm-up and stretching. It defines warm-up as activities that increase muscle temperature and blood flow, improving performance. An effective warm-up has general and sport-specific components lasting 5-12 minutes. Stretching is most effective post-exercise and should involve dynamic motions. Flexibility depends on factors like age, sex, activity level and can be improved through regular stretching, especially PNF techniques using partner assistance or agonist muscle contraction. Guidelines are provided for static, dynamic and PNF stretching techniques.
This document discusses different types of flexibility training and their specifics. It describes static, dynamic, ballistic, and PNF flexibility. Static flexibility involves slow, controlled stretches without movement. Dynamic flexibility uses movement to gradually increase range of motion. Ballistic stretching can cause injury if movements are too jerky or forceful. PNF stretching uses static stretches combined with isometric contractions and relaxation to develop range of motion. The document also lists internal factors like joint type and external factors like temperature that influence flexibility performance.
Sports Coaching Pedagogy presentation assessment on whether or not warming up & stretching prior to exercise has the potential to increase physical performace and prevent sports related injuries
The document discusses health, physical fitness, and exercise. It defines health and lists factors that affect health. It explains the importance of warming up before exercise and outlines the proper steps to warm up. It also discusses different aspects of physical fitness like endurance, flexibility, strength, and speed. It provides examples of exercises and sports that can help improve each of these physical capabilities.
The document defines various components of physical fitness including cardio-respiratory endurance, muscular strength, local muscular endurance, anaerobic power, flexibility, speed, muscular power, agility, coordination, balance, reaction time and body composition. It provides details on each component, how they are developed and utilized in sports. Factors like age, sex, muscle fibre type, joint structure etc. that influence each component are also discussed.
Flexibility refers to the range of motion in joints. There are several types of flexibility including dynamic, static active, and static passive flexibility. Flexibility is important for physical fitness and injury prevention. When stretching, one should warm up first, hold stretches for 30 seconds, and avoid ballistic stretching which can cause injury. Proper flexibility training involves techniques such as static, dynamic, isometric, PNF, and ballistic stretching.
This document discusses the importance of warm-ups and cool-downs for exercise. It describes how a warm-up, through gradually increasing intensity, prepares the body for more strenuous activity and reduces injury risk. A warm-up consists of joint rotations, aerobic activity, and stretching. A cool-down allows the body to gradually return to a resting state through light exercise and stretching, aiding in recovery by removing waste products from muscles. Both warm-ups and cool-downs should last 10-15 minutes and include static and dynamic stretches as well as sport-specific movements at a lower intensity.
This document provides information on proper warm-up and cool-down procedures for exercise and sport. It recommends that a warm-up should include aerobic activity to increase heart rate and temperature, followed by dynamic stretching and sport-specific drills. Static stretching should be avoided prior to exercise and instead be done during the cool-down. A proper warm-up prepares the body for activity, reduces injury risk, and improves performance, while the cool-down aids in recovery.
This document discusses proper warm-up techniques for athletes. It notes that a proper warm-up should prepare the musculo-skeletal system and enhance injury prevention, athleticism, and sport-specific skill development. A common warm-up sequence of slow jogging followed by static stretching is criticized for being too general and not dynamic enough. Instead, the document recommends a dynamic warm-up incorporating variable-speed movements and calisthenics to gradually increase core temperature before training or competition. Static stretching is best done after a session to aid in recovery.
Stretching and Sports Medicine Dr Sahir PallSahir Pall
Dr. Sahir Pall discusses stretching and sports medicine. He outlines different types of stretching including static, ballistic, passive, and active stretching. Static stretching involves holding a position to increase flexibility while ballistic stretching uses bouncing movements and can cause injury if done incorrectly. Dr. Pall also discusses the benefits of stretching like reduced injury risk and improved performance, as well as the importance of warming up before exercise to prepare the body and reduce injury. However, stretching must be done properly to avoid potential detriments like muscle tears from overstretching.
Active Warm Up, Dynamic & Static Stretchingckeat
The document discusses different types of stretching for runners: active warm-up, dynamic stretching, and static stretching. An active warm-up involves light aerobic activity to increase heart rate and blood flow before stretching. Dynamic stretching incorporates controlled movements that mimic sport motions. Static stretching is stretching a muscle to the point of tension and holding for 10-30 seconds. The document recommends a 5-10 minute active warm-up, followed by dynamic stretching before running for improved performance, and static stretching after running to increase flexibility without impairing performance.
This chapter discusses flexibility, different types of stretching, and recommendations for an effective warm-up and cool-down routine. It defines flexibility and describes how it declines with age. There are three main types of stretching: static, ballistic, and PNF. Static stretching involves holding a stretch for an extended time and is best after a workout. Ballistic stretching uses bouncing motions and should be done before a workout. PNF stretching is the most effective but requires a partner. A dynamic warm-up should last 10-15 minutes and gradually increase intensity through movements like walking lunges and jumping jacks. Stretching should be included at the end of each workout for muscle recovery and improved flexibility.
The document discusses different types of stretching exercises including static stretching, PNF stretching, and ballistic stretching. It provides guidelines for safely performing each type of stretching and explains their differences. Static stretching involves slowly stretching a muscle and holding for 15-30 seconds while PNF stretching involves contracting the muscle before stretching. Ballistic stretching uses gentle bouncing motions that should be done after static stretching. The document emphasizes that stretching should not cause pain.
This document provides an overview of a lesson on flexibility that includes:
- Defining flexibility and discussing factors that affect it
- Explaining how to test flexibility, including the sit and reach test
- Describing different types of stretching exercises to improve flexibility like active, passive, dynamic, and PNF stretching
- Discussing how the body adapts to flexibility training over time
The summary captures the key topics and structure of the lesson which includes defining flexibility, assessing flexibility through various tests, discussing factors that influence it, describing techniques to improve it like different stretching exercises, and how the body adapts with training.
Physical fitness involves several components including cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, endurance and flexibility. It allows people to perform daily tasks easily and have energy to handle unexpected demands. Physical fitness provides physical, mental and social health benefits such as reduced illness, more energy, pride and confidence. It can be measured through tests of body composition, flexibility, strength and endurance.
The document defines flexibility as the range of movement available at a joint. It discusses the importance of flexibility for improving posture, reducing injury risk, and maintaining a healthy spine. There are three main types of flexibility: dynamic, static-active, and static-passive. When stretching, the body uses a stretch reflex to prevent overstretching and muscle tears. There are two main types of static stretching: passive, using an external force, and active, using opposing muscles. Stretching should only be done after exercise when muscles are warm to avoid injury. Both strength and flexibility training are important.
The document outlines the components and purpose of an effective warm up routine, including mobility exercises, pulse raisers, and preparatory stretching. It explains that a warm up should take 10-15 minutes and consist of loosening joints through mobility exercises, gradually increasing the heart rate with pulse raisers, and light static stretching of major muscles before activity. The warm up prepares the body physiologically and reduces risk of injury.
This document discusses the five main components of health-related fitness: body composition, cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and flexibility. It provides definitions and examples for each component, describing how they can be measured and improved through different types of exercises. The document also covers related topics like target heart rate zones, types of muscle contractions, and principles of flexibility and training.
The document discusses various aspects of training and sports including strength, endurance, speed, flexibility, coordinative abilities, and circuit training. It defines these terms and describes different types as well as methods to develop each component. For example, it explains that strength includes static, dynamic, and explosive types and can be improved through isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic exercises. Circuit training is described as a method that combines various exercises performed back-to-back with minimal rest in between.
There are four main types of flexibility training: dynamic, static, ballistic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF). Dynamic stretching uses controlled movement to stretch muscles and is well-suited for sports like dancing. Static stretching slowly stretches muscles to the point of discomfort and holds for 10-30 seconds. Ballistic stretching uses bouncing motions and can cause injury if done incorrectly. PNF stretching combines passive stretching with isometric contractions and is usually done with a partner. Regular flexibility training 2-5 days per week can improve flexibility within a few weeks.
Here are 3 critical thinking questions to consider after reading Maria's real life story about back pain:
1. Some possible factors that led to Maria's back pain include sitting for long periods at work, lack of exercise, and stress. She took steps to correct the situation by starting a daily stretching routine, doing yoga, strengthening her core muscles, and practicing stress management techniques.
2. Have you experienced back pain? If so, what activities or postures made it worse and what changes have helped alleviate the pain? Proper lifting techniques, stretching, core strengthening exercises may help.
3. What are your thoughts and feelings about yoga? Have you ever tried a yoga class? If so, how was the experience and did you
The document discusses the components of health-related fitness, which include muscular strength, endurance, flexibility, cardiovascular endurance and body composition, and skill-related fitness, which includes agility, balance, coordination, reaction time, speed and power. It also provides examples of activities that can help improve each component of fitness, including weight training, running, yoga, and sports. Regular fitness testing is important to assess strengths and weaknesses and track improvements over time.
The document discusses flexibility, including the types, factors affecting it, and guidelines for stretching. There are several types of stretching: static, functional/dynamic, PNF, passive, and ballistic. Static stretching involves holding a stretch for 30 seconds and has been proven to increase flexibility safely. Dynamic stretching incorporates flexibility into movement. PNF stretching facilitates greater range of motion but requires experience. Passive stretching uses gravity to lengthen muscles. Ballistic stretching is not recommended due to injury risk. The guidelines recommend stretching before and after exercise in 8-12 minute sessions using different stretches.
The document discusses flexibility, including the purpose and benefits of flexibility as well as different modes, intensities, repetitions, and frequencies of flexibility exercises. It describes six main modes of stretching - static, passive, ballistic, dynamic, controlled ballistic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation. Intensity should cause mild discomfort without pain, while repetitions generally recommend holding the stretch for 10 minutes total through 4 repetitions. Flexibility exercises should be done 2-3 times per week for maintenance.
The document discusses physical fitness and nutrition. It covers the benefits of physical fitness, which include improved physical, mental/emotional, and social health. Some key components of physical fitness are also defined, such as body composition, flexibility, muscular strength and endurance, and cardio respiratory endurance. The document also discusses exercise programs, types of physical activity, nutrition, and exercise-related injuries.
The Physical Fitness Test (PFT) measures students' physical fitness in two categories: health-related and skill-related components. Health-related components include cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and body mass index. Skill-related components refer to physical abilities like running speed, agility, reaction time, balance, and coordination. The document then provides definitions and example activities for each component of physical fitness measured in the PFT.
Flexibility refers to the range of motion in joints. There are several types of flexibility including dynamic, static active, and static passive flexibility. Flexibility is important for physical fitness and injury prevention. When stretching, one should warm up first, hold stretches for 30 seconds, and avoid ballistic stretching which can cause injury. Proper flexibility training involves techniques such as static, dynamic, isometric, PNF, and ballistic stretching.
This document discusses the importance of warm-ups and cool-downs for exercise. It describes how a warm-up, through gradually increasing intensity, prepares the body for more strenuous activity and reduces injury risk. A warm-up consists of joint rotations, aerobic activity, and stretching. A cool-down allows the body to gradually return to a resting state through light exercise and stretching, aiding in recovery by removing waste products from muscles. Both warm-ups and cool-downs should last 10-15 minutes and include static and dynamic stretches as well as sport-specific movements at a lower intensity.
This document provides information on proper warm-up and cool-down procedures for exercise and sport. It recommends that a warm-up should include aerobic activity to increase heart rate and temperature, followed by dynamic stretching and sport-specific drills. Static stretching should be avoided prior to exercise and instead be done during the cool-down. A proper warm-up prepares the body for activity, reduces injury risk, and improves performance, while the cool-down aids in recovery.
This document discusses proper warm-up techniques for athletes. It notes that a proper warm-up should prepare the musculo-skeletal system and enhance injury prevention, athleticism, and sport-specific skill development. A common warm-up sequence of slow jogging followed by static stretching is criticized for being too general and not dynamic enough. Instead, the document recommends a dynamic warm-up incorporating variable-speed movements and calisthenics to gradually increase core temperature before training or competition. Static stretching is best done after a session to aid in recovery.
Stretching and Sports Medicine Dr Sahir PallSahir Pall
Dr. Sahir Pall discusses stretching and sports medicine. He outlines different types of stretching including static, ballistic, passive, and active stretching. Static stretching involves holding a position to increase flexibility while ballistic stretching uses bouncing movements and can cause injury if done incorrectly. Dr. Pall also discusses the benefits of stretching like reduced injury risk and improved performance, as well as the importance of warming up before exercise to prepare the body and reduce injury. However, stretching must be done properly to avoid potential detriments like muscle tears from overstretching.
Active Warm Up, Dynamic & Static Stretchingckeat
The document discusses different types of stretching for runners: active warm-up, dynamic stretching, and static stretching. An active warm-up involves light aerobic activity to increase heart rate and blood flow before stretching. Dynamic stretching incorporates controlled movements that mimic sport motions. Static stretching is stretching a muscle to the point of tension and holding for 10-30 seconds. The document recommends a 5-10 minute active warm-up, followed by dynamic stretching before running for improved performance, and static stretching after running to increase flexibility without impairing performance.
This chapter discusses flexibility, different types of stretching, and recommendations for an effective warm-up and cool-down routine. It defines flexibility and describes how it declines with age. There are three main types of stretching: static, ballistic, and PNF. Static stretching involves holding a stretch for an extended time and is best after a workout. Ballistic stretching uses bouncing motions and should be done before a workout. PNF stretching is the most effective but requires a partner. A dynamic warm-up should last 10-15 minutes and gradually increase intensity through movements like walking lunges and jumping jacks. Stretching should be included at the end of each workout for muscle recovery and improved flexibility.
The document discusses different types of stretching exercises including static stretching, PNF stretching, and ballistic stretching. It provides guidelines for safely performing each type of stretching and explains their differences. Static stretching involves slowly stretching a muscle and holding for 15-30 seconds while PNF stretching involves contracting the muscle before stretching. Ballistic stretching uses gentle bouncing motions that should be done after static stretching. The document emphasizes that stretching should not cause pain.
This document provides an overview of a lesson on flexibility that includes:
- Defining flexibility and discussing factors that affect it
- Explaining how to test flexibility, including the sit and reach test
- Describing different types of stretching exercises to improve flexibility like active, passive, dynamic, and PNF stretching
- Discussing how the body adapts to flexibility training over time
The summary captures the key topics and structure of the lesson which includes defining flexibility, assessing flexibility through various tests, discussing factors that influence it, describing techniques to improve it like different stretching exercises, and how the body adapts with training.
Physical fitness involves several components including cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, endurance and flexibility. It allows people to perform daily tasks easily and have energy to handle unexpected demands. Physical fitness provides physical, mental and social health benefits such as reduced illness, more energy, pride and confidence. It can be measured through tests of body composition, flexibility, strength and endurance.
The document defines flexibility as the range of movement available at a joint. It discusses the importance of flexibility for improving posture, reducing injury risk, and maintaining a healthy spine. There are three main types of flexibility: dynamic, static-active, and static-passive. When stretching, the body uses a stretch reflex to prevent overstretching and muscle tears. There are two main types of static stretching: passive, using an external force, and active, using opposing muscles. Stretching should only be done after exercise when muscles are warm to avoid injury. Both strength and flexibility training are important.
The document outlines the components and purpose of an effective warm up routine, including mobility exercises, pulse raisers, and preparatory stretching. It explains that a warm up should take 10-15 minutes and consist of loosening joints through mobility exercises, gradually increasing the heart rate with pulse raisers, and light static stretching of major muscles before activity. The warm up prepares the body physiologically and reduces risk of injury.
This document discusses the five main components of health-related fitness: body composition, cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and flexibility. It provides definitions and examples for each component, describing how they can be measured and improved through different types of exercises. The document also covers related topics like target heart rate zones, types of muscle contractions, and principles of flexibility and training.
The document discusses various aspects of training and sports including strength, endurance, speed, flexibility, coordinative abilities, and circuit training. It defines these terms and describes different types as well as methods to develop each component. For example, it explains that strength includes static, dynamic, and explosive types and can be improved through isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic exercises. Circuit training is described as a method that combines various exercises performed back-to-back with minimal rest in between.
There are four main types of flexibility training: dynamic, static, ballistic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF). Dynamic stretching uses controlled movement to stretch muscles and is well-suited for sports like dancing. Static stretching slowly stretches muscles to the point of discomfort and holds for 10-30 seconds. Ballistic stretching uses bouncing motions and can cause injury if done incorrectly. PNF stretching combines passive stretching with isometric contractions and is usually done with a partner. Regular flexibility training 2-5 days per week can improve flexibility within a few weeks.
Here are 3 critical thinking questions to consider after reading Maria's real life story about back pain:
1. Some possible factors that led to Maria's back pain include sitting for long periods at work, lack of exercise, and stress. She took steps to correct the situation by starting a daily stretching routine, doing yoga, strengthening her core muscles, and practicing stress management techniques.
2. Have you experienced back pain? If so, what activities or postures made it worse and what changes have helped alleviate the pain? Proper lifting techniques, stretching, core strengthening exercises may help.
3. What are your thoughts and feelings about yoga? Have you ever tried a yoga class? If so, how was the experience and did you
The document discusses the components of health-related fitness, which include muscular strength, endurance, flexibility, cardiovascular endurance and body composition, and skill-related fitness, which includes agility, balance, coordination, reaction time, speed and power. It also provides examples of activities that can help improve each component of fitness, including weight training, running, yoga, and sports. Regular fitness testing is important to assess strengths and weaknesses and track improvements over time.
The document discusses flexibility, including the types, factors affecting it, and guidelines for stretching. There are several types of stretching: static, functional/dynamic, PNF, passive, and ballistic. Static stretching involves holding a stretch for 30 seconds and has been proven to increase flexibility safely. Dynamic stretching incorporates flexibility into movement. PNF stretching facilitates greater range of motion but requires experience. Passive stretching uses gravity to lengthen muscles. Ballistic stretching is not recommended due to injury risk. The guidelines recommend stretching before and after exercise in 8-12 minute sessions using different stretches.
The document discusses flexibility, including the purpose and benefits of flexibility as well as different modes, intensities, repetitions, and frequencies of flexibility exercises. It describes six main modes of stretching - static, passive, ballistic, dynamic, controlled ballistic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation. Intensity should cause mild discomfort without pain, while repetitions generally recommend holding the stretch for 10 minutes total through 4 repetitions. Flexibility exercises should be done 2-3 times per week for maintenance.
The document discusses physical fitness and nutrition. It covers the benefits of physical fitness, which include improved physical, mental/emotional, and social health. Some key components of physical fitness are also defined, such as body composition, flexibility, muscular strength and endurance, and cardio respiratory endurance. The document also discusses exercise programs, types of physical activity, nutrition, and exercise-related injuries.
The Physical Fitness Test (PFT) measures students' physical fitness in two categories: health-related and skill-related components. Health-related components include cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and body mass index. Skill-related components refer to physical abilities like running speed, agility, reaction time, balance, and coordination. The document then provides definitions and example activities for each component of physical fitness measured in the PFT.
The document discusses the different components of physical fitness, dividing them into health-related physical fitness and skills-related physical fitness. It provides definitions and examples for each component, including aerobic endurance, muscular endurance, muscular strength, flexibility, body composition, agility, coordination, power, speed, reaction time, and balance. The document instructs the reader to list 10 sports and identify which component of physical fitness applies to each.
This document discusses physical fitness and its components. It defines physical fitness as eating well, being physically active, and maintaining a healthy weight. The main components of physical fitness are identified as endurance, strength, speed, flexibility, coordination, agility, and balance. Each component is then defined in more detail. For example, endurance is defined as the heart and lung's ability to supply oxygen to working muscles, and flexibility is defined as the range of motion around a joint. Warm ups are also discussed, including their benefits and typical parts like running, joint movements, and stretching.
The document provides information about physical education, fitness, health, exercise, and the body systems involved in physical activity. It defines key terms like health, fitness, exercise, and performance. It describes the components of health-related and skill-related fitness. It also outlines principles of training, methods of training, warm-up and cool-down procedures, and effects of exercise on the body systems. Finally, it discusses nutrition, drugs in sport, injuries, and first aid procedures.
This document discusses the components of physical fitness: endurance, speed, agility, strength, balance, coordination, flexibility, and fencing. Endurance activities improve cardiovascular health while speed, agility, and strength depend on muscle power. Balance and coordination require maintaining control of the body. Flexibility involves the range of motion of joints. Fencing is a combat sport that features sword fighting in three disciplines that each use a different type of blade.
Physical Activities Towards Health and FitnessPPT-1.pptxangelinaalcantara
The document discusses physical education and fitness. It defines key terms like health, fitness, and their differences. Physical activity provides both immediate and long-term health benefits by improving quality of life and reducing disease risk. The document also outlines the legal basis for physical education, components of health-related and skill-related fitness, examples of fitness tests, how to calculate body mass index (BMI), and categories of BMI. It emphasizes that physical fitness involves regular exercise to support growth, health, stress management, and recreational activities.
This document discusses physical fitness and its various components. It defines physical fitness as overall well-being involving both physical and mental health. The main components of physical fitness are cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition. Maintaining physical fitness provides numerous health benefits such as reducing disease risk and improving mood and quality of life. The document recommends developing a personalized fitness plan involving aerobic exercise, strength training, flexibility exercises, and other activities.
This document outlines the components and exercises of physical fitness testing (PPFT). It discusses the objectives of improving students' knowledge of PPFT components and performance of exercises. The two main components are health-related (directly linked to health like cardiovascular endurance) and skill-related (used in sports like agility). Key health-related components include body composition, cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance, flexibility, and muscular strength. Skill components include agility, balance, coordination, power, speed, and reaction time. The principle of overload is described as increasing frequency, intensity, and time of exercises to improve fitness. Students are assigned to bring specific items for physical fitness assessment.
The document discusses the physical and mental demands of performance. It covers topics like fatigue, stress, injury prevention and treatment, the respiratory system (aerobic and anaerobic respiration), the circulatory system, and cardiovascular endurance. Key terms are defined for each topic. Tasks are included to survey injuries and list injuries, treatments, and preventions for different sports.
Exercise physiology is the study of how the body responds to physical activity and exercise. It examines how the body's systems adapt both acutely during a single bout of exercise, as well as chronically with long-term exercise training. Physical fitness includes health-related components like cardiovascular endurance, body composition, flexibility, and muscle strength and endurance, as well as performance-related aspects such as power, speed, coordination, balance and agility. Understanding exercise physiology allows one to maximize health benefits, athletic performance, and rehabilitation through exercise.
This document discusses functional movement patterns and exercises, daily physical activities, and motor skills. It outlines 7 functional movement patterns including hinge, squat, lunge, push, pull, gait/carry, and twist/rotate. It describes 3 types of physical activity - aerobic, muscle-strengthening, and bone-strengthening. It also outlines 2 types of motor skills - fine motor skills using small muscles and gross motor skills using large muscles. Components of motor skills include agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, and speed.
New Fundamentlas of Physical Education Edited.pptQuennieSolano
This document provides an overview of physical education fundamentals including goal setting, fitness components, safety guidelines, principles of training, anatomy, and more. It recommends 60 minutes of daily moderate to vigorous activity and discusses strategies like group exercise and accountability partners. Key fitness components are defined, such as cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, muscular endurance and strength. Guidelines are provided for warm-ups, cool-downs, stretching, hydration, and injury prevention. Common exercises and their proper form are outlined. A variety of lifetime sports are also listed.
Physical fitness has both health-related and skill-related components. Health-related fitness focuses on cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and body composition in order to promote health and prevent disease. The four main components of health-related fitness are cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and body composition. Improving health-related fitness provides numerous health benefits such as decreasing risk of disease, improving bone and cardiovascular health, and increasing energy levels.
Physical fitness includes both general (health-related) fitness and specific (skill-related) fitness. General fitness focuses on cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and body composition. It aims to keep the body healthy and reduce disease risk. Specific fitness comprises agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, and speed and prepares the body for particular sports or tasks. Both types of fitness are usually achieved through regular exercise.
This document discusses physical fitness and its importance. It defines physical fitness as a set of abilities needed to perform physical activity. There are two main components of physical fitness: health-related components like cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength and flexibility, and skill-related components like speed, agility and coordination. The document outlines the benefits of regular exercise like increased energy, improved muscle tone, better health, and stress reduction. It also discusses how to measure heart rate, an important indicator of physical fitness, by taking one's pulse at locations like the carotid artery in the neck or radial artery in the wrist.
The document discusses various physiological factors related to physical fitness components like strength, speed, and flexibility. It also covers the effects of exercise on different body systems like cardiovascular and muscular systems. Additionally, it examines common sports injuries, their classification, causes, treatment and importance of first aid.
Anil dahiya Class XII chapter -7 Physiology & injuries in sportsANIL DAHIYA
The document discusses various factors related to physiology and injuries in sports. It covers the physiological factors that determine components of physical fitness like speed, endurance, strength, flexibility and agility. It also discusses the effects of exercise on the cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems. Some key points include how exercise can increase heart rate, lung capacity, muscle size and strength. The document also covers common sports injuries like sprains, strains, fractures and dislocations. It provides classifications and examples of soft tissue injuries. Physiological changes related to aging are also summarized.
This document discusses the potential advantages and disadvantages of sponsorships for various parties involved. Sponsorships can provide financial benefits for the sponsored entity or individual, but may come with restrictions or requirements. Both sponsors and sponsored parties must consider how a partnership may impact perceptions of and engagement with the sport or event.
The document provides information about the respiratory system. It describes the pathway air takes from the nose to the lungs and the process of gas exchange that occurs in the alveoli. During inspiration, muscles like the diaphragm and intercostals contract to expand the lungs and pull air in. During expiration, these muscles relax and the lungs are compressed to push air back out. Oxygen diffuses into the blood in the alveoli while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood and into the alveoli to be breathed out.
The document discusses the components of fitness including agility, aerobic endurance, power, flexibility, muscular strength and endurance, and speed. It provides examples of sports and athletes that utilize each component. Testing methods are described for muscular strength using a 1 repetition max test, muscular endurance using pushups or situps for 1 minute, and speed using a 40 meter sprint test. Safety rules and proper recording of results are emphasized.
The document provides instructions for students to complete tasks related to revising for an exam on movement skills. It includes prompts for students to draw continuums and explain placements for receiving a tennis serve, a football penalty kick, and a 400m sprint relay. It also prompts students to explain closed loop control and drive reduction theory. Additionally, it recommends practicing exam style questions from the exam board website and provides tips for answering 10 mark questions by planning, highlighting keywords, listing relevant theory, thinking of examples, and writing the response.
This document contains a revision session for AS and A-Level P.E. students. It includes questions to review AS-level topics on movement types represented in pictures. An exam-style question involves analyzing joints in pictures and identifying muscle contractions and movements. The session aims to help students revise topics, complete practice questions, discuss answers, and view model responses in preparation for exams.
This document summarizes an A-Level revision session on information processing and motor control. It discusses open loop and closed loop theories of information processing. Open loop theory states that decisions are made and all information is sent at once without feedback. Closed loop theory states that not all information is sent at once, feedback is received to correct movements. Response time is the time taken to receive, process, decide and act. Response time is affected by factors like age, gender, stimulus intensity, expertise, familiarity, anticipation, and the psychological refractory period.
The document summarizes information about the conduction system of the heart and how cardiac output is regulated during exercise. It discusses how the cardiac control center in the brain regulates the heart rate by initiating the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system. This causes the heart rate to increase or decrease by stimulating the sinoatrial node. During exercise, various receptors detect changes and inform the cardiac control center to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, increasing heart rate and stroke volume and thereby increasing cardiac output to meet the body's demand for oxygen.
This document contains multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions about the musculoskeletal and respiratory systems. It provides answers to the first 10 questions, which relate to structures of synovial joints, types of joints, articulating bones, muscle contractions, and characteristics of slow oxidative muscle fibers. The remaining questions cover topics like Newton's laws of motion, stability principles, the cardiovascular system, lung volumes, gas exchange, and the respiratory control center.
There are three main theories of personality - the trait theory which argues that personality is determined by innate traits, the social learning theory which believes personality is learned through observation and modeling of others, and the interactionist approach that personality is influenced by both innate and environmental factors. Personality tests aim to predict behavior and include Eysenck's model of introversion-extroversion and stability-neuroticism dimensions as well as a stress coping test distinguishing Type A and Type B personalities based on competitiveness and reaction to stressors.
The document discusses different types of strength including maximal strength, explosive strength, and strength endurance. It describes maximal strength as the maximum force produced in a single muscular contraction and explosive strength as a combination of speed and strength. Strength endurance is defined as the ability to sustain muscular contractions over time. Static strength is exerting force against resistance with no movement, while dynamic strength is exerting force to cause a change in body position. Factors like muscle fiber type, cross-sectional muscle area, age, gender, and energy systems used can affect strength. The document tasks students with researching how to test for and train different types of strength.
This document introduces several theories of personality: trait theories, which see personality as innate traits influenced by genetics; social learning theory, which views personality as learned through environmental influences; and interactionist theory, which is a combination of both nature and nurture. It describes key aspects of trait theories by Hollander, Eysenck, and Cattell and social learning theory by Bandura. The interactionist theory proposes that behavior results from an interaction between personality and environmental conditions. Different methods for measuring personality, such as interviews, questionnaires, and observation, are also outlined.
This document discusses body composition and assessing energy requirements. It defines body composition as consisting of fat mass and lean body mass. It lists several ways to assess body composition, such as hydrostatic weighing, bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy, and skinfold measures. It also discusses calculating body mass index and energy expenditure in terms of basal metabolic rate and METs. Finally, it addresses the importance of a balanced diet for maintaining positive or negative energy balance and the implications for health and sport.
Attitude and aggression were discussed. Attitude has three components - cognitive, affective, and behavioral. Changing attitude depends on the persuader's status, message clarity, and the ability to understand. Aggression was defined and three theories of aggression were explained. Four ways to combat aggression were suggested - role models, rewarding non-aggressive behavior, punishing aggression, and controlling arousal.
1) The document discusses theories of personality including trait theories, social learning theories, and interactionist theories.
2) It also covers defining and measuring attitudes, including their three components: cognitive, affective, and behavioral.
3) The relationship between attitudes and sporting excellence is discussed, as well as examples of prejudice and stereotyping in sports.
This document discusses aerobic capacity and how to improve it through training. It defines aerobic capacity as the maximum amount of oxygen the body can use during exercise. The document outlines different types of aerobic training like continuous training, Fartlek training, and interval training. It also describes short term adaptations to exercise like increased heart rate and breathing during and after exercise. Long term adaptations are discussed like increased red blood cells and maximum oxygen uptake from changes in lungs and heart over time from regular aerobic training. Anaerobic training is also covered to improve performance at high intensities by increasing stores of fast-acting energy sources and muscle fiber strength.
This document defines aerobic capacity as the maximum amount of oxygen that can be taken in, transported, and consumed by the working muscles per minute (VO2 max). It discusses factors that affect aerobic capacity such as age, gender, training, and physiological makeup. Three main tests for measuring aerobic capacity are described: the multi-stage fitness test, physical work capacity test, and direct gas analysis. The document outlines different training methods for improving aerobic capacity, including continuous training, Fartlek training, and interval training. Students are assigned homework to design a 6-week aerobic capacity training program and test an athlete's VO2 max.
Top IPTV UK Providers of A Comprehensive Review.pdfXtreame HDTV
The television landscape in the UK has evolved significantly with the rise of Internet Protocol Television (IPTV). IPTV offers a modern alternative to traditional cable and satellite TV, allowing viewers to stream live TV, on-demand videos, and other multimedia content directly to their devices over the internet. This review provides an in-depth look at the top IPTV UK providers, their features, pricing, and what sets them apart.
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Everything You Need to Know About IPTV Ireland.pdfXtreame HDTV
The way we consume television has evolved dramatically over the past decade. Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) has emerged as a popular alternative to traditional cable and satellite TV, offering a wide range of channels and on-demand content via the internet. In Ireland, IPTV is rapidly gaining traction, with Xtreame HDTV being one of the prominent providers in the market. This comprehensive guide will delve into everything you need to know about IPTV Ireland, focusing on Xtreame HDTV, its features, benefits, and how it is revolutionizing TV viewing for Irish audiences.
Christian Louboutin: Innovating with Red Solesget joys
Christian Louboutin is celebrated for his innovative approach to footwear design, marked by his trademark red soles. This in-depth look at his life and career explores the origins of his creativity, the milestones in his journey, and the impact of his work on the fashion industry. Learn how Louboutin's bold vision and dedication to excellence have made his brand synonymous with luxury and style.
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Modern Radio Frequency Access Control Systems: The Key to Efficiency and SafetyAITIX LLC
Today's fast-paced environment worries companies of all sizes about efficiency and security. Businesses are constantly looking for new and better solutions to solve their problems, whether it's data security or facility access. RFID for access control technologies have revolutionized this.
Leonardo DiCaprio House: A Journey Through His Extravagant Real Estate Portfoliogreendigital
Introduction
Leonardo DiCaprio, A name synonymous with Hollywood excellence. is not only known for his stellar acting career but also for his impressive real estate investments. The "Leonardo DiCaprio house" is a topic that piques the interest of many. as the Oscar-winning actor has amassed a diverse portfolio of luxurious properties. DiCaprio's homes reflect his varied tastes and commitment to sustainability. from retreats to historic mansions. This article will delve into the fascinating world of Leonardo DiCaprio's real estate. Exploring the details of his most notable residences. and the unique aspects that make them stand out.
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Leonardo DiCaprio House: Malibu Beachfront Retreat
A Prime Location
His Malibu beachfront house is one of the most famous properties in Leonardo DiCaprio's real estate portfolio. Situated in the exclusive Carbon Beach. also known as "Billionaire's Beach," this property boasts stunning ocean views and private beach access. The "Leonardo DiCaprio house" in Malibu is a testament to the actor's love for the sea and his penchant for luxurious living.
Architectural Highlights
The Malibu house features a modern design with clean lines, large windows. and open spaces blending indoor and outdoor living. The expansive deck and patio areas provide ample space for entertaining guests or enjoying a quiet sunset. The house has state-of-the-art amenities. including a gourmet kitchen, a home theatre, and many guest suites.
Sustainable Features
Leonardo DiCaprio is a well-known environmental activist. whose Malibu house reflects his commitment to sustainability. The property incorporates solar panels, energy-efficient appliances, and sustainable building materials. The landscaping around the house is also designed to be water-efficient. featuring drought-resistant plants and intelligent irrigation systems.
Leonardo DiCaprio House: Hollywood Hills Hideaway
Privacy and Seclusion
Another remarkable property in Leonardo DiCaprio's collection is his Hollywood Hills house. This secluded retreat offers privacy and tranquility. making it an ideal escape from the hustle and bustle of Los Angeles. The "Leonardo DiCaprio house" in Hollywood Hills nestled among lush greenery. and offers panoramic views of the city and surrounding landscapes.
Design and Amenities
The Hollywood Hills house is a mid-century modern gem characterized by its sleek design and floor-to-ceiling windows. The open-concept living space is perfect for entertaining. while the cozy bedrooms provide a comfortable retreat. The property also features a swimming pool, and outdoor dining area. and a spacious deck that overlooks the cityscape.
Environmental Initiatives
The Hollywood Hills house incorporates several green features that are in line with DiCaprio's environmental values. The home has solar panels, energy-efficient lighting, and a rainwater harvesting system. Additionally, the landscaping designed to support local wildlife and promote
The Unbelievable Tale of Dwayne Johnson Kidnapping: A Riveting Sagagreendigital
Introduction
The notion of Dwayne Johnson kidnapping seems straight out of a Hollywood thriller. Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson, known for his larger-than-life persona, immense popularity. and action-packed filmography, is the last person anyone would envision being a victim of kidnapping. Yet, the bizarre and riveting tale of such an incident, filled with twists and turns. has captured the imagination of many. In this article, we delve into the intricate details of this astonishing event. exploring every aspect, from the dramatic rescue operation to the aftermath and the lessons learned.
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The Origins of the Dwayne Johnson Kidnapping Saga
Dwayne Johnson: A Brief Background
Before discussing the specifics of the kidnapping. it is crucial to understand who Dwayne Johnson is and why his kidnapping would be so significant. Born May 2, 1972, Dwayne Douglas Johnson is an American actor, producer, businessman. and former professional wrestler. Known by his ring name, "The Rock," he gained fame in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) before transitioning to a successful career in Hollywood.
Johnson's filmography includes blockbuster hits such as "The Fast and the Furious" series, "Jumanji," "Moana," and "San Andreas." His charismatic personality, impressive physique. and action-star status have made him a beloved figure worldwide. Thus, the news of his kidnapping would send shockwaves across the globe.
Setting the Scene: The Day of the Kidnapping
The incident of Dwayne Johnson's kidnapping began on an ordinary day. Johnson was filming his latest high-octane action film set to break box office records. The location was a remote yet scenic area. chosen for its rugged terrain and breathtaking vistas. perfect for the film's climactic scenes.
But, beneath the veneer of normalcy, a sinister plot was unfolding. Unbeknownst to Johnson and his team, a group of criminals had planned his abduction. hoping to leverage his celebrity status for a hefty ransom. The stage was set for an event that would soon dominate worldwide headlines and social media feeds.
The Abduction: Unfolding the Dwayne Johnson Kidnapping
The Moment of Capture
On the day of the kidnapping, everything seemed to be proceeding as usual on set. Johnson and his co-stars and crew were engrossed in shooting a particularly demanding scene. As the day wore on, the production team took a short break. providing the kidnappers with the perfect opportunity to strike.
The abduction was executed with military precision. A group of masked men, armed and organized, infiltrated the set. They created chaos, taking advantage of the confusion to isolate Johnson. Johnson was outnumbered and caught off guard despite his formidable strength and fighting skills. The kidnappers overpowered him, bundled him into a waiting vehicle. and sped away, leaving everyone on set in a state of shock and disbelief.
The Immediate Aftermath
The immediate aftermath of the Dwayne Johnson kidnappin
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Orpah Winfrey Dwayne Johnson: Titans of Influence and Inspirationgreendigital
Introduction
In the realm of entertainment, few names resonate as Orpah Winfrey Dwayne Johnson. Both figures have carved unique paths in the industry. achieving unparalleled success and becoming iconic symbols of perseverance, resilience, and inspiration. This article delves into the lives, careers. and enduring legacies of Orpah Winfrey Dwayne Johnson. exploring how their journeys intersect and what we can learn from their remarkable stories.
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Early Life and Backgrounds
Orpah Winfrey: From Humble Beginnings to Media Mogul
Orpah Winfrey, often known as Oprah due to a misspelling on her birth certificate. was born on January 29, 1954, in Kosciusko, Mississippi. Raised in poverty by her grandmother, Winfrey's early life was marked by hardship and adversity. Despite these challenges. she demonstrated a keen intellect and an early talent for public speaking.
Winfrey's journey to success began with a scholarship to Tennessee State University. where she studied communication. Her first job in media was as a co-anchor for the local evening news in Nashville. This role paved the way for her eventual transition to talk show hosting. where she found her true calling.
Dwayne Johnson: From Wrestling Royalty to Hollywood Superstar
Dwayne Johnson, also known by his ring name "The Rock," was born on May 2, 1972, in Hayward, California. He comes from a family of professional wrestlers, with both his father, Rocky Johnson. and his grandfather, Peter Maivia, being notable figures in the wrestling world. Johnson's early life was spent moving between New Zealand and the United States. experiencing a variety of cultural influences.
Before entering the world of professional wrestling. Johnson had aspirations of becoming a professional football player. He played college football at the University of Miami. where he was part of a national championship team. But, injuries curtailed his football career, leading him to follow in his family's footsteps and enter the wrestling ring.
Career Milestones
Orpah Winfrey: The Queen of All Media
Winfrey's career breakthrough came in 1986 when she launched "The Oprah Winfrey Show." The show became a cultural phenomenon. drawing millions of viewers daily and earning many awards. Winfrey's empathetic and candid interviewing style resonated with audiences. helping her tackle diverse and often challenging topics.
Beyond her talk show, Winfrey expanded her empire to include the creation of Harpo Productions. a multimedia production company. She also launched "O, The Oprah Magazine" and OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network, further solidifying her status as a media mogul.
Dwayne Johnson: From The Ring to The Big Screen
Dwayne Johnson's wrestling career took off in the late 1990s. when he became one of the most charismatic and popular figures in WWE. His larger-than-life persona and catchphrases endeared him to fans. making him a household name. But, Johnson had ambitions beyond the wrestling ring.
In the early 20
1. GCSE<br />Physical Education<br />Glossary of Terms<br />4361180280035020000<br />Name: <br />Chapter 1: The Participant as an Individual<br />Physiology: The functions and processes of the human body.<br />Flexibility: The range of movement around a joint.<br />Peak: At your very best – the best prepared period for you to be able to perform. <br />Inclusion: A policy that no one should experience barriers to learning as a result of their disability, heritage, gender, special educational need, ethnicity, social group, sexual orientation, race or culture. <br />Equestrian: Relating to horseback riding or horseback riders. <br />Physique: the form, size and development of a person’s body. <br />Metabolic: The whole range of biochemical processes that occur within us.<br />Power: The combination of speed and strength. <br />Maximal Strength: The greatest amount of weight that can be lifted in one go. <br />Body Composition: The percentage of body weight that is fat, muscle and bone. <br />Musculature: The system or arrangement of muscles on a body. <br />Somatotypes: Different body types based on shape, most commonly endomorph, mesomorph and ectomorph. <br />Trunk: The middle part of your body (midsection). <br />Dehydration: The rapid loss of water from the body.<br />Landscape: The aspect of the land characteristic of a particular region. <br />Challenge: A test of your ability or resources in a demanding situation. <br />Risk: The possibility of suffering harm, loss or danger. <br />Competitive: An activity that involves some form of contest, rivalry or game. <br />Recreational: Any form of play, amusement or relaxation preformed as games, sports or hobbies. <br />Periodisation: The different parts of a training programme.<br />Peak: At your very best – the best prepared period for you to be able to perform. <br />General Fitness: A state of general good health and to be able to carry out activities at a relatively low level. <br />Chapter 2: Physical and Mental Demands of Performance<br />Local muscular fatigue- When a muscle, or group of muscles, is unable to carry on contracting and movement stops.<br />Apprehensive- Fearful about the future.<br />Motivation- Your drive to succeed and desire and energy to achieve something.<br />Stress fracture- a break in the bone caused by repeated application of a heavy load or constant pounding on a surface, such as by running.<br />Tennis elbow- a painful injury or inflammation of the tendon attached to the elbow joint.<br />Dilated- enlarged, expanded or widened.<br />Sprains- the overstretching or tearing of ligaments at a joint.<br />Strains- the overstretching of a muscle, rather than a joint.<br />Gaseous exchange- the process where oxygen is taken in from the air and exchanged for carbon dioxide.<br />Alveoli- small air sacs in the lungs where gaseous exchange takes place.<br />Intercostal muscles- abdominal muscle in between the ribs which assist in the process of breathing.<br />Sternum- the chest or breastbone.<br />Glycogen- the main form of carbohydrate storage, which is converted into glucose as needed by the body to satisfy its energy needs.<br />Lactic acid- a mild poison and waste product of anaerobic respiration.<br />Heart rate- the number of times your heart beats in one minute, which is one contraction and relaxation of the heart.<br />Pulse- a recording of the rate per minute at which the heart beats.<br />Stroke volume (SV)- the volume of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction.<br />Cardiac output (Q)- the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute.<br />Blood pressure- the force of the circulating blood on the walls of the arteries.<br />MHR- maximum heart rate (220 minus age).<br />Training zone- the range of the heart rate within which a specific training effect will take place.<br />Chapter 3: Leisure and Recreation<br />Low-impact- not strenuous with little or no pressure on the joints. <br />Private enterprise- a privately owned business not regulated in the same way as a state owned organisation. <br />Rural areas- an area outside cities and towns. <br />Urban areas- a geographical area consisting of a town or city.<br />Intrinsic reward- something that gives a person an individual or internal satisfaction derived from doing something well.<br />Extrinsic reward- something that is done for a particular reward that is visible to others.<br />Trend- the latest and most popular attraction or activity. <br />Chapter 4: Diet<br />Nutrients - the substances that make up food.<br />Obesity- this is a condition of being extremely fat or overweight, which frequently results in health problems.<br />Basal metabolic rate: the minimum rate of energy required to keep all of the life processes of the body maintained when it is at rest.<br />Calorie: a unit that measures heat or energy production in the body.<br />Chapter 5: Health, Fitness and a Healthy Active Lifestyle<br />Bronchitis- inflammation of the air passages between the nose and the lungs.<br />Prescription drugs- drugs that cannot be bought over the counter but only with a doctor’s prescription.<br />Performance-enhancing drugs- a type of unlawful drug that can help to improve sporting performance.<br />Athletes foot- a fungal infection between the toes.<br />Health - a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity<br />Fitness: good health or good condition, especially as the result of exercise and proper nutrition.<br />Exercise: activity that requires physical or mental exertion, especially when performed to develop or maintain fitness.<br />Sedentary: sitting down or being physically inactive for long periods of time.<br />Joints: a connection point between two bones where movement occurs.<br />Quadriceps: the group of four muscles on the upper, front of the leg.<br />Patella: the kneecap.<br />Synovial: where bony surfaces are covered by cartilage, connected by ligaments with a joint cavity containing synovial fluid.<br />Articulation: a moveable joint between inflexible parts of the body.<br />Origin: the end of the muscle attached to the fixed bone.<br />Insertion: the end of the muscle attached to the bone that moves.<br />Prime mover: the muscle that initially contracts to start a movement, also known as the ‘agonist’.<br />Antagonist: the muscle that relaxes to allow movement to take place.<br />Reaction time: how quickly you are able to respond to something or some form of stimulus.<br />Movement time: how quickly a performer can carry out an actual movement.<br />Inherent: something you are born with.<br />Explosive strength- this is strength used in one short, sharp, burst or movement.<br />Static strength- this is the greatest amount of strength that can be applied to an immoveable object.<br />Speed - the ability to move all or parts of the body as quickly as possible. It is a combination of reaction time and movement time.<br />Power - combination of the maximum amount of speed with the maximum amount of strength.<br />Cardiovascular Endurance - often referred to as ‘stamina’ and is the ability of the heart and lungs to keep operating efficiently during an endurance event.<br />Flexibility - often called ‘suppleness’ and refers to the range of movement around a joint.<br />Synchronise: an adjustment that causes something to occur at the same time.<br />Ambidextrous: the ability to use both hands with equal levels of skill.<br />Agility - combination of flexibility and speed and is the ability to move quickly, changing direction and speed whenever possible.<br />Balance - the ability to maintain a given posture in static and dynamic situations and to be able to stay level and stable.<br />Co-ordination - the ability to link all the parts of movement into one effective smooth movement and is the ability to be able to control the body during physical activity.<br />Reaction time - this is the time taken for the body, or part of the body, to respond to a stimulus. This can be divided into two specific cases:<br />Simple reaction time - this is where someone must react to something as it happens. For example, a sprinter at the start of the race has to react to the sound of the gun going off in order to record their fastest time.<br />Choice reaction time - this occurs when someone is able to size up a situation and then decide when they are going to react. For example, a footballer has to decide the best time to make a tackle.<br />Timing - the ability to coincide movements in relation to external factors.<br />Knowledge of results: this is a form of terminal feedback at the end of a performance and could be as simple as winning or losing.<br />Knowledge of performance: this relates to how well the performance was carried out rather than just the end result.<br />Open skills – these occur in situations that are constantly changing, such as any invasion game activity where the environment around the performer is constantly changing and skills may have to be adapted according to the demands of the game.<br />Closed skills – these occur in situations that are constant and unchanging so they are not affected by the sporting environment, such as performing a trampoline routine.<br />Intrinsic – this is sensed or felt by the performer while they are actually performing.<br />Extrinsic – this comes from sources other than the performer themselves, such as sounds or things they can see.<br />Whole – a complete performance is carried out with all aspects of the performance covered.<br />Part – only specific aspects of the performance are practiced, such as a specific skill.<br />Fixed – a set session or aspect is concentrated upon.<br />Variable – a combination of all of the above.<br />Chapter 6: Training<br />Specificity: training that is particularly suited to a particular sport or activity.<br />Progression: where training is increased gradually as the body adjusts to the increased demands being made on it.<br />Plateauing: where progress seems to halt within a training programme and it takes some time to move on to the next level.<br />Specificity<br />Progression<br />Overload<br />Reversibility<br />Tedium (varying the way you train can reduce this!)<br />Overload: making the body work harder than normal in order to improve it.<br />FIT: frequency, intensity and time are ways to make the body work harder.<br />Reversibility: if training stops then the effects gained can be lost too.<br />Frequency: increasing the number of training sessions, increasing your training gradually.<br />Intensity: increasing the actual amount of activity you are including in one session, such as increasing weight or the number of exercises.<br />Time: known as ‘duration’ and means increasing the actual amount of time you spend taking part in the training session.<br />Reversibility: If you stop or decrease your training then all the good work you have put in will be lost at a faster rate than it was gained.<br />Lactic acid: a mild poison and waste product of anaerobic respiration.<br />Training threshold: the minimum heart rate to be achieved to ensure fitness improves.<br />Training zone: the range of the heart rate within which a specific training effect will take place.<br />Stations: particular areas where types of exercise are set up or performed.<br />Laps: the number of times each set of stations is performed.<br />Muscle tone: where tension remains in a muscle, even when it is at rest.<br /> Repetitions: the number of times you actually move the weights.<br />Sets: the number of times you carry out a particular weight activity.<br />Repetition maximum (RM): the maximum weight you are able to lift once.<br />Shuttle runs: running backwards and forwards across a set distance.<br />Aerobic exercise: exercise carried out using a supply of oxygen.<br />Continuous Training: any type of training that keeps the heart rate, and therefore the pulse rate, high over a sustained period of time e.g. running<br />Interval Training: training that has periods of work and periods of rest, with variations of the two.<br />Fartlek Training: a form of interval training that can include walking, brisk walking, jogging and fast steady running.<br />Chapter 7: School and Physical Education<br />Extra-curricular: an activity that takes place out of timetabled lessons, such as lunch times or after school.<br />Cross-curricular: linking with other subjects taught in school.<br />PESSCL: Physical Education School Sport and Club Links.<br />Specialist Sports College: a school that receives extra funding to make a specialist provision for sport.<br />School Sports Co-ordinator (SSCo): based in specialist sports colleges and working in partnership schools.<br />PESSYP: PE and Sport Strategy for Young People.<br />National Governing Body (NGB): the organisation that runs a particular sport across the country.<br />Infrastructure: the organisation necessary for the strategy to work.<br />SSP: School Sport Partnership.<br />Whole-school approach: something that is an essential part of everything a school does.<br />Economic wellbeing: having sufficient income for basic necessities.<br />Recreational: any form of play, amusement or relaxation performed as games, sports or hobbies.<br />Competitive: an activity that involves some form of contest, rivalry or game.<br />Chapter 8: Cultural and Social Factors<br />Leisure industry: an provider that provides opportunities for people in their available leisure time.<br />User groups: particular groups of people who would use leisure facilities.<br />Etiquette: the unwritten rules or conventions of any activity.<br />Peer group: people of the same age and status as you.<br />Peer group pressure: where the peer group will attempt to persuade an individual to follow their lead.<br />Ethnic: a group of people with a common national or cultural tradition.<br />Chapter 9: Opportunity for Further Involvement<br />Tactics: pre-arranged and rehearsed strategies or methods of play.<br />Technique: the manner or way in which someone carries out or performs a particular skill.<br />Vocation: a regular occupation for which you would be particularly qualified or suited.<br />Open sport: an activity that allows both amateurs and professionals to compete together.<br />Shamateur: someone who competes in an amateur sport but who receives illegal payments.<br />Accredited: a recognised standard of award leading on to a higher learning level.<br />Proficiency: being adequately or well qualified.<br />Inclusion: a policy that no one should experience barriers to learning as a result of their disability, heritage, gender, special educational need, ethnicity, social group, sexual orientation, race or culture.<br />Equity: something that is fair, just and impartial.<br />Chapter 10: International Factors<br />Test match: a match played in cricket or rugby by all-star teams from different countries.<br />Media: the various forms of mass communication, such as radio, TV and the press.<br />Propaganda: messages aimed at influencing the behaviour or opinions of large numbers of people.<br />Apartheid: a policy of separating groups, especially because of race or colour.<br />Boycott: not using or dealing with something, as a protest.<br />Seeded: the best players or teams are selected and kept apart in the earlier rounds.<br />Byes: a free passage into the next round of a knockout.<br />Chapter 11: Social Factors<br />Exemplar: a particularly good example or model of how something should be performed.<br />Media pressure: the way the media may hound or intrude upon individuals.<br />Logo: the badge or emblem that a company uses as the representation of the company names.<br />Endorse: giving approval or support to something.<br />Goodwill: a good relationship and popularity.<br />Tax relief: the payment of less tax.<br />Minority sports: lesser known sports with lower participation levels.<br />Inspirational: being able to motivate and fill someone with the urge to do something.<br />Ethnic: a group of people with a common national or cultural tradition.<br />Status: a level, rank or particular social position.<br />Risk assessment: to look at the likelihood of damage, or the possible dangers involved, in carrying out a particular action or activity.<br />Legislation: laws, rules or regulations that are legally enforced.<br />Climatic: relating to the weather or particular weather conditions.<br />Kickers: protective hockey footwear that fits on over boots.<br />