The document discusses various types of monophasic liquid dosage forms including solutions, gargles, mouthwashes, throat paints, ear drops, nasal drops and sprays, enemas, syrups, and elixirs. It provides details on the composition, uses, formulations, preparation methods, packaging, storage, and labeling of these different dosage forms. Monophasic liquid dosage forms consist of a single phase and are used for local effects in the mouth, ears, nose, or rectum or for systemic effects when taken orally or parenterally.
Semisolid dosage forms are neither solid nor liquid, however, they are a combination or mixture of both, and they used for both local and systemic effects. Pharmaceutical semisolid dosage forms such as creams, ointments, gels, suppositories, and paste are used for topical application. Semisolid dosage forms are intended used as drug carriers that are transported topically through the skin, buckle tissue, rectal tissue, outer ear lining nasal mucosa, urethral membrane, vagina, and cornea. The semisolid may adhere adequately before washing on the surface of the application; this helps to extend the supply of drugs on the application site.
This document provides information on various types of monophasic liquid dosage forms, including their definitions, advantages, disadvantages, examples, and typical formulation methods. It discusses gargles, mouthwashes, throat paints, ear drops, nasal drops, syrups, elixirs, liniments, and lotions. For each type, it provides a brief description of its use and purpose as well as an example formulation and method.
This document provides an overview of the evaluation of semisolid dosage forms such as ointments, creams, and suppositories. It discusses ideal properties of semisolids and categories of semisolids. Evaluation methods for ointments include testing for drug content uniformity, penetration rate, drug release rate, absorption into bloodstream, and irritancy. Cream evaluation includes testing for appearance, spreadability, washability, rheology, and sensitivity. Suppository evaluation comprises tests for appearance, weight uniformity, melting range, liquefaction time, breaking strength, and dissolution rate.
This document discusses different types of powder dosage forms including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes bulk powders for internal and external use which contain multiple doses of powder in containers. Simple and compound powders for internal use contain individually dosed powders wrapped in paper. Powders can also be enclosed in cachets or capsules. Compressed powders refer to tablets which are made by compressing powder mixtures into flat discs. The document provides examples of different types of powders and details on their preparation and use.
Monophasic liquid dosage form B.Pharmacy 1st Sem PTU by pankaj kumar mauryaPankaj Maurya
The document discusses monophasic liquid dosage forms, which are clear, homogeneous mixtures containing two or more components dissolved in a single phase. It classifies monophasic liquids based on their route of administration, such as those for internal use like syrups, elixirs, and linctuses; those for topical use like gargles, mouthwashes, and throat paints; and those for instillation into body cavities like eye drops, nasal drops, and enemas. Preparations of various monophasic liquids are also described, including gargles, mouthwashes, elixirs, syrups, throat paints, lotions, ear drops, nasal drops, and liniments.
Semisolid dosage forms: Definitions, classification, mechanisms and factors influencing dermal penetration of drugs. Preparation of ointments, pastes, creams and gels. Excipients used in semi solid dosage forms. Evaluation of semi solid dosages forms
Semisolid dosage forms are neither solid nor liquid, however, they are a combination or mixture of both, and they used for both local and systemic effects. Pharmaceutical semisolid dosage forms such as creams, ointments, gels, suppositories, and paste are used for topical application. Semisolid dosage forms are intended used as drug carriers that are transported topically through the skin, buckle tissue, rectal tissue, outer ear lining nasal mucosa, urethral membrane, vagina, and cornea. The semisolid may adhere adequately before washing on the surface of the application; this helps to extend the supply of drugs on the application site.
This document provides information on various types of monophasic liquid dosage forms, including their definitions, advantages, disadvantages, examples, and typical formulation methods. It discusses gargles, mouthwashes, throat paints, ear drops, nasal drops, syrups, elixirs, liniments, and lotions. For each type, it provides a brief description of its use and purpose as well as an example formulation and method.
This document provides an overview of the evaluation of semisolid dosage forms such as ointments, creams, and suppositories. It discusses ideal properties of semisolids and categories of semisolids. Evaluation methods for ointments include testing for drug content uniformity, penetration rate, drug release rate, absorption into bloodstream, and irritancy. Cream evaluation includes testing for appearance, spreadability, washability, rheology, and sensitivity. Suppository evaluation comprises tests for appearance, weight uniformity, melting range, liquefaction time, breaking strength, and dissolution rate.
This document discusses different types of powder dosage forms including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes bulk powders for internal and external use which contain multiple doses of powder in containers. Simple and compound powders for internal use contain individually dosed powders wrapped in paper. Powders can also be enclosed in cachets or capsules. Compressed powders refer to tablets which are made by compressing powder mixtures into flat discs. The document provides examples of different types of powders and details on their preparation and use.
Monophasic liquid dosage form B.Pharmacy 1st Sem PTU by pankaj kumar mauryaPankaj Maurya
The document discusses monophasic liquid dosage forms, which are clear, homogeneous mixtures containing two or more components dissolved in a single phase. It classifies monophasic liquids based on their route of administration, such as those for internal use like syrups, elixirs, and linctuses; those for topical use like gargles, mouthwashes, and throat paints; and those for instillation into body cavities like eye drops, nasal drops, and enemas. Preparations of various monophasic liquids are also described, including gargles, mouthwashes, elixirs, syrups, throat paints, lotions, ear drops, nasal drops, and liniments.
Semisolid dosage forms: Definitions, classification, mechanisms and factors influencing dermal penetration of drugs. Preparation of ointments, pastes, creams and gels. Excipients used in semi solid dosage forms. Evaluation of semi solid dosages forms
The document discusses pharmaceutical suspensions. A suspension is a coarse dispersion where an insoluble internal phase is dispersed uniformly throughout an external phase. Reasons for formulating suspensions include insolubility of the drug, masking bitter taste, increasing stability, and achieving controlled drug release. Common types of suspensions include antacids, antibiotics, analgesics, anthelmintics, and antifungals. Suspending agents are used to prevent sedimentation and ensure uniform dosing. Preparation involves grinding the insoluble drug into a paste and incorporating suspending agents before making up the final volume. Advantages include improved stability and bioavailability for some drugs, while disadvantages include issues with physical stability and accurate dosing.
In this presentation viewers will able to learn about liquids for external use such as liniments and lotions, liquids for oral cavity such as mouthwash, throat paints and gargles.
This document discusses posology, which is the science of calculating drug doses. It defines posology and explains that many factors can influence the appropriate dose of a drug for a patient, including age, sex, body weight, route of administration, and medical conditions. The document provides details on calculating doses for children, adjusting for body weight, and determining veterinary doses for animals based on surface area and weight. Overall, the document outlines the key principles of posology and the various considerations involved in accurately prescribing medication doses for both human and animal patients.
Suspension is made of two phase system, consisting of a finely divided solid particles (Dispersed phase) distributed in a particular manner throughout another medium (Continuous phase).
1. The document discusses liquid dosage forms, which provide advantages over solid forms like faster absorption.
2. Liquid dosage forms are classified as monophasic containing one phase like syrups, or biphasic containing two phases like suspensions and emulsions.
3. Key liquid dosage forms are described including their composition, preparation, and uses both internally and externally. Advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms are also outlined.
This document discusses various pharmaceutical calculations related to dispensing medications. It covers:
- Systems of weights and measures including avoirdupois, apothecaries, metric, and imperial.
- Calculations involving density, weight, and volume.
- Methods for calculating alcohol dilutions and mixtures to achieve a target concentration.
- Conversions between percentage solutions and proof spirit units used for excise purposes.
The document provides detailed examples and step-by-step workings for various calculation types pharmacists may encounter when dispensing prescriptions.
Semisolid dosage form (paste, jellies, and poulties)Anil Deore
This document provides information about pastes as a semisolid dosage form for external application to the skin. It defines pastes and discusses their composition, preparation methods, storage, and differences from ointments. Pastes typically contain a large amount of solids and are thick and stiff formulations that form a protective coating when applied. They are prepared using methods like trituration and fusion that are also used to make ointments. The document also provides brief descriptions of jellies and poultices as other external semisolid dosage forms.
This document discusses monophasic liquid dosage forms, which contain components dissolved in a single phase. It provides examples of internal monophasic liquids like syrups and elixirs, and external liquids like gargles and enemas. The advantages of liquids include ease of administration, rapid drug absorption, and uniform dosing. Disadvantages include bulkiness, potential for microbial growth, and reduced drug stability compared to solids. A variety of oral, ocular, nasal and rectal liquids are also described.
This document discusses stability factors and applications of pharmaceutical suspensions. It notes that small particle size, increasing viscosity, and maintaining optimal temperature contribute to suspension stability. Suspensions are used for insoluble drugs, to improve drug stability, and to mask unpleasant tastes. Key factors for stability include particle size, viscosity, temperature, surfactants, hydrophilic colloids, solvents, and proper mixing procedures.
This document provides information about emulsions, including their definition, advantages, types, tests for identification, classification, formulation, preparation, stability, and differences from suspensions. Key points include:
- An emulsion is a biphasic liquid dosage form with one liquid dispersed as fine globules in another immiscible liquid, stabilized by an emulsifying agent.
- Emulsions can improve palatability, protect unstable drugs, and aid in drug absorption.
- The main types are oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions, classified based on the dispersed and continuous phases.
- Emulsion stability depends on factors like emulsifying agent, preservation, antioxidants, and
An excipient is generally a pharmacologically inactive substance used as a carrier for the active ingredients of a medication
EXCIPIENTS USED IN LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS:
Solvents/co-solvents ,
Buffering agents,
Preservatives,
Anti-oxidants,
Humectants,
Wetting agents,
Anti-foaming agents,
Thickening agents,
Sweetening agents,
Flavouring agents,
EXCIPIENTS USED IN TABLETS:
Binders
Coatings
Disintegrants
Fillers
Flavours
Colours
Lubricants
Glidants
Preservatives
Sweeteners
The document discusses isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions. It defines isotonic solutions as having the same osmotic pressure and salt concentration as body fluids. Physiological saline (0.9% NaCl solution) is isotonic with blood. Hypertonic solutions have a higher concentration than body fluids, causing cell shrinkage, while hypotonic solutions have a lower concentration, causing cell swelling. The document also describes methods to measure tonicity, including the haemolytic and colligative methods. It provides formulas and examples for calculating concentrations needed to make solutions isotonic.
The document discusses different types of monophasic liquid dosage forms including mixtures, syrups, elixirs, and linctuses. It classifies liquids based on their route of administration as either for internal use or external use. For internal administration, mixtures are further divided based on their ingredients into simple mixtures, mixtures containing diffusible solids, mixtures containing in-diffusible solids, and mixtures containing precipitate forming liquids. The document provides details on formulation and preparation methods for different types of mixtures. It also discusses syrups and factors affecting their stability.
Pharmaceutical powders are solid dosage forms containing one or more drugs in finely divided form, with or without excipients. They have advantages like faster onset of action compared to other oral solid dosage forms. Powders are classified based on their intended use and formulation. They include bulk powders, simple/compound powders enclosed in papers or capsules, and compressed powders made into tablets. Proper mixing and packaging is important for powder formulations to ensure uniform drug content and stability.
This document discusses powders and granules used in pharmaceutical preparations. It begins by defining powders as mixtures of finely divided drugs or chemicals for internal or external use. The advantages of powders include stability, flexibility in dosing, and low cost of preparation. Challenges include unpleasant taste, instability of hygroscopic drugs, and difficulty dispensing small doses. Powders are generally prepared through comminution to reduce particle size and blending. The document then classifies and describes methods for different types of powders including bulk powders, simple/compound powders, powders in capsules/cachets, and those addressing special stability issues.
Liquid dosage forms: Advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms. Excipients used in formulation of liquid dosage forms. Solubility enhancement techniques
This document discusses different types of powders used in pharmaceuticals. It describes powders as mixtures of finely divided drugs or chemicals in dry form that can be used internally or externally. The key types discussed are:
- Bulk powders for internal or external use which contain multiple doses and are less accurate.
- Simple and compound powders for internal use which contain a single ingredient or multiple ingredients divided into individual doses wrapped in paper.
- Powders enclosed in capsules or cachets to allow ingestion of unpleasant tasting powders.
- Compressed powders which are potent drugs mixed with diluents and compressed into tablet form using moulds.
This document discusses dental products and their uses. It begins by introducing different types of dental products, including dentifrices, anticaries agents, cements and fillers, desensitizing agents, and mouthwashes. It then describes various dental problems like tooth decay, gum disease, and stained teeth. Next, it explains the causes and prevention of tooth decay. Key points covered include the role of bacteria, fluoride, and phosphate in preventing tooth decay. Specific products discussed in detail include sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, calcium carbonate, zinc eugenol cement, and their applications.
This document discusses pharmaceutical impurities. It defines impurity as unwanted foreign particles other than the active drug. Impurities can come from raw materials, reagents, manufacturing processes, storage conditions, or deliberate adulteration. The types and amounts of impurities depend on factors like purity of starting materials and purification methods. Limit tests are used to detect and limit specific impurities like chlorides, sulphates, and iron according to pharmacopeia limits. The tests use reactions like precipitation or color changes to compare a sample to a standard of a known impurity level. Maintaining low impurity levels is important for safety, efficacy, and stability of pharmaceutical products.
Monophasic dosage forms refer to liquid preparations containing components in a single phase system, represented by a true solution. A true solution is a homogeneous mixture prepared by dissolving a solute in a suitable solvent. Common monophasic dosage forms include aqueous solutions used as gargles, mouthwashes, and ear/nasal drops to treat infections locally. They allow for easier administration than solids and faster drug absorption but require preservatives due to the risk of microbial growth.
The document discusses pharmaceutical suspensions. A suspension is a coarse dispersion where an insoluble internal phase is dispersed uniformly throughout an external phase. Reasons for formulating suspensions include insolubility of the drug, masking bitter taste, increasing stability, and achieving controlled drug release. Common types of suspensions include antacids, antibiotics, analgesics, anthelmintics, and antifungals. Suspending agents are used to prevent sedimentation and ensure uniform dosing. Preparation involves grinding the insoluble drug into a paste and incorporating suspending agents before making up the final volume. Advantages include improved stability and bioavailability for some drugs, while disadvantages include issues with physical stability and accurate dosing.
In this presentation viewers will able to learn about liquids for external use such as liniments and lotions, liquids for oral cavity such as mouthwash, throat paints and gargles.
This document discusses posology, which is the science of calculating drug doses. It defines posology and explains that many factors can influence the appropriate dose of a drug for a patient, including age, sex, body weight, route of administration, and medical conditions. The document provides details on calculating doses for children, adjusting for body weight, and determining veterinary doses for animals based on surface area and weight. Overall, the document outlines the key principles of posology and the various considerations involved in accurately prescribing medication doses for both human and animal patients.
Suspension is made of two phase system, consisting of a finely divided solid particles (Dispersed phase) distributed in a particular manner throughout another medium (Continuous phase).
1. The document discusses liquid dosage forms, which provide advantages over solid forms like faster absorption.
2. Liquid dosage forms are classified as monophasic containing one phase like syrups, or biphasic containing two phases like suspensions and emulsions.
3. Key liquid dosage forms are described including their composition, preparation, and uses both internally and externally. Advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms are also outlined.
This document discusses various pharmaceutical calculations related to dispensing medications. It covers:
- Systems of weights and measures including avoirdupois, apothecaries, metric, and imperial.
- Calculations involving density, weight, and volume.
- Methods for calculating alcohol dilutions and mixtures to achieve a target concentration.
- Conversions between percentage solutions and proof spirit units used for excise purposes.
The document provides detailed examples and step-by-step workings for various calculation types pharmacists may encounter when dispensing prescriptions.
Semisolid dosage form (paste, jellies, and poulties)Anil Deore
This document provides information about pastes as a semisolid dosage form for external application to the skin. It defines pastes and discusses their composition, preparation methods, storage, and differences from ointments. Pastes typically contain a large amount of solids and are thick and stiff formulations that form a protective coating when applied. They are prepared using methods like trituration and fusion that are also used to make ointments. The document also provides brief descriptions of jellies and poultices as other external semisolid dosage forms.
This document discusses monophasic liquid dosage forms, which contain components dissolved in a single phase. It provides examples of internal monophasic liquids like syrups and elixirs, and external liquids like gargles and enemas. The advantages of liquids include ease of administration, rapid drug absorption, and uniform dosing. Disadvantages include bulkiness, potential for microbial growth, and reduced drug stability compared to solids. A variety of oral, ocular, nasal and rectal liquids are also described.
This document discusses stability factors and applications of pharmaceutical suspensions. It notes that small particle size, increasing viscosity, and maintaining optimal temperature contribute to suspension stability. Suspensions are used for insoluble drugs, to improve drug stability, and to mask unpleasant tastes. Key factors for stability include particle size, viscosity, temperature, surfactants, hydrophilic colloids, solvents, and proper mixing procedures.
This document provides information about emulsions, including their definition, advantages, types, tests for identification, classification, formulation, preparation, stability, and differences from suspensions. Key points include:
- An emulsion is a biphasic liquid dosage form with one liquid dispersed as fine globules in another immiscible liquid, stabilized by an emulsifying agent.
- Emulsions can improve palatability, protect unstable drugs, and aid in drug absorption.
- The main types are oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions, classified based on the dispersed and continuous phases.
- Emulsion stability depends on factors like emulsifying agent, preservation, antioxidants, and
An excipient is generally a pharmacologically inactive substance used as a carrier for the active ingredients of a medication
EXCIPIENTS USED IN LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS:
Solvents/co-solvents ,
Buffering agents,
Preservatives,
Anti-oxidants,
Humectants,
Wetting agents,
Anti-foaming agents,
Thickening agents,
Sweetening agents,
Flavouring agents,
EXCIPIENTS USED IN TABLETS:
Binders
Coatings
Disintegrants
Fillers
Flavours
Colours
Lubricants
Glidants
Preservatives
Sweeteners
The document discusses isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions. It defines isotonic solutions as having the same osmotic pressure and salt concentration as body fluids. Physiological saline (0.9% NaCl solution) is isotonic with blood. Hypertonic solutions have a higher concentration than body fluids, causing cell shrinkage, while hypotonic solutions have a lower concentration, causing cell swelling. The document also describes methods to measure tonicity, including the haemolytic and colligative methods. It provides formulas and examples for calculating concentrations needed to make solutions isotonic.
The document discusses different types of monophasic liquid dosage forms including mixtures, syrups, elixirs, and linctuses. It classifies liquids based on their route of administration as either for internal use or external use. For internal administration, mixtures are further divided based on their ingredients into simple mixtures, mixtures containing diffusible solids, mixtures containing in-diffusible solids, and mixtures containing precipitate forming liquids. The document provides details on formulation and preparation methods for different types of mixtures. It also discusses syrups and factors affecting their stability.
Pharmaceutical powders are solid dosage forms containing one or more drugs in finely divided form, with or without excipients. They have advantages like faster onset of action compared to other oral solid dosage forms. Powders are classified based on their intended use and formulation. They include bulk powders, simple/compound powders enclosed in papers or capsules, and compressed powders made into tablets. Proper mixing and packaging is important for powder formulations to ensure uniform drug content and stability.
This document discusses powders and granules used in pharmaceutical preparations. It begins by defining powders as mixtures of finely divided drugs or chemicals for internal or external use. The advantages of powders include stability, flexibility in dosing, and low cost of preparation. Challenges include unpleasant taste, instability of hygroscopic drugs, and difficulty dispensing small doses. Powders are generally prepared through comminution to reduce particle size and blending. The document then classifies and describes methods for different types of powders including bulk powders, simple/compound powders, powders in capsules/cachets, and those addressing special stability issues.
Liquid dosage forms: Advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms. Excipients used in formulation of liquid dosage forms. Solubility enhancement techniques
This document discusses different types of powders used in pharmaceuticals. It describes powders as mixtures of finely divided drugs or chemicals in dry form that can be used internally or externally. The key types discussed are:
- Bulk powders for internal or external use which contain multiple doses and are less accurate.
- Simple and compound powders for internal use which contain a single ingredient or multiple ingredients divided into individual doses wrapped in paper.
- Powders enclosed in capsules or cachets to allow ingestion of unpleasant tasting powders.
- Compressed powders which are potent drugs mixed with diluents and compressed into tablet form using moulds.
This document discusses dental products and their uses. It begins by introducing different types of dental products, including dentifrices, anticaries agents, cements and fillers, desensitizing agents, and mouthwashes. It then describes various dental problems like tooth decay, gum disease, and stained teeth. Next, it explains the causes and prevention of tooth decay. Key points covered include the role of bacteria, fluoride, and phosphate in preventing tooth decay. Specific products discussed in detail include sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, calcium carbonate, zinc eugenol cement, and their applications.
This document discusses pharmaceutical impurities. It defines impurity as unwanted foreign particles other than the active drug. Impurities can come from raw materials, reagents, manufacturing processes, storage conditions, or deliberate adulteration. The types and amounts of impurities depend on factors like purity of starting materials and purification methods. Limit tests are used to detect and limit specific impurities like chlorides, sulphates, and iron according to pharmacopeia limits. The tests use reactions like precipitation or color changes to compare a sample to a standard of a known impurity level. Maintaining low impurity levels is important for safety, efficacy, and stability of pharmaceutical products.
Monophasic dosage forms refer to liquid preparations containing components in a single phase system, represented by a true solution. A true solution is a homogeneous mixture prepared by dissolving a solute in a suitable solvent. Common monophasic dosage forms include aqueous solutions used as gargles, mouthwashes, and ear/nasal drops to treat infections locally. They allow for easier administration than solids and faster drug absorption but require preservatives due to the risk of microbial growth.
5. Introduction to different dosage form part 5.pptParimal Hadge
This document provides an overview of different monophasic liquid dosage forms for internal and external use, including linctuses, drops, liniments, lotions, gargles, mouthwashes, throat paints, sprays, inhalations, nasal drops, eye drops, eye lotions, and ear drops. It describes the composition, uses, and important characteristics of each dosage form. For example, it notes that linctuses are viscous liquids for treating cough that contain demulcent, sedative, and expectorant medicines and are taken without water. Drops are precisely measured liquids often containing vitamins. Liniments are applied topically with friction for rubefacient or protective effects.
This document discusses various types of monophasic liquid dosage forms including mixtures, syrups, elixirs, linctuses, and liquids that can be applied to the skin, used in the mouth, or instilled into body cavities. It provides details on the formulation, containers, labeling, and storage of these dosage forms.
This document discusses classical dosage forms, which are conventional dosage forms prepared without advanced techniques. It describes lozenges as medicated candies dissolved in the mouth to soothe throat irritation. Pills are small, round solids containing medication. Cachets enclose medication within a wafer shell. Draughts are single-dose liquid preparations packaged in larger volumes. Suppositories and pessaries are solid medications inserted into orifices to exert local or systemic effects as they dissolve.
This document discusses monophasic liquids and their advantages and disadvantages as drug delivery systems. It provides examples of different types of monophasic liquids including syrups, elixirs, gargles, and mouthwashes. Syrups can be simple (containing 66.7% w/w sugar) or flavored. Elixirs contain 5-40% alcohol as a preservative. The document also notes some challenges with monophasic liquids like their bulkiness and potential for microbial growth or drug degradation.
PARENTERAL AND TOPICAL DOSAGE FORMS (1).pptxmasumreza32
This document discusses various parenteral and topical dosage forms. It begins by defining parenteral dosage forms as those administered by routes other than oral, such as directly into systemic circulation via injection. It notes some key advantages of parenteral forms like rapid action and avoidance of first-pass metabolism, as well as disadvantages like pain and expense. It then describes various liquid and solid topical dosage forms like ointments, creams, suppositories, and their uses. The document provides details on administration methods for different forms like eyedrops, eardrops, nasal sprays, inhalers, and nebulizers. It concludes by discussing some newer drug delivery systems.
This document provides an introduction to pharmaceutical dosage forms. It defines dosage forms as safe, effective, and stable means of delivering medication to the body, which typically include active drug components and excipients. Dosage forms are classified as solid, liquid, or semi-solid and by route of administration such as oral, topical, or parenteral. Common dosage forms described include tablets, capsules, ointments, creams, gels, and solutions. The document discusses characteristics and methods of preparation for different types of dosage forms.
This document provides information on monophasic liquid dosage forms. It defines monophasic liquids as homogenous solutions containing one or more soluble chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent. Advantages include suitability for pediatric and geriatric patients, enhanced oral bioavailability, and rapid drug absorption. Disadvantages include formulation challenges for some drugs, problems with poorly soluble drugs, and issues with taste, appearance, viscosity, and microbial contamination. The document then discusses various types of monophasic liquids including syrups, elixirs, linctuses, liniments, lotions, gargles, mouthwashes, throat paints, douches, ear drops, nasal drops, and nasal sprays. It provides details on definitions
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical dosage forms. It defines a dosage form as the physical form that a drug takes, such as solid, liquid, or gas, to deliver the drug to a particular site in the body. Dosage forms are classified based on route of administration and physical form. The key functions of dosage forms are to protect drugs, improve therapeutic activity, and enhance patient compliance. Various types of solid, liquid, semisolid, and gaseous dosage forms are described along with their characteristics and examples.
Pharmaceutical dosage forms can be classified based on their route of administration, physical form, or both. The main types include oral, topical, parenteral, rectal, vaginal, inhalational, ophthalmic, otic, and nasal dosage forms. Oral dosage forms include liquids such as solutions, suspensions, emulsions, elixirs, and mixtures. They also include solids such as tablets, capsules, powders, and granules. Topical dosage forms include semisolids like ointments, creams, pastes, and jellies. Parenteral dosage forms are sterile preparations meant for injection or infusion.
1. The document discusses different types of dosage forms including solid, liquid, semi-solid, inhaled, and rectal/vaginal dosage forms.
2. Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders, and granules. Liquid forms include solutions, emulsions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. Semi-solid forms include ointments, gels, creams and pastes.
3. The document provides examples of each dosage form and explains their composition, use, advantages, and route of administration. The classification of dosage forms is also described based on physical form and route of administration.
This document discusses various pharmaceutical preparations and dosage forms. It defines pharmaceutical preparations as forms in which drugs are administered. It classifies dosage forms according to route of administration such as oral, topical, ophthalmic, parenteral, inhalation, otic, rectal, and vaginal. It further classifies dosage forms according to their physical state such as solid, liquid, semi-solid, and gaseous forms. Examples of common dosage forms are provided such as tablets, capsules, syrups, ointments, creams, injections, aerosols, and suppositories. Key characteristics and types of some common dosage forms like tablets and capsules are described in more detail.
This document discusses different dosage forms used to deliver drugs to the body. It defines dosage forms as the means of delivering active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to sites of action within the body. Dosage forms contain APIs and excipients. They are classified based on route of administration and physical form. Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, and implants. Semi-solid forms include ointments, creams, and suppositories. Liquid forms include oral solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. The document provides examples and descriptions of various common dosage forms.
1. Dosage forms are means to deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body to produce optimal effects and minimize adverse effects.
2. Dosage forms provide safe delivery of accurate dosages, protect drugs from degradation, and conceal unpleasant tastes or odors.
3. Dosage forms are classified based on their route of administration, physical form, or drug release mechanism and include tablets, capsules, liquids, semi-solids, inhaled, and rectal/vaginal preparations.
This presentation provides an overview of different dosage forms including their definitions, classifications, and examples. It discusses solid dosage forms like tablets and capsules, liquid forms like syrups and suspensions, and semisolid forms like ointments and creams. The key points are:
- A dosage form refers to the physical form of a drug, such as a tablet, capsule, or liquid, and how it is administered.
- Dosage forms are classified by their physical form (solid, liquid, semisolid), route of administration (oral, topical, parenteral), and release rate (immediate or sustained release).
- Common solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, and powders. Liquid
This document discusses different types of dosage forms, which are means of delivering drug molecules to sites of action in the body. It describes various oral dosage forms including tablets, capsules, liquids, and others. It also covers topical dosage forms such as ointments, creams, gels, and more. Oral dosage forms provide accurate dosing, protection from gastric acid, and masking of taste, while topical forms are used on the skin or mucous membranes to deliver drugs locally. The document provides details on the composition, use, and advantages of many common dosage forms.
This document discusses liquid dosage forms, including their classification and composition. It begins by defining liquid dosage forms and describing their monophasic and biphasic forms. It then classifies common liquid dosage forms for internal and external use, such as syrups, elixirs, linctuses, drops, liniments, and lotions. The document describes the composition and preparation of various liquid dosage forms. It concludes by discussing the advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms and describing common additives used in liquid formulations such as vehicles, buffers, and preservatives.
The document defines drugs and dosage forms. It explains that dosage forms transform pure drug compounds into predetermined forms mixed with non-drug components to aid drug delivery. Dosage forms provide accurate dosing, protection, masking of taste/odor, and controlled release. There are various types of dosage forms classified by route of administration and physical form including solids, liquids, semi-solids, and gases. Common solid dosage forms are tablets, capsules, powders, and granules while liquids include solutions, emulsions, suspensions, elixirs and linctuses. Semi-solid forms for external use are ointments, creams, pastes and jellies.
The document discusses various dosage forms and drug delivery systems. It begins by defining dosage forms as means of delivering drug molecules to sites of action. It then covers different types of solid, liquid, semi-solid, inhaled, rectal and vaginal dosage forms. Key points include classifications based on route of administration (oral, parenteral, etc.) and physical form (solid, liquid, semi-solid). Common examples are provided for different dosage forms like tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, creams, inhalers, and suppositories.
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
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Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
3. 3
MONOPHASIC LIQUIDS
➢The compounding of solution retains an important place in therapeutics
owing to the simplicity of preparation and rapid absorption of soluble
medicinal products. Solutions are of particular value for paediatric, geriatrics
and psychiatric patients who have difficulty in swallowing solid dosage forms
and in cases where individualized dosages are required.
➢Dosage forms meant either for internal, external or parenteral use may be
sub-classified into monophasic or biphasic liquid dosage forms. The
monophasic liquid dosage forms consist of either true or colloidal solutions or
solubilized system. All these consist of only a single phase and may have
either aqueous or non-aqueous solvents as the base.
4. 4
Gargles
➢ Gargles are aqueous solution used to prevent or treat infection. They are usually available in
concentrated form with direction for dilution with warm water for use.
➢ They are brought into intimate contact with mucous membrane of throat and allowed to remain in
contact with it for few seconds, before they are thrown out of mouth. They are used to relieve soreness
in mild throat infection.
➢ Phenol or thymol is used as antibacterial agent in gargles. Phenol or thymol may be present in low
concentrations which exert mild anesthetic effect; KCI is included in gargle preparation for its weak
astringent effect, and stimulation the flow of saliva, which released drugs. Gargle differs from mouth
washes in that they are light medicated oral mixture be diluted with water before use.
➢ For example: Phenol gargle, KCIO3 gargles.
Storage: Gargles should be dispensed in clear, fluted glass bottles. Coloured bottles are required to be
used if gargles need protection from sunlight.
Labeling: For EXTERNAL USE ONLY. NOT TO BE SWALLOWED.
5. 5
Gargles
Formula: Phenol gargle
Rx
Phenol glycerin - 5 ml
Amaranth solution - 1 ml
Purified water - q.s. to 100 ml
This gargle may be prepared by mixing amaranth solution (1% w/v in chloroform water) with a small quantity of water
and adding Phenol glycerin (16% w/w phenol and 84% w/w glycerin) to it. The solution is stirred and made up to
volume with purified water. The gargle is meant to be diluted with equal quantity of warm water before use.
Uses: Antibacterial effect, astringent effect, mild anesthetic effect.
Packaging: Pack in flip flop bottles, water proof packing.
6. 6
Mouth Wash
➢ These are aqueous solutions with a pleasant taste to clean, deodorize the buccal cavity. Mouthwashes
have refreshing, antiseptic and antibacterial activity and prevent Halitosis. They may also contain
alcohol, glycerin, synthetic sweeteners, surfactants, Flavouring and colouring agents. They may be
either acidic or basic in their reaction and in some instances are fairly effective in reducing bacterial
concentration and odors in the mouth for short periods of time.
For example: Compound sodium chloride mouth wash, Zinc chloride mouth wash, Fluoride mouth wash.
Storage: Keep in cool and dry place, Dispense in clear, fluted bottles.
Labeling:
➢ FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY
➢ Not to be swallowed in large amount
➢ Pack in narrow mouth bottle
7. 7
Mouth Wash
Formula:
Rx
Zinc sulphate and zinc chloride mouth wash B.P.C.
Zinc sulphate - 20 g
Zinc chloride - 10 g
Oilute hydrochloride acid - 10 ml
Compound tartarzine solution - 10 ml
Chloroform water to produce - 1000 ml
➢ The preparation may be made by dissolving Zinc sulphate and Zinc chloride in small quantity of Chloroform
solution. To this is added dilute hydrochloric acid and compound tartrazine solution and the final volume is made up
with water.
➢ Zinc sulphate and Zinc chloride included in the preparation acts as astringents. Chloroform water acts as the
flavouring agent and preservative while tartrazine serves as the colour. Zinc sulphate usually contains a small
quantity of oxychloride which may make the solution turbid. This however disappears on addition of dilute
hydrochloric acid.
8. 8
Throat Paint
➢ Solution or dispersion of one or more active agents. Throat paints are viscous liquid preparations used for mouth and throat infections.
Glycerin is commonly used as a base because being viscous it adheres to mucous membrane for a long period. Glycerin prolongs the
action of medicaments. Glycerin also provides sweet taste to preparation.
For example: Boroglycerin, Phenol glycerin throat paint.
Storage: Throat paint should be stored in airtight container and in cool place.
Labeling: For EXTERNAL USE ONLY. Not to be swallowed.
Formula:
RX
Potassium iodide - 2.5 gm
lodine - 1.25 gm
Alcohol - 4 ml
Water - 2.5 ml
Peppermint oil - 0.4 ml
Glycerin - 100 ml
➢ Dissolve the potassium iodide in water. Add the iodine and stir until completely dissolved. Dissolve peppermint oil in alcohol 90% in a
small container and transfer it into iodine solution.
➢ Transfer paint into a measuring cylinder and make up the volume to q.s.
➢ Paint are applied with soft brush.
Packing: A wide mouth, fluted, light resistant, screw car glass bottle is used and dispensed in amber coloured bottle.
9. 9
Ear Drops
➢ Ear drops are liquid preparations meant for instillation into the ear. In these preparations, the drug is usually
dissolved or suspended in a suitable solvent such as propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, glycerol alcohol and
water or a mixture of these. Aqueous vehicle is generally not preferred because the secretions in the ear are fatty in
nature and as such these do not easily mix with water.
➢ Ear drops are generally used for their cleansing, pain relieving and antiseptic actions. The main classes of drugs
include analgesics like benzo ne, antibiotics like neomycin and chloramphenicol and anti-inflammatory agents such
as cortisone and dexamethasone. Wax softening agents include hydrogen peroxide and sodium bicarbonate. Ear
drops are usually supplied in amber coloured, glass bottles with a teat and dropper closure or plastic squeeze
bottles.
➢ Example : Chloramphenicol Ear Drops
Chloramphenicol – 5 g
Propylene glycol q.s to 100 ml
➢ Chloramphenicol ear drops may be prepared by dissolving Chloramphenicol in sufficient quantity of Propylene
glycol and finally making up the final volume with it.
10. 10
Nasal Drops
➢ Nasal drops are liquid preparations intended for instillation into the nostrils usually with the help of a dropper. Nasal
drops are mostly based on aqueous vehicles although oily drops (containing liquid paraffin of suitable viscosity) are
not uncommon. Oily vehicles are generally not preferred since the oil may retard the ciliary action of the mucosa
and may even cause lipoid pneumonia if drops of the oil enter the lungs. Nasal drops are generally formulated to
resemble the nasal secretions as closely as possible. Thus, these are usually isotonic and slightly buffered to
maintain a pH of 5.5 to 7.5. Additionally, the preparation is made slightly viscous with the help of thickening agents
like methyl cellulose to match its viscosity with that of the nasal secretions.
➢ Example : Ephedrine Nasal Drops
Ephedrine Hydrochloride - 0.5 g
Chlorbutol
Sodium Chloride
Purified water q.s to 100 ml
➢ The drops may be prepared by first dissolving Chlorobutol in small quantity of hot water followed by cooling the
solution to room temperature. Other ingredients are then dissolved in the solution, which is filtered and the final
volume is made up with water. These drops are used as decongestant with Ephedrine acting as the active
medicament. Chlorobutol acts as the preservative while Sodium chloride is added to make the solution iso-osmotic
with nasal secretions.
11. 11
Nasal Sprays
➢ Nasal sprays are suspensions or solution of drugs intended for spraying in to the nostrils.
The chief uses of nasal sprays are to relieve nasal congestion and inflammation and to treat
infections. They are intended to be retained in the nasal tract, they are usually viscous and
coarse since fine droplets tend to penetrate further in to the respiratory tract. These
preparations are usually supplied in pressurized containers or plastic squeeze bottles.
12. 12
Enemas
➢ Enemas are liquid preparations meant to be introduced into the rectum for cleansing, therapeutic or diagnostic
purposes. Evacuation enemas are rectal injections employed to evacuate the bowel in constipation or before an
operation. e.g., Enema of soap, Sodium phosphate enema, Olive and arachis oil enema, etc. Retention enemas are
usually employed to influence the general system by absorption or to affect locally the seat of disease. They may
possess anthelmintic (quassia), nutritive, sedative (chloral hydrate), or anti-inflammatory (corticosteroids)
properties, or they may contain radio-opaque substances (barium sulphate) for X-ray examination.
➢ Large volume enemas are administered from a douche can and should be warmed to body temperature before use.
Small volume enemas are available in polythene or polyvinyl chloride bags sealed to a rectal nozzle and these are
more convenient for personal administration since the patient has simply to insert the nozzle and squeeze the bag.
13. 13
Enemas
➢ Enemas are liquid preparations meant to be introduced into the rectum for cleansing, therapeutic or diagnostic
purposes. Evacuation enemas are rectal injections employed to evacuate the bowel in constipation or before an
operation. e.g., Enema of soap, Sodium phosphate enema, Olive and arachis oil enema, etc. Retention enemas are
usually employed to influence the general system by absorption or to affect locally the seat of disease. They may
possess anthelmintic (quassia), nutritive, sedative (chloral hydrate), or anti-inflammatory (corticosteroids)
properties, or they may contain radio-opaque substances (barium sulphate) for X-ray examination.
➢ Large volume enemas are administered from a douche can and should be warmed to body temperature before use.
Small volume enemas are available in polythene or polyvinyl chloride bags sealed to a rectal nozzle and these are
more convenient for personal administration since the patient has simply to insert the nozzle and squeeze the bag.
14. 14
Syrups
➢ Syrups are sweet viscous concentrated aqueous solution of sucrose in purified water.
Simple syrup I.P contains 66.7%w/w sucrose in purified water (100 ml)
Simple syrup USP contains 85%w/v sucrose in purified water (100 m.)
Medicated Syrup: Contains a therapeutic or medicinal agent e.g. Cough syrup.
Flavoured Syrup: Contains Flavouring agent but no medicinal substances e.g. Cherry syrup.
15. 15
Advantages of Syrup
➢ Syrup retards oxidation because it is partly hydrolyzed into its reducing sugar such as laevulose and
dextrose.
➢ It prevents decomposition of vegetable substances. Syrup has high concentration of sugar having high
osmotic pressure which prevents the growth of bacteria, fungi, microbes. It acts as a self preservative.
➢ They are palatable due to the sweetness of sugar. It is a valuable vehicle for the administration of
nauseous and bitter substances.
➢ Syrups are good demulcents and soothing agents and hence they are of special value in cough syrup.
➢ Syrups have good patient compliance.
16. 16
Method of Preparation
➢ Hot Process
➢ Percolation
➢ Agitation Without Heat
➢ Addition of Medicating or Flavouring Liquid to Syrup
17. 17
Hot Process
➢ This method is used when active constituents is neither volatile nor heat labile.
Procedure
✓ Weighed sucrose is taken in beaker.
✓ Purified water is added.
✓ Heated on water bath (less than 70°C) till a solution is obtained.
✓ Product is filtered.
✓ Volume is made up to q.s.
✓ Excessive heat may leads to inversion of sucrose.
18. 18
Percolation
➢ Sucrose is placed in percolator.
➢ Water is passed through sucrose slowly.
➢ Neck of percolator is packed with cotton.
➢ Rate of percolation regulates rate of dissolution.
➢ After complete dissolution final volume is made up to q.s.
19. 19
Agitation Without Heat
➢ Sucrose and other ingredients are weighed properly.
➢ Dissolved in purified water.
➢ Kept in a bottle of about twice the volume of syrup followed by continuous agitation.
➢ Prepared syrup volume is made up to q.s.
20. 20
Addition of Medicating or Flavouring Liquid to Syrup
This method is used when fluid extracts, tinctures or the other liquids are to be added to syrup.
➢ Alcohol is added to dissolve the resinous or oily substances.
➢ Alcohol acts as a preservative also.
21. 21
Formulation of Syrup
Vehicle: Syrups are prepared by using purified water.
Adjuncts: The following adjuncts are generally added to improve the formulation of syrup.
Chemical Stabilizer: Glycerin, sorbitol, propylene glycol is added in small quantity to syrup to prevent the crystallization.
Colouring agent: Many syrup are attractively coloured with coal tar dyes such as amaranth, compound tartarazine and
Green S.
Flavouring agents
Tinctures: Lemon and ginger tincture
Fruit juice: Cherry, Raspberry
Essence: Vanilla, orange
Preservatives: Syrups are self preservative. Generally, Benzoic acid, Sodium benzoate, Methyl paraben etc.
Storage: Stored in well dried, completely filled and well stoppered bottle in a cool dark place. Store at a temperature not
exceeding 25°C.
22. 22
Elixir
Elixirs are defined as clear, aromatic, sweetened, hydroalcoholic liquids intended for oral us
➢ They provide a palatable means of administering potent or nauseous drugs. Elixirs are less sweet and less viscous then
syrup may contain less or no sucrose Elixirs are more stable than syrups and hence preferred over syrup Elixirs contain
4-40% of alcohol (ethanol).
➢ They may contain glycerin and syrup for increasing the solubility of medicaments or for sweetening purpose. Elixirs may
also contain suitable Flavouring and colouring agents Preservatives are not needed in elixirs as alcohol content is
sufficient to act as preservative.
Types of Elixir:
➢ Non-medicated: Not contain medicament and used as flavoring agent. For example: Aromatic elixir.
➢ Medicated: Which contain a potent drug such as antibiotics, antihistamines, sedatives.
23. 23
Method of Preparation
➢ Elixirs are prepared by simple dissolution with agitation or by mixing two or more liquids Ingredients are dissolved in their
respective solvents. For example alcohol soluble ingredients in alcohol and water soluble in water.
➢ Alcoholic strength is maintained by adding the aqueous solution to the alcoholic solution.
➢ The mixture is then made up to the desired volume (q.s.).
➢ At this stage the product may not be clear due to separation of some of the Flavouring agent because the alcoholic
strength is reduced.
➢ Then elixir allowed to stand for some time here the oil globules starts precipitating.
➢ Then elixir is filtered.
➢ Talc can be added to absorb the excess of oils.
➢ Filtration gives clear product.
24. 24
Formulation of Elixir
1. Vehicles: The elixirs are usually prepared by using water, alcohol, glycerin, sorbitol, and propylene glycol. Certain oils are
easily soluble in alcohol where alcohol is used as cosolvent. 30-40% of alcohol may be used to make a clear solution.
2. Adjuncts
(a) Chemical stabilizer: The various chemicals or special solvents are used in many elixirs to make suitable elixir. E.g. For
neomycin elixir - citric acid is added to adjust pH.
(b) Colouring agent: Amaranth, compound tartrazine dyes are used for colouring purpose.
(c) Flavouring agent: Black current syrup, raspberry syrup, lemon syrup etc.
(d) Preservatives: Alcohol 20% or more propylene glycol or glycerol as a vehicle is used as preservative. Chloroform
desirable strength, benzoic acid may also be used.
Container: Elixirs are dispense in well filled, well closed air tight or glass bottles having screw caps.
Storage: Store in cool and dry place, protected from sunlight.
25. 25
Liniments
Liquid or semi-liquid preparation meant for application to the skin. The liniments are usually applied to the skin with friction
and rubbing of skin (on the affected area).The liniment may be alcoholic or oily solution or emulsion.
In alcoholic preparation, alcohol helps in the penetration of medicament to the skin and also increases its counter irritant
effect and rubefacient action.
In oily liniments, arachis oil is commonly used which spreads more easily on the skin. Some lubricants may contain soap
which helps in easy application of liniment on skin.
Liniment should not be applied on broken skin because it may cause excessive irritation. Liniment contain medicament
possessing analgesic action, rubefacient, counter irritant properties and applied in joint pain, muscle pain etc.
Should be dispensed in colored fluted bottle.
Labelling: FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY
Storage: Stored in tightly closed container.
26. 26
Lotions
➢ Lotions are liquid preparations meant for external use without friction.
➢ They are applied direct to the skin with the help of some absorbent material, such as cotton wool, gauze soaked in it.
Lotions are not applied to broken skin it may cause excessive irritation. The insoluble matter should be divided very finely
for preparing lotions. Bentonite as a suspending agent is added to it.
➢ Lotions are applied for antiseptic action, astringent action, germicidal action e.g. Calamine lotion.
➢ Alcohol is sometimes included in aqueous lotions for its cooling and soothing effect e.g. salicylic acid lotion.
Preparation: Lotions are prepared by triturating the ingredients to a smooth paste and then adding the remaining liquid
phase with trituration.
Storage: Lotions should be stored in well closed and in air tight container.
Labeling: FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY
27.
28. 28
Emulsion
➢ An emulsion is a biphasic liquid preparation containing two immiscible liquids, one of which is dispersed as
globules into the other.
➢ The liquid which is converted into globules is called the dispersed phase and the liquid in which the globules
are dispersed is called the continuous phase.
➢ Normally, two immiscible liquids cannot be dispersed for a long period. So, an emulsifying agent is added to
the system.
29. 29
Advantages
➢ Medicines having an unpleasant taste and odour can be made more palatable for oral administration in the
form of an emulsion. e.g. castor oil, cod-liver oil etc.
➢ Emulsion provides protection against drugs which are prone to oxidation or hydrolysis.
➢ Various external preparations such as, cream, lotion and foam aerosols are formulated in emulsion.
➢ The sterile stable intravenous emulsions containing fats, carbohydrates and vitamins can be administered
to the patients who are unable to take them orally.
30. 30
Types of Emulsions
➢ Primary emulsion containing one internal phase, for example,
1. oil-in-water emulsion (o/w)
2. water-in-oil emulsion (w/o).
➢ Secondary emulsion also called multiple-emulsion contains two internal phases, for instance,
1. o/w/o
2. w/o/w.
➢ It can be used to delay release or to increase the stability of the active compounds
31. 31
Identification test for Emulsion
1. Dilution test:
➢ The emulsion is diluted with water. In case the emulsion remains stable after its dilution, it is o/w emulsion.
The w/o emulsion breaks on its dilution with water but remain stable when diluted with oils.
2. Dye test:
➢ The scarlet red dye is mixed with the emulsion. Place a drop of the emulsion on a microscopic slide, cover it
with a cover-slip, and examine it under a microscope.
➢ If the disperse globules appear red and the ‘ground’ colorless, the emulsion is o/w type.
➢ The reverse condition occurs in w/o type emulsion i.e., the disperse globules appear colorless in the red
‘ground’.
32. 32
Identification test for Emulsion
3. Conductivity test:
➢ Water is a good conductor of electricity, whereas oil is non-conductor of electricity.
➢ The conductivity test can be performed by dipping a pair of electrodes connected through a low voltage bulb
in the emulsion.
➢ If the bulb glows on passing the electric current, the emulsion is o/w type, because water is in continuous
phase.
➢ Incase the bulb dose not glow, the emulsion is w/o type, because oil is in continue phase.
33. 33
Identification test for Emulsion
3. Fluorescence test:
➢ Certain fixed oils possess the physical property of fluorescing in the presence of ultraviolet radiation.
➢ On microscopic observation of emulsion under ultraviolet radiation, the whole field fluorescence indicates
that oil is present in continuous phase (w/o type emulsion) and droplets fluorescence indicates that oil is
present in dispensed phase (o/w type emulsion).
34. 34
Classification of Emulsion
1. Classification of emulsion on the basis of type of emulsifying agent:
A. Natural Gum e.g. Acacia, Tragacanth
B. Gum Substitute e.g. Cellulose & its derivatives
C. Various Soap
D. Saponins
E. Starch
F. Natural Wax e.g. Wool fat & bees wax
G. Synthetic Wax e.g. emulsifying Wax
35. 35
1. Classification of emulsion on the basis of mode of administration:
A. For Oral Administration
These are usually o/w type of emulsion and are used to administe oils having medicinal value. E.g.
Castor oil, olive oil, almond oil, cod-liver & liquid Paraffin.
B. For External use
These may be either o/w type or w/o type. However o/w emulsion are preferred over w/o type
emulsions.
C. For Parenteral use
These are used to administer fat soluble vitamins such as A,D,E & oil soluble hormones because
their absorption in this form is very rapid.
37. 37
Emulsifying Agents
➢ The emulsifying agents reduce the interfacial tension between two phase, oily phase & aqueous
phase and thus make them miscible with each other and form a stable emulsion.
➢ Emulsifying agents are also known as emulgents or emulsifiers.
❖ An ideal emulsifying agents should have the following Properties:
➢ It should be capable of reducing the interfacial tension between the two immiscible liquids.
➢ It should be compatible with other ingredients of the preparation
➢ It should be non-toxic.
➢ It should be capable to produce ad maintain the required consistency of the emulsion.
➢ It should be chemically stable.
39. 39
Natural Emulsifying agents from vegetable Source
➢ These are carbohydrates which includes gums and mucilaginous substances. They are anionic in nature and produce
o/w type emulsions.
➢ The emulsions prepared from these emulsifying agents need suitable preservative to preserve them because the
carbohydrates act as a medium for bacterial growth.
1. Acacia:
✓ Acacia is considered to be the best emulsifying agents for the extemporaneous preparation of emulsion for internal use.
✓ Emulsion prepared with gum acacia are attractive in appearance, quite palatable and relatively stable over a wide range
of pH (2 to 10).
2. Tragacanth:
✓ Tragacanth alone is rarely used as emulsifying agent because it produces very coarse and thick emulsion. The
appearance and stability of the emulsion can be improved by passing the emulsion through a homogenizer.
✓ A stable emulsion can also be produced if tragacanth is used along with gum acacia as emulsifying agent.
40. 40
3. Agar:
✓ It is not good emulsifying agent, as forms a very coarse and viscous emulsion. It is used as emulsifying
agents by preparing 2% mucilage, by dissolving in boiling water and cooled at 45 C.
4. Pectin:
✓ It is used as emulsifying agents by preparing 1 % mucilage in water. It is incompatible with alkalies, strong
alcohol, tannic acid and salicylic acid.
5. Starch:
✓ Starch mucilage is rarely used because it forms very coarse emulsions. It is generally used to prepare
enemas.
41. 41
Natural Emulsifying agents from animal source
1. Wool fat:
✓ It is generally used in emulsion which are meant for external use. It produce o/w emulsion and can absorb
about 50 % of water.
2. Egg yolk
✓ It is mainly used in extemporaneous preparations meant for internal use because it gel spoiled during
transportation. The emulsion prepared with egg yolk require proper preservation and storage in a
refrigerator.
✓ It is used as emulsifying agents in the concentration of 12-15%.
3. Gelatin:
✓ It is used in the concentration of 1% as emulsifying agents. It is mainly used for the emulsification of liquid
paraffin.
✓ The emulsion prepared with gelatin is quite white and have an agreeable taste. But it needs proper
preservation because emulsions are prone to bacterial growth.
42. 42
Semi-synthetic Polysaccharides
1. Methyl cellulose:
✓ It Is a synthetic derivative of cellulose. It is widely used as suspending, thickening and emulsifying agents in
the concentration of 2%.It is commonly used for emulsification of mineral and vegetable oils but get
precipitated in the presence of large amount of electrolytes.
2. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose:
✓ It is used as an emulsion stabilizer in the concentration of 0.5 to 1.0%. It is soluble in both cold and hot
water.
43. 43
Synthetic Emulsifying agent
1. Anionic:
✓ Various alkali soaps, metallic soaps, sulphated alcohols and sulphonates are used as anionic emulsifying
agents.
✓ Soap emulsions are used for external application. SLS is commonly used as emulsifying agents among the
sulphated alcohols. It Produces o/w emulsion.
2. Cationic:
✓ The quaternary ammonium compounds, such as benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, cetrimide
are used as cationic emulsifying agents. Cationic surface active agents bear positive charge on them.
✓ They mainly used in the preparations meant for external use such as skin lotion and cream.
3. Non-Ionic:
✓ The glyceryl esters, such as Glyceryl monostearate, sorbitan fatty acid esters such as sorbitan
monopalminate are commonly used non-ionic surface active agents.
✓ They are widely used in the preparation of pharmaceutical emulsions, because emulsions prepared with
non-ionic surfactants remain stable over a wide range of pH changes.
44. 44
Inorganic Emulsifying Agents
✓ Several inorganic substances such as milk of magnesium (10-20%), Magnesium Oxide (5-10%), and
magnesium aluminium silicate (1%) are used to prepared coarse o/w emulsion.
✓ Bentonite (5%) is used to prepare o/w or w/o emulsions. When bentonite is used to prepare o/w emulsion,
oil is added to the suspension of bentonite, where as when it is used to prepared w/o emulsion, oil phase is
placed in the container and then bentonite suspension is added to the oil with rapid stirring.
45. 45
Alcohols
1. Carbowaxes:
✓ These are Mainly used in the preparation of ointments and creams. Carbowaxes having molecular weight
between 200-700 are viscous, light colored, hygroscopic liquids.
✓ Where as carbowaxes with molecular weight 1000 and above are wax like solids.
2. Cholesterol:
✓ In this category, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, cholesterol and glyceryl monostearate are used to stabilize
the emulsion.
3.Lecithins:
✓ Lecithins which forms w/o emulsion, is rarely used as an emulsifying agents because it darkens in colour
when exposed to light and gets easily oxidised.
46. 46
Preservation of Emulsions
✓ Emulsions which are prepared by using emulsifying agents, such as carbohydrates, protiens, sterol and
non-ionic surfactants may lead to the growth of bacteria, fungi and moulds in the presence of water.
✓ The contamination of emulsions by these micro-organisms may cause unplkeasant odour, taste and
discoloration.
➢ The contamination of an emulsion may occur due to any one of the following reason:
✓ The equipment used in the preparation of emulsion are carelessly cleaned.
✓ By using contaminated natural emulsifying agents such as gums, starches and clays.
✓ The ratio of oil and water is not proper.
✓ By using not properly stored deionized and purified water.
✓ pH of the preparation.
47. 47
Antioxidants
✓ During storage of emulsion, the fats and emulsifying agents undergo oxidation by atmospheric oxygen.
✓ This can be avoided by using antioxidant such as tocopherol, gallic acid and ascorbic acid.
❖ The following are some of the qualities of an ideal anti-oxidant:
✓ It should be readily soluble in the medium.
✓ It should be effective in low concentration.
✓ It should be non toxic.
✓ It should be non irritant.
✓ It should be colorless, odorless and tasteless.
48. 48
Flavours
✓ Vanillin is a good Flavouring agent for liquid paraffin emulsion.
✓ Benzaldehyde is generally used as Flavouring agents for cod-liver oil emulsion.
✓ A combination of Flavouring and sweetening agents provides greater palatability to emulsion.
49. 49
Preparation of Emulsion
✓ The following methods are commonly used for the preparation of emulsions on small scale:
1. Dry gum Method
2. Wet gum Method
3. Bottle Method
4. Other Method
50. 50
Dry Gum Method
✓ Measure the required quantity of oil in dry measure and transfer it into a dry mortar.
✓ Add the calculated quantity of gum acacia into it and triturate rapidly so as to form a uniform Mixture.
✓ Add required quantity of water and triturate vigorously till a clicking sound is produced and the product
becomes white or nearly white due to the total internal reflection of light.
✓ The emulsion produced at this stage is known as primary emulsion.
✓ Add more of water to produce required volume.
51. 51
Wet Gum Method
✓ Calculate the quantity of oil, water and gum required for preparing the primary emulsion.
✓ Powder the gum acacia in a mortar. Add water and triturate it with gum so as to form a mucilage.
✓ Add required quantity of oil in small portions with rapid trituration until a clicking sound is produced and the
product becomes white or nearly white. At this stage the emulsion is known as primary emulsion.
✓ Add more of water in small portions to the primary emulsion with trituration to produce the required volume.
Stir thoroughly so as to form a uniform emulsion.
✓ Transfer the emulsion to a bottle, cork, label and dispense.
52. 52
Bottle Method
✓ Measure the required quantity of the oil and transfer into a large bottle. Add the required quantity of
powdered gum acacia.
✓ Shake the bottle, until the oil and gum are mixed.
✓ Add the calculated amount of water all at once.
✓ Shake the mixture to form a primary emulsion.
✓ Add more of water in small portions with constant agitation to produce the required volume.
53. 53
Stability of Emulsion
✓ An emulsion is said to be stable if it remains as such after its preparation, i.e., dispersion globules are
uniformly distributed throughout the dispersion medium during its storage.
✓ The emulsion should be chemically stable and there should not be any bacterial growth during its shelflife.
✓ The following three changes usually occurs during the storage of an emulsion:
1. Cracking
2. Creaming
3. Phase inversion
54. 54
1. Cracking
✓ Cracking means the separation of two layers of disperse and continuous phase, due to the coalescence of
disperse phase globules which are difficult to redisperse by shaking.
✓ Cracking may occurs due to following reasons:
1. By addition of emulsifying agents of opposite type
2. By decomposition or precipitation of emulsifying agents
3. By addition of a common solvent
4. By Microorganisms
5. Changes in temperature
6. By creaming
55. 55
By addition of emulsifying agents of opposite type
✓ Soaps of monovalent metals produce o/w type emulsions where as soaps of divalent metal produce w/o
type emulsions.
✓ But the addition of monovalent soap to a divalent soap emulsion or a divalent soap to a monovalent soap
emulsion leads to cracking of emulsion.
By decomposition or precipitation of emulsifying agents
✓ When an acid is added to an alkali soap emulsion, it causes the decomposition of an emulsifying agents
and thus leads to cracking of an emulsion.
✓ Similarly, when sodium chloride is added to sodium or potassium soap emulsion, it leads to the precipitation
of emulsifying agents and thus cracking of emulsion take place.
56. 56
By addition of a common solvents
✓ When a solvent is added to an emulsion which is either miscible with or dissolve the dispersed phase, the
emulsifying agent and continue phase, there is formation of one phase or a clean solution.
✓ This leads to cracking of an emulsion
By Microorganisms
✓ If emulsions are not stored properly, they may develop bacterial and mould growth. This may leads to
destruction of emulsifying agents and cause cracking of emulsion.
✓ Therefore, it is desirable that all emulsions which are required to be stored for a long period should be
suitably preserved.
57. 57
Changes in temperature
✓ When emulsion are stored for a long time, an increase in temperature may reduce the viscosity of the
emulsion and encourage creaming.
✓ When emulsions are stored at a very low temperature, freezing of its water content into ice and melting of
an ice and shaking may reform the emulsion.
By Creaming
✓ A creamy emulsion is more liable to crack than a homogenous emulsion. It is therefore, necessary to take
steps to retard creaming as far as possible.
58. 58
2. Creaming
✓ Creaming may be defined as the upward movement of dispersed globules to form a thick layer at the
surface of the emulsion.
✓ Creaming is a temporary phase because it can be re-distributed by mild shaking or stirring to get again a
homogenous emulsion.
✓ As far as possible creaming of an emulsion should be avoided because it may lead to cracking with
complete separation of two phase
✓ According to stoke’s law, the rate of creaming depends on the number of factors which can be explained by
following equation:
𝑥 =
2𝑟2 𝑑1 − 𝑑2 𝑔
9𝑛
59. 59
✓ According to stoke’s law, the rate of creaming depends on the number of factors which can be explained by
following equation:
𝑥 =
2𝑟2 𝑑1 − 𝑑2 𝑔
9𝑛
Where,
V= Rate of creaming
R= Radius of globules
D1=Density of dispersed phase
D2=density of continuous phase
G= Gravitational phase
N=Viscosity of the dispersion medium
60. 60
1. Radius of globules:
✓ The rate of creaming is directly proportional to the radius of the globules. Larger the size of globules the
more will be creaming and smaller the size of the globules, lesser will be creaming. The small globules rise
less quickly than large globules.
✓ Hence, creaming can be reduced by reducing size of globules by passing the emulsion through a
homogenizer.
2. Difference in density of disperse phase and continuous phase:
✓ The rate of creaming depends upon the difference between the densities of the disperse phase &
continuous phase.
✓ Greater the difference, more will be the creaming. This difference can be reduced but it is not desirable
because it is not required therapeutically.
61. 61
3. Viscosity of the dispersed:
✓ The rate of creaming is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the dispersed medium.
✓ The viscosity can be increased by adding tragacanth and methyl cellulose, but too much viscosity is
undesirable because it may become difficult to redisperse the materials which have settled at the bottom.
✓ Moreover, it is difficult to pour the emulsion from the container.
4. Storage condition:
✓ The emulsion should be stored in a cool place because the rise in temperature reduces the viscosity which
may leads to creaming.
✓ The freezing should be avoided because it may leads to cracking.
62. 62
3. Phase inversion
✓ Phase inversion means the change of one type of emulsion in to the other type i.e., oil in water emulsion
changes in to water in oil emulsion.
✓ It may be due to following reason:
1. By the addition of an electrolyte
2. By changing the phase volume ratio
3. By temperature change
4. By changing the emulsifying agents
✓ The phase inversion can be minimized by keeping the concentration of disperse phase between 30-60 %,
storing the emulsion in a cool place and using proper emulsifying agents in proper concentration.
63. 63
Storage of Emulsion
✓ The emulsion should be stored in containers having an adequate air space above the emulsion, so as to
permit adequate shaking before its use.
✓ The emulsion which are use for internal, should be packed in comparatively wide mouth bottle so that it is
easy to remove it without any difficulty.
✓ A secondary label “Shake Well Before use” is required to be fixed on the container.
✓ An emulsion should be stored in air tight closed container, protected from light, frrzing and excess heat.
✓ They are required to be stored in a cool place.
64. 64
EMULSION SUSPENSION
It is a heterogeneous mixture of two immiscible
liquids
It is a heterogeneous mixture
Dispersed particle do not settle on standing Dispersed particle settle on standing
Dispersed particle size 1 to 1000nm Dispersed particle size more than 1000nm
Particle are not visible through the naked eye Particle are visible through the naked eye
It can not be separated by filtration It can be separated by filtration
Dispersed in solid, liquid or gas Dispersed in liquid
Emulsifying agents are required Suspending agent are required
Freezing should be avoided during as it leads to
cracking
Freezing should be avoided during as it leads to
aggregation
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EMULSION & SUSPENSION