The quest for better food quality has invariably increased cases of food-borne infections which in turn contribute to the problem of antibiotic resistance as a result of drug abuse. This study is aimed at characterizing bacterial isolates from some seafood sold in Nembe, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. A total of 200 fresh seafood samples (crab, shrimp, oyster and periwinkle) were collected randomly from Nembe, Bayelsa State. Isolates were obtained using the conventional microbiological methods and the pure cultures were screened by gram staining and biochemical test for preliminary identification. Isolates were further characterized for 16SrRNA using Polymerase Chain Reaction and Sequencing. The most dominant species isolated were Staphylococcus gallinarum 27(22.5%), Vibrio rotiferanus 17(14.2%), Vibrio parahaemolyticus 48(40%), Klebsiella aerogenes 10(8.3%) and Klebsiella quasipneumoniae 18(15%). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) by single factor was done to determine the variation in colony counts of isolates from the different seafood samples and P value was > 0.05 indicating that there is no significant difference in colony counts among the different sea foods. The presence of these bacterial species in these seafood samples renders the food unsafe for consumption. Adequate handling as well as proper cooking of seafood before consumption is highly recommended so as to reduce the incidence of food-borne infections.
Actinobacterial Diversity of Machilipatnam Coast India with an Emphasis on No...ijtsrd
Marine microbes serve as an important source for commercial bioactive compounds. The present research is focussed on the Actinobacterial diversity of Machilipatnam coast. Actinobacteria are Gram positive bacteria that resemble Fungi in having filaments forming mycelia colonies. Owing to their morphological and cultural characteristics Actinobacteria are considered a group other than Bacteria. The different Actinobacterial Strains were studied having an ability to utilize the various carbon compounds as source of energy. 27 isolates of Actinobacteria including white, green, grey, orange and pink with different morphological types were isolated from Station I and II. Among them 19 isolates were from Pedapatnam and 27 from Polatitippa. The 27 identified species were falling under 10 genera including Actinobispora, Actinomadura, Actinomyces, Microbispora, Nocardis, Nocardiopsis, Saccharomonospora, Streptomyces, Streptosporangium and Thermomonospora. Streptomyces was the most dominant genus. For the evaluation of antibacterial activity, clinical strains of bacteria such as Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus faecalis and Gram - negative Proteus vulgaris and Salmonella typhi were used. Streptomyces alboniger, S.coelicolor and S.griseus were selected to study their antagonistic activity against the above mentioned clinical bacteria. D. Srinivasa Rao | Khudsia Hussain "Actinobacterial Diversity of Machilipatnam Coast (India) with an Emphasis on Novel Preparation of Salinispora Actinobacterial Probiotics in Sustainable Aquaculture" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29227.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29227/actinobacterial-diversity-of-machilipatnam-coast-india-with-an-emphasis-on-novel-preparation-of-salinispora-actinobacterial-probiotics-in-sustainable-aquaculture/d-srinivasa-rao
Mycotoxins are recognized as toxic compounds of great concern in the context of human health and economy. Mycotoxins are toxic chemical products formed as secondary metabolites by some fungi that readily colonise crops in the field or after harvest. The toxicity syndrome resulting from the intake of such contaminated material by animal and manis termed Mycotoxicosis.These compounds pose a potential threat to human and animal health through ingestion of food products prepared from these commodities.Mycotoxicoses affect various systems of the body according to the target organs of the mycotoxin. This review revealed the major mycotoxins of fungal origin and their mycotoxicoses. The study also reviewed the history of mycotoxin, methods of mycotoxin detection, analysis and the health implications of consuming mycotoxin-contaminated foods/products. In most developing countries, majority are ignorant of the inherent dangers of consuming mouldy produce or food contaminated with fungi and moulds with possible contamination by mycotoxigenic fungi. In view of this, there is need for general and public education to sensitise the people on the health hazards posed by mycotoxins. Proper washing and cooking practices of food commodities, good agricultural practices, fast and effective analyses and detection, good produce handling and storage are some of the control/regulatory measures that should be encouraged, as to assist in mitigating the side effects of mycotoxins in food and health particularly in the tropical and sub-tropical countries and in African where there is enabling environment that promotes fungal growth.
Many Gram negative bacteria, especially Aeromonas hydrophila are notorious for their heightened capacity to acquire and exchange antibiotic resistance genes and consequently, are commonly targeted as indicator organism for monitoring antimicrobial resistance in aquatic milieus. This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence and drug resistance patterns of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from farm raised catfish at Epe fish farm, Lagos State, Nigeria. Swabs were aseptically taken from the kidney, intestine, liver, gills, and skin after dissecting the fish samples. The specimens were bacteriologically analyzed. After series of biochemical test, the isolated bacteria were identified presumptively according to Bergey’s Manual of determinative bacteriology, 7th Edition. Fifty-seven (57) Aeromonas hydrophila were recovered out of seventy-one (71) bacterial isolated from the 35 fish samples collected from the fish farms studied. The study reveals multiple antibiotics resistance pattern among the isolates as Aeromonas hydrophila were 100% resistant to Streptomycin, Oxytetracycline, Chloranphenicol, Pefloxacin, Ofloxacin and 70, 65 and 55% resistant to Gentamycin, Amoxycillin and Erythromycin respectively. However, all the isolates were 100% susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Cotrimoxazole only. The presence of multidrug-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila in fish could be a vehicle of horizontal gene transfer to previously susceptible bacteria and these could constitute a serious public health hazard to human and animal in the environment. Thus, the use of antibiotics in catfish production as growth promoter or disease prevention should be discouraged and some safer, biological alternatives strategies should suffice to mitigate bacteria drug resistance and its associated problems.
Hervé Blottiere-El impacto de las ciencias ómicas en la medicina, la nutrició...Fundación Ramón Areces
El 29 de marzo de 2016 celebramos un Simposio Internacional sobre el 'Impacto de las ciencias ómicas en la medicina, nutrición y biotecnología'. Organizado por la Fundación Ramón Areces en colaboración con la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina y BioEuroLatina, abordó cómo un mejor conocimiento del genoma humano está permitiendo notables avances hacia una medicina de precisión.
The study was carried out to determine the effect of fungi contaminated feed on the growth and survival of catfish, Clarias gariepinus juveniles. This research was carried out for a period of twelve weeks. Forty catfish juveniles were stocked at a rate of twenty juveniles per plastic tank. Catfish juveniles in one tank were fed with moldy feed and the control was served with non -moldy feed and was observed for twelve weeks to determine and compare their growth and survival. Catfish juveniles fed with moldy feed had the highest mortality as well as slower growth as compared to the control fed with non-moldy feed. The survival rate of juveniles stocked was 55% and mortality rate was 45% and majority of mortality was from juveniles fed with moldy feed and majority of the survival rate was from juveniles fed with non-moldy feed. Some water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were also taken and no significant difference was observed. Moldy feed or feedstuff should not be used as this can cause great mortality and therefore loss to fish farmers.
The Role of the Skin Microbiome in Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)Laura Berry
Presented at the 3rd Microbiome R&D and Business Collaboration Congress: Asia. To find out more, visit: www.global-engage.com
Using modern genomic techniques Niranjan Nagarajan, Associate Director and Group Leader at A*STAR, has identified key perturbations in the resident skin microflora that could act as triggers for eczema flares. Niranjan presents a new form of the hygiene hypothesis for explaining the increasing incidence of eczema and revealing, in the process, novel therapeutic targets for this disease.
Isolation and Identification of Fungi from fast food restaurants in Langa BazarIJEAB
A total of (218) samples from Eleven different foods were processed between October 2016 and February 2017 which include (Tomato, Chicken meat, red meat, falafel, potato, bread, eggplant, cabbage, celery, cucumber and onion). Samples were collected from 4 different fast food restaurants inoculated on Potato dextrose agar and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. Isolated fungus identified morphologically and microscopically in accordance with standard procedures. Results showed that six fungal genera were associated with the selected fast food restaurants. The isolated fungal genera were Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp., Mucor sp., Rhizopus sp., Saccharomyces sp., Brettanomyces sp. The number of total colonies in October were 236 and in February were 119 and the number of colonies were higher when cultured on Potato dextrose agar than Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. There was variation in the pattern of occurrence of the fungus in fast foods Aspergillus sp. appears to be the most pathogenic fungi that present in the food samples.
Actinobacterial Diversity of Machilipatnam Coast India with an Emphasis on No...ijtsrd
Marine microbes serve as an important source for commercial bioactive compounds. The present research is focussed on the Actinobacterial diversity of Machilipatnam coast. Actinobacteria are Gram positive bacteria that resemble Fungi in having filaments forming mycelia colonies. Owing to their morphological and cultural characteristics Actinobacteria are considered a group other than Bacteria. The different Actinobacterial Strains were studied having an ability to utilize the various carbon compounds as source of energy. 27 isolates of Actinobacteria including white, green, grey, orange and pink with different morphological types were isolated from Station I and II. Among them 19 isolates were from Pedapatnam and 27 from Polatitippa. The 27 identified species were falling under 10 genera including Actinobispora, Actinomadura, Actinomyces, Microbispora, Nocardis, Nocardiopsis, Saccharomonospora, Streptomyces, Streptosporangium and Thermomonospora. Streptomyces was the most dominant genus. For the evaluation of antibacterial activity, clinical strains of bacteria such as Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus faecalis and Gram - negative Proteus vulgaris and Salmonella typhi were used. Streptomyces alboniger, S.coelicolor and S.griseus were selected to study their antagonistic activity against the above mentioned clinical bacteria. D. Srinivasa Rao | Khudsia Hussain "Actinobacterial Diversity of Machilipatnam Coast (India) with an Emphasis on Novel Preparation of Salinispora Actinobacterial Probiotics in Sustainable Aquaculture" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29227.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29227/actinobacterial-diversity-of-machilipatnam-coast-india-with-an-emphasis-on-novel-preparation-of-salinispora-actinobacterial-probiotics-in-sustainable-aquaculture/d-srinivasa-rao
Mycotoxins are recognized as toxic compounds of great concern in the context of human health and economy. Mycotoxins are toxic chemical products formed as secondary metabolites by some fungi that readily colonise crops in the field or after harvest. The toxicity syndrome resulting from the intake of such contaminated material by animal and manis termed Mycotoxicosis.These compounds pose a potential threat to human and animal health through ingestion of food products prepared from these commodities.Mycotoxicoses affect various systems of the body according to the target organs of the mycotoxin. This review revealed the major mycotoxins of fungal origin and their mycotoxicoses. The study also reviewed the history of mycotoxin, methods of mycotoxin detection, analysis and the health implications of consuming mycotoxin-contaminated foods/products. In most developing countries, majority are ignorant of the inherent dangers of consuming mouldy produce or food contaminated with fungi and moulds with possible contamination by mycotoxigenic fungi. In view of this, there is need for general and public education to sensitise the people on the health hazards posed by mycotoxins. Proper washing and cooking practices of food commodities, good agricultural practices, fast and effective analyses and detection, good produce handling and storage are some of the control/regulatory measures that should be encouraged, as to assist in mitigating the side effects of mycotoxins in food and health particularly in the tropical and sub-tropical countries and in African where there is enabling environment that promotes fungal growth.
Many Gram negative bacteria, especially Aeromonas hydrophila are notorious for their heightened capacity to acquire and exchange antibiotic resistance genes and consequently, are commonly targeted as indicator organism for monitoring antimicrobial resistance in aquatic milieus. This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence and drug resistance patterns of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from farm raised catfish at Epe fish farm, Lagos State, Nigeria. Swabs were aseptically taken from the kidney, intestine, liver, gills, and skin after dissecting the fish samples. The specimens were bacteriologically analyzed. After series of biochemical test, the isolated bacteria were identified presumptively according to Bergey’s Manual of determinative bacteriology, 7th Edition. Fifty-seven (57) Aeromonas hydrophila were recovered out of seventy-one (71) bacterial isolated from the 35 fish samples collected from the fish farms studied. The study reveals multiple antibiotics resistance pattern among the isolates as Aeromonas hydrophila were 100% resistant to Streptomycin, Oxytetracycline, Chloranphenicol, Pefloxacin, Ofloxacin and 70, 65 and 55% resistant to Gentamycin, Amoxycillin and Erythromycin respectively. However, all the isolates were 100% susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Cotrimoxazole only. The presence of multidrug-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila in fish could be a vehicle of horizontal gene transfer to previously susceptible bacteria and these could constitute a serious public health hazard to human and animal in the environment. Thus, the use of antibiotics in catfish production as growth promoter or disease prevention should be discouraged and some safer, biological alternatives strategies should suffice to mitigate bacteria drug resistance and its associated problems.
Hervé Blottiere-El impacto de las ciencias ómicas en la medicina, la nutrició...Fundación Ramón Areces
El 29 de marzo de 2016 celebramos un Simposio Internacional sobre el 'Impacto de las ciencias ómicas en la medicina, nutrición y biotecnología'. Organizado por la Fundación Ramón Areces en colaboración con la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina y BioEuroLatina, abordó cómo un mejor conocimiento del genoma humano está permitiendo notables avances hacia una medicina de precisión.
The study was carried out to determine the effect of fungi contaminated feed on the growth and survival of catfish, Clarias gariepinus juveniles. This research was carried out for a period of twelve weeks. Forty catfish juveniles were stocked at a rate of twenty juveniles per plastic tank. Catfish juveniles in one tank were fed with moldy feed and the control was served with non -moldy feed and was observed for twelve weeks to determine and compare their growth and survival. Catfish juveniles fed with moldy feed had the highest mortality as well as slower growth as compared to the control fed with non-moldy feed. The survival rate of juveniles stocked was 55% and mortality rate was 45% and majority of mortality was from juveniles fed with moldy feed and majority of the survival rate was from juveniles fed with non-moldy feed. Some water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were also taken and no significant difference was observed. Moldy feed or feedstuff should not be used as this can cause great mortality and therefore loss to fish farmers.
The Role of the Skin Microbiome in Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)Laura Berry
Presented at the 3rd Microbiome R&D and Business Collaboration Congress: Asia. To find out more, visit: www.global-engage.com
Using modern genomic techniques Niranjan Nagarajan, Associate Director and Group Leader at A*STAR, has identified key perturbations in the resident skin microflora that could act as triggers for eczema flares. Niranjan presents a new form of the hygiene hypothesis for explaining the increasing incidence of eczema and revealing, in the process, novel therapeutic targets for this disease.
Isolation and Identification of Fungi from fast food restaurants in Langa BazarIJEAB
A total of (218) samples from Eleven different foods were processed between October 2016 and February 2017 which include (Tomato, Chicken meat, red meat, falafel, potato, bread, eggplant, cabbage, celery, cucumber and onion). Samples were collected from 4 different fast food restaurants inoculated on Potato dextrose agar and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. Isolated fungus identified morphologically and microscopically in accordance with standard procedures. Results showed that six fungal genera were associated with the selected fast food restaurants. The isolated fungal genera were Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp., Mucor sp., Rhizopus sp., Saccharomyces sp., Brettanomyces sp. The number of total colonies in October were 236 and in February were 119 and the number of colonies were higher when cultured on Potato dextrose agar than Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. There was variation in the pattern of occurrence of the fungus in fast foods Aspergillus sp. appears to be the most pathogenic fungi that present in the food samples.
Presentation by Charles Tyler on 'Sustainable Aquaculture Future (SAF) Aquaculture Projects in Bangladesh: Focus on the Environment' at the One Health Approach workshop on Tuesday, 23 March 2021.
Isolation of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Seaweeds Amphiroa anceps ag...Ferdinand .S. Lubobi
The biodiversity of ocean living resources provide an ample scope for the extraction of drugs and chemicals for therapeutic purposes. Sea weed Amphiroa anceps, collected from Thondi-Palk Strait region of Tamil Nadu, was studied for antagonistic activity of proteins. Seaweed species were identified based on specula morphology. Ethyl
Acetate extracts yielded a total of 0.9 g, 0.12 g, 0.02 g, 0.14 g and 0.17 g from 1.5 g of sponge respectively. The antagonistic activity of crude extract against bacterial pathogens showed clear inhibition zones against Yersinia sp., Streptococcus sp. and Vibrio sp. The extracted Seaweed strain had Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations against all the three chicken meat associated pathogens, Vibrio sp., Yersinia sp. and Streptococcus sp. and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration against two chicken meat associated pathogens, Vibrio sp. and Yersinia sp.
Microbes are our Friends.. The effective way of microbes treating our diseases and fighting with the pathogens is very effective. The human microbiome project is a current topic the researchers are focusing now. We think we are humans but the research of Human Microbiome Project states that we are 1% Humans 99% microbes. The highlights of this project is fecal transplantation and effective way of killing pathogens with the positive microbes.
The way we treat our body will treat you back and the antigens which are entered in to our body will greatly fight with microbes to survive and make the human body safe and healthy.
Finally Microbes are us and we are them
Microbiological Investigations on Gryllotalpa Africana [Orthoptera: Gryllotal...iosrjce
This paper reports for the first time the bacterial distribution on Gryllotalpa africana, a mole cricket
and one of the edible hexapods of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Children hunt it during the rainy and also
at dry seasons and it is harvested as snacks in the rural settings of the region. It is eaten raw, boiled, fried or
roasted along with other condiments including onions and pepper. It is a delicacy enjoyed in many other parts
of Nigeria. Assessments were made to identify bacteria that are associated with different external structures of
the edible mole cricket.
Microorganisms are small organisms invisible to the naked eye because of their extremely small size.They are grouped into various groups like Bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses.
Many of these organisms are useful to human and nature while some are harmful and even cause diseases.
Microbiological Investigations of Selected Flies of Public Health Importance ...iosrjce
Bacteria associated with flies of public health importance in Nigeria are not well known and their
ecology is also not well understood. We aim to determine the bacteria associated with flies of waste dump site.
Three flies of public health significance were collected from a waste dump site of the Rivers State University of
Science and Technology, Port Harcourt. The three dipterous flies were Luciliasericata, Chrysomyasp and
Musca domestica..The three flies were all of medical importance.The microbial load on three species of flies
was investigated using standard plate count methods. The fly samples were collected from the Post Graduate
Entomology Laboratory was cultured to isolate and identify the microbes associated with them. The samples
were analyzed for total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. The study revealed high heterotrophic bacteria
and fungi counts in all three species of the flies used, with Musca domestica having the highest count of 2.9 X
109Cfu/gram and Chrysomyasp with the least count of 3.4 x 10 5Cfu/g and fungi counts ranged from 3.1 X
103Cfu/g to 2.9 X 105Cfu/g. The bacteria isolated from these samples includes: Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonassp,, Bacillussp, Enterobactersp, Staphylococcussp,Salmonellasp, Proteussp, and Klebsiellasp,
while the fungi species isolated includes: Penicilliumsp,
Aspergillussp,Rhizopussp,Cladosporiumsp,Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusniger, Fusariumsp and Trichoderma
sp.
Antibiotic resistance in Vibrio species is of critical importance. This study evaluates the antibiotic resistance of Vibrio species present in farmed shrimp. Shrimp samples were obtained from an aquaculture farm. The tissues of Shrimp were examined and a total of 29 Vibrio isolates were identified. Through the biochemical test, the Vibrio isolates were identified as V. alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. furnissii, V. mimicus, V.parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus. The Vibrio species were tested for their resistance to eighteen antibiotics that are frequently present in the aquatic environment. Out of the total isolates, 6 were selected as dominant species for antibiotic susceptibility test. In the present study, Vibrio cholerae isolated from fresh shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against seven antibiotics, V.vulnificus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against ten antibiotics and this was the only isolate to show maximum resistance against the selected antibiotics. V.mimicus and V.alginolyticus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance to against seven different antibiotics. V.parahaemolyticus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against eight antibiotics whereas V.furnissii isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against six antibiotics. In general, all samples showed an increased level of antibiotic resistance due to improper
Cluster Analysis of Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria from Clarias gariepinus an...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Fish is a major source of protein for humans, and it is patronized by many in the tropics – where fishes can either be cultivated in the farms domestically or caught from open water bodies such as rivers, ponds and streams. These various sources of fishes and their attendant diversity of microorganisms particularly the bacteria make fishes as potential sources of pathogens. The maintenance of the microbiological quality of food and water is important to prevent waterborne/foodborne diseases in any community, thus the need for this study. A total of 14 samples of water at different points (upstream, midstream and downstream) and 50 samples of live fishes were used for this study. Each of the fish sample was bacteriologically analyzed using the pour-plate and spread plate techniques on culture media plates. And the isolated bacteria were identified using standard microbiological identification techniques. The water samples were subjected to physicochemical analysis to determine the physical and chemical properties of the water. The relatedness of the isolated bacteria was established using cluster analysis/dendogram. The highest bacterial count was obtained from downstream water sample (5.6x10 cfu/ml), indicating a possible pollution of water at this point. Both aerobic heterotrophic Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria were isolated. The Gram positive bacteria isolated include Staphylococcus lugdunensis, S. hominis, S. cohnii, Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, Kocuria varians while the Gram negative bacteria include Raoutella ornithinolytica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aeromonas hydrophila, A. veronii, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia fonticola, and Enterobacter gergoriae. Cluster analysis using dendrogram showed some degree of similarity among the different clusters of isolated bacteria. The result of this study presumptively shows that the water sample is polluted; and this in turn affects fresh water fishes in the river. Therefore the microbiological examination of the water at this study site is necessary for monitoring and controlling the quality and safety of the water for usage by the locals.
Presentation by Charles Tyler on 'Sustainable Aquaculture Future (SAF) Aquaculture Projects in Bangladesh: Focus on the Environment' at the One Health Approach workshop on Tuesday, 23 March 2021.
Isolation of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Seaweeds Amphiroa anceps ag...Ferdinand .S. Lubobi
The biodiversity of ocean living resources provide an ample scope for the extraction of drugs and chemicals for therapeutic purposes. Sea weed Amphiroa anceps, collected from Thondi-Palk Strait region of Tamil Nadu, was studied for antagonistic activity of proteins. Seaweed species were identified based on specula morphology. Ethyl
Acetate extracts yielded a total of 0.9 g, 0.12 g, 0.02 g, 0.14 g and 0.17 g from 1.5 g of sponge respectively. The antagonistic activity of crude extract against bacterial pathogens showed clear inhibition zones against Yersinia sp., Streptococcus sp. and Vibrio sp. The extracted Seaweed strain had Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations against all the three chicken meat associated pathogens, Vibrio sp., Yersinia sp. and Streptococcus sp. and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration against two chicken meat associated pathogens, Vibrio sp. and Yersinia sp.
Microbes are our Friends.. The effective way of microbes treating our diseases and fighting with the pathogens is very effective. The human microbiome project is a current topic the researchers are focusing now. We think we are humans but the research of Human Microbiome Project states that we are 1% Humans 99% microbes. The highlights of this project is fecal transplantation and effective way of killing pathogens with the positive microbes.
The way we treat our body will treat you back and the antigens which are entered in to our body will greatly fight with microbes to survive and make the human body safe and healthy.
Finally Microbes are us and we are them
Microbiological Investigations on Gryllotalpa Africana [Orthoptera: Gryllotal...iosrjce
This paper reports for the first time the bacterial distribution on Gryllotalpa africana, a mole cricket
and one of the edible hexapods of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Children hunt it during the rainy and also
at dry seasons and it is harvested as snacks in the rural settings of the region. It is eaten raw, boiled, fried or
roasted along with other condiments including onions and pepper. It is a delicacy enjoyed in many other parts
of Nigeria. Assessments were made to identify bacteria that are associated with different external structures of
the edible mole cricket.
Microorganisms are small organisms invisible to the naked eye because of their extremely small size.They are grouped into various groups like Bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses.
Many of these organisms are useful to human and nature while some are harmful and even cause diseases.
Microbiological Investigations of Selected Flies of Public Health Importance ...iosrjce
Bacteria associated with flies of public health importance in Nigeria are not well known and their
ecology is also not well understood. We aim to determine the bacteria associated with flies of waste dump site.
Three flies of public health significance were collected from a waste dump site of the Rivers State University of
Science and Technology, Port Harcourt. The three dipterous flies were Luciliasericata, Chrysomyasp and
Musca domestica..The three flies were all of medical importance.The microbial load on three species of flies
was investigated using standard plate count methods. The fly samples were collected from the Post Graduate
Entomology Laboratory was cultured to isolate and identify the microbes associated with them. The samples
were analyzed for total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. The study revealed high heterotrophic bacteria
and fungi counts in all three species of the flies used, with Musca domestica having the highest count of 2.9 X
109Cfu/gram and Chrysomyasp with the least count of 3.4 x 10 5Cfu/g and fungi counts ranged from 3.1 X
103Cfu/g to 2.9 X 105Cfu/g. The bacteria isolated from these samples includes: Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonassp,, Bacillussp, Enterobactersp, Staphylococcussp,Salmonellasp, Proteussp, and Klebsiellasp,
while the fungi species isolated includes: Penicilliumsp,
Aspergillussp,Rhizopussp,Cladosporiumsp,Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusniger, Fusariumsp and Trichoderma
sp.
Antibiotic resistance in Vibrio species is of critical importance. This study evaluates the antibiotic resistance of Vibrio species present in farmed shrimp. Shrimp samples were obtained from an aquaculture farm. The tissues of Shrimp were examined and a total of 29 Vibrio isolates were identified. Through the biochemical test, the Vibrio isolates were identified as V. alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. furnissii, V. mimicus, V.parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus. The Vibrio species were tested for their resistance to eighteen antibiotics that are frequently present in the aquatic environment. Out of the total isolates, 6 were selected as dominant species for antibiotic susceptibility test. In the present study, Vibrio cholerae isolated from fresh shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against seven antibiotics, V.vulnificus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against ten antibiotics and this was the only isolate to show maximum resistance against the selected antibiotics. V.mimicus and V.alginolyticus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance to against seven different antibiotics. V.parahaemolyticus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against eight antibiotics whereas V.furnissii isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against six antibiotics. In general, all samples showed an increased level of antibiotic resistance due to improper
Cluster Analysis of Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria from Clarias gariepinus an...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Fish is a major source of protein for humans, and it is patronized by many in the tropics – where fishes can either be cultivated in the farms domestically or caught from open water bodies such as rivers, ponds and streams. These various sources of fishes and their attendant diversity of microorganisms particularly the bacteria make fishes as potential sources of pathogens. The maintenance of the microbiological quality of food and water is important to prevent waterborne/foodborne diseases in any community, thus the need for this study. A total of 14 samples of water at different points (upstream, midstream and downstream) and 50 samples of live fishes were used for this study. Each of the fish sample was bacteriologically analyzed using the pour-plate and spread plate techniques on culture media plates. And the isolated bacteria were identified using standard microbiological identification techniques. The water samples were subjected to physicochemical analysis to determine the physical and chemical properties of the water. The relatedness of the isolated bacteria was established using cluster analysis/dendogram. The highest bacterial count was obtained from downstream water sample (5.6x10 cfu/ml), indicating a possible pollution of water at this point. Both aerobic heterotrophic Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria were isolated. The Gram positive bacteria isolated include Staphylococcus lugdunensis, S. hominis, S. cohnii, Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, Kocuria varians while the Gram negative bacteria include Raoutella ornithinolytica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aeromonas hydrophila, A. veronii, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia fonticola, and Enterobacter gergoriae. Cluster analysis using dendrogram showed some degree of similarity among the different clusters of isolated bacteria. The result of this study presumptively shows that the water sample is polluted; and this in turn affects fresh water fishes in the river. Therefore the microbiological examination of the water at this study site is necessary for monitoring and controlling the quality and safety of the water for usage by the locals.
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Co...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Escherichia coli belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae, is a facultative anaerobic, non-spore forming, and gram-negative bacilli bacteria. The isolation and identification of E.coli O157:H7, and its antimicrobial susceptibility have been done in fi sh from skin and muscle samples taken from Lake Hawassa in Southern Ethiopia. A total of 343 healthy fish was randomly sampled (212 skin swab and 131 muscle swab) which comprise three species Nile tilapia, Africancatfi sh and Barbus (golden) fish. From a total of 343 fish samples, 80 (23.3%) E.coli was isolated, while 8 (2.3%) strain O157:H7 was isolated. In case of part of fish where swab samples were taken from a total of 212 skin swabs and 131 muscle swabs 69(32.54%) and 11(8.4%) E.coli was isolated, respectively. Similarly, from 212 skin
swabs and 131 muscle swabs, 7(3.3%) and 1(0.76%) pathogenic strain (O157:H7) of E.coli was isolated, respectively. The occurrence of E.coli from fish skin and muscle is statically significant with p-value (0.000). Therefore, E.coli was more prevalent in fish skin than muscle. However the occurrence of E.coli and its strain O157:H7 in Nile tilapia, African catfish and Barbus fish was not showing a Significance difference, where that p-value is greater than 0.05. E.coli O157:H7 isolates were tested with nine available antimicrobial drugs. All eight
isolates were 100% sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, trimethoprim, and Sulfamethoxazole. Whereas all of the isolates were 100% resistant to some antibiotics like ampicillin and cefoxitin. Isolates for tetracycline were 1(12.5%), 4(50%) and 3(37.5%) were resistant, intermediate and susceptible, respectively. And 3(37.5%) resistant, 1(12.5%) intermediate and 4(50%) isolates were susceptible for streptomycin. For doxycycline 5(62.5%), 2(25%) and 1(12.5%) were susceptible, intermediate and resistant, respectively. E.coli and
the starin O157:H7 are among the common microbial threats to the fishery practice. Indiscriminate uses of antibiotics to treat bacterial infection promote the development of drug-resistant bacteria. Further study should be conducted in the fi sh environment for assessment of water quality, isolation and identification of pathogenic microorganism that has great zoonosis importance like E.coli O157:H7.
Aquaculture products can harbor pathogenic bacteria which are part of the natural microflora of the environment. A study was conducted aiming at the isolation of human pathogenic bacteria in gills, intestines, mouth and the skin of apparently healthy fish, Tilapia rendali and Oreochromic mossambicus, from the Fletcher dam. Bacterial pathogens associated with fish can be transmitted to human beings from fish used as food or by handling the fish causing human diseases. Differentiation and characterization of various isolates was based on their growth characteristics on specific culture media (biochemical and gram staining reactions). The following human pathogenic bacteria were isolated Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella dysenteriae and Enterococcus faecalis. All the bacterial species which were isolated from the fish were also present in the initial water samples collected. The isolation of enteric bacteria in fish serves as indicator organisms of faecal contamination and or water pollution. Their presence also represents a potential hazard to humans. The mean bacterial load of the isolates was found to be markedly higher than the recommended public health and standard value of 5.0 x 106 CFU/ml which has been adopted by many countries.
Isolation of a Gram Negative Fish Pathogenfrom Moroccan Rainbow Trout Hatcher...IJAEMSJORNAL
Salmonidaquaculture represents one of the most important fish groups in the aquaculture industry (FAO, 2016). However, the success and sustainability of salmonid aquaculture largely depend on disease control. Although Rainbow trout is relatively sensitive to diseases, several bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases have been reported. However, only opportunistic pathogens whose infectivity is expressed by a decline in the fish conditions and of its natural defenses, linked to disturbances of the environment or livestock practices. Livestock is the most favorable context for the development of bacterial pathologies, that’s why we have too many bacterial pathogenic species for fish; the most serious infections in our latitudes are Aeromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Flavobacteriaceae (Noga 1996, Austin and Austin 1999, Woo and Bruno 1999). Moroccan aquaculture has undergone a rapid development and expansion over the last decade, to this end, Rainbow trout (OnchorhyncusMykiss) have been maintained at AinAghbal Fish farm – Azrou-Morocco; for production, livestock and transformation activity and also for commercialization. The most important bacterial freshwater pathogen affecting salmonid livestock in fish farms in Morocco is the cold-water disease as a result of affection by Flavobactriumpsychrophilum bacteria. Our study aimed on approving the presence of this bacterium and to characterize it biochemically, enzymatically and also physiologically.
Food samples: African salad, fried yam, fried potato, fried plantain, bole and suya meat retailed in three locations along Choba, Aluu and Alakahia were analyzed for their microbial load. Analysis of the food samples revealed Total viable count ranging from 3.8×107 cfu/g to 5.2×107 cfu/g (African salad), 2.6×107 cfu/g to 3.3×107 cfu/g (Bole), 3.0×107 cfu/g to 3.4×107 cfu/g (Plantain), 3.4×107 cfu/g to 3.6×107 cfu/g (Potato), 2.9×107 cfu/g to 3.3×107 cfu/g (Yam) and 4.8×107 cfu/g to 5.1×107 cfu/g (Suya meat) from the various locations. The organism isolated includes, Staphylococcus aureus (25%), Escherichia coli (25%), Pseudomonas (15%), Streptococcus (15%), Bacillus cereus (12%) and Salmonella spp (8%). The TVC count in these food samples exceeds the standard set by International Commission for Microbiology Specification for Food (ICMSF) for ready-to-eat food which states that TVC count between 0-107 cfu/g is acceptable, 104 to 105 cfu/g is tolerable and >107 cfu/g is unacceptable. Therefore, these foods are not bacteriologically fit for consumption. The occurrence of these bacterial isolates in the foods constitutes public health risk to consumers as these pathogens have been associated with foodborne infections Therefore, government should enforce strong food safety regulations for street foods vendors. In addition, street food vendors need to be educated on food safety and hygienic practices
22-24 November 2017. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. AU Conference Centre. Regional Meeting on Agricultural Biotechnologies in Sustainable Food Systems and Nutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Presentation by Emmanuel Kaunda, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe, Malawi A review of the use of biotechnology in aquaculture and fisheries (PAEPARD supported consortium)
Isolation and Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistivity Pattern of Faecal Coliforms Bacteria Isolated From River Wudil Kano, Nigeria by Ali M in Advancements in Bioequivalence & Bioavailability
Water borne diseases has been a major public health concern in Nigeria. This study was conducted to identify and evaluate the antibiotic resistivity pattern of faecal coliforms bacteria isolated from River Wudil in Wudil Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria. Four (4) water samples from different part of the river were collected for the study. The bacteriological and physicochemical analyses performed were in accordance with standard procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the bacterial isolates were determined using modified Kirby Bauer method. The result of the study revealed that the physicochemical properties of the river are within the WHO and NIS standard.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/fulltext/ABB.000509.php
Vibriosis is one of the most prevalent fish diseases caused by bacteria belonging the genus Vibrio affecting many marine and fresh water fishes. The disease characterized by septicemia, dermal ulceration, ascitis and haematopiotic necrosis.
Biometric Assessment of Bacteriological Profile of Borehole Water in Relation...Premier Publishers
Borehole water is a major water source in some parts of the world and human health depends largely on the quality of water consumed. Hence, bacteriological assessment of borehole water in relation to distance and age of septic tanks in nine student’s hostels in Ikot Udota was investigated using standard scientific methods. The organisms isolated were: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Bacillus spp Pseudomonas spp, Streptococcus spp, Enterobacter spp, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, and Proteus vulgaris. The result revealed that the total bacteria counts of the samples ranged from 30cfu/ml in Ario house, 246 cfu/ml in Macdone. However, Macdone’s lodge had the highest faecal coliform count with 2 (66.6%), while Anthonys’ had the lowest faecal coliform count with 1 (33.3%). Correlation analysis signaled that there is a significant (p<0.05) likelihood that contaminants enrichment grossly emanated from a point source seeing that 72.2% of TBC and 73.5% of FCC were associated with short distances from septic tanks. Also, 28.5% of TBC and 15.4% of FCC were associated with borehole age. Conclusively, boreholes should be situated far from refuse/sewage disposal units and routine treatment of old borehole water sources is a necessity.
Antibiotic Enteric Resistant Bacteria are Abundant on Lettuce from Urban Agri...YogeshIJTSRD
The presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria on lettuce from wastewater irrigated fileds in the town of Yaounde was investigated. Lettuce samples were collected from three agricultural fields located in three districts Ekounou, Ezazou and Nkolbisson , over a period of four months. Resistance to amoxicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim and kanamycin were determined. Isolated bacteria presented highest resistance to amoxicillin 95.8 and lowest resistance to ciprofloxacin 89.2 . The resistance rate of bacteria was the highest in March 93.1 , and lowest in May 89.9 . Antibiotic resistant bacteria identified were belonged to the genus Salmonella, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Shigella, klebsiella, Pseudomonas, citrobacter, Micrococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Escherichia, and Streptococcus. Bacillus cereus was the most abundant 17.5 . The identified isolates were all multidrug resistant, except Lactobacillus which was only resistant to amoxicillin. The obtained results demonstrate the health risk posed by the cultivation and consumption of lettuce from urban agriculture in the city of Yaounde, which could constitute a strong vector for antibiotic resistance dissemination. Brunelle Tchakounte Betbui | Merveille Tamema Masse | Blaise Pascal Bougnom "Antibiotic Enteric Resistant Bacteria are Abundant on Lettuce from Urban Agriculture in the City of Yaounde" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39971.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/39971/antibiotic-enteric-resistant-bacteria-are-abundant-on-lettuce-from-urban-agriculture-in-the-city-of-yaounde/brunelle-tchakounte-betbui
Similar to Molecular Characterization of Bacteria Isolated from Some Seafoods in Nembe Community, Bayelsa State, Nigeria (20)
In the early twentieth century, major representatives of the Jadid movement became active participants in the socio-political processes in the Turkestan region. Usmonkhoja Polatkhoja, a progressive from Bukhara, was one of the beams not only in the Emirate of Bukhara, but also in Turkestan. He first participated in the reforms and progressives, and later in the national liberation movements, and fought for the prosperity and independence of the country.This article provides information about Usmonkhoja's life and work in Jadidism, revolts, national liberation struggles, and emmigiration.
Flood is one of the natural disaster known to be part of the earth biophysical processes, which its occurrence can be devastating; due to mostly anthropogenic activities and climatological factors. The aim of the research is to identify and map the extent at which the impact of flood due to intense rainfall and rise in water in the study area using geospatial techniques and the specific objectives are to carry out terrain analysis of the study area and to generate flood indicator maps of the study area. The study analyzed rain fall data;, the drainage system and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM 30m) of the area. ArcGIS 10.8 was to modelled and to generate the contributing factors map of the study area. The drainage system was generated through on-screen digitization of topographic map of scale 1:50,000 of Ondo South-West. The mean annual rainfall of Lagos State was generated in the ArcGIS environment from the rainfall data through spatial analysis tool. The SRTM was used in terrain analysis of the study area. The results generated showed the lowest mean annual rain fall of the area 1,700mm and the highest mean annual rain fall was 2,440mm. Digital elevation model (DEM), slope, flow direction were generated from the SRTM. Drainage density of the area was generated using the drainage system. The slope map of the entire area which are classified into five slope classes of very high (14%-48.5%) to high (7.6%-13.9%) to moderately high (4.2%-7.6%) to low (1.5%-4.2%) and very low (0. % - 1.2%).
Work study is a catch-all phrase encompassing a variety of methodologies, including method research and work measurement, that are applied in a variety of contexts and lead to a systematic assessment of all elements that affect the efficiency and economy of the situation under evaluation that is meant to be improved. The main aim of this study is to examine and enhance the process token in manufacturing a Perfume of the famous, well-known, aromatic, and beautiful Taif Roses. Some changes in the process has been suggested using method study and time study method which lead to reduction in process time, labor cost and production cost.
Workers are the maximum precious method of an association. Their importance to institutions requires not most effective the want to draw the trendy bents but additionally the need to preserve them for a long term. This paper specializes in reviewing the findings of former research carried out with the aid of colourful experimenters with the quit to identify determinants factors of hand retention. This exploration almost looked at the subsequent broad factors improvement openings, reimbursement, work- lifestyles balance, operation/ management, work terrain, social aid, autonomy, training and improvement.
Watering plants during the correct time is very important due to scientific reasons. Both underwatering, as well as overwatering, can lead to the growth of unhealthy plants or in extreme cases, the death of the plant/tree. These issues which are the case with most self-gardeners and plant lovers can be solved using the smart irrigation technique. The main purpose of this innovation is to assist plant lovers to continue their passion to grow plants at home with ease. Smart irrigation system helps in monitoring the moisture level which majorly affects plant growth besides other factors such as sunlight, fertility of the soil, etc. The digital planting pot has been designed in a way that it effectively incorporates the idea of smart irrigation. Arduino Uno R3 has been used as the main chip in this project along with a few other components like a soil moisture sensor, relay, and water pump. This project requires coding to synchronize all the components, and function properly. A required test has been carried out to review the functioning of the mechanism. The project was tested by once using the soil with enough moisture in the pot and then the soil with the least moisture. Both times, it worked exactly how it was supposed to function. When the soil with the least moisture was tested, there was a clear indication of a low level of moisture and accordingly, the water pump got triggered to water the plant, and when the soil with enough moisture was tested, there was again the clear indication of the correct level of moisture and the water pump was inactive. All the readings which were displayed on the LCD were checked back and forth during the project. The outcomes were the same as expected. Hence, it shows that every component in this project is actively functioning and the whole project is effectively designed.
Because of its accessibility and flexibility, cloud technology is among the most notable innovations in today's world. Having many service platforms, such as GoogleApps by Google, Amazon, Apple, and so on, is well accepted by large enterprises. Distributed cloud computing is a concept for enabling every-time, convenient, on-demand network access to processing resources including servers, storage devices, networks, and services that may be mutually configured. The major security risks for cloud computing as identified by the Cloud security alliance (CSA) have been examined in this study. Also, methods for resolving issues with cloud computing technology's data security and privacy protection were systematically examined.
This study's goal is to present Solutions for Determining the importance level of criteria in creating cultural resources’ attractiveness from tourists’ evaluation. Data were collected from 558 international tourists who chose Vietnam as the destination for tourism.
The study points out that we need to resolve challenges such as: building a safe, friendly destination, etc., destinations need to review and re-evaluate the services of their products and tourist attractions to prepare for the largest number of visitors and stimulate the domestic tourism market is a good solution: To boost the domestic tourism market, it is necessary to increase domestic flights and train connections to major tourist destinations.
A new convenient and efficient route for the synthesis of two very important hydroxo-bridged stepped-cubane copper complexes viz: [Cu4(bpy)4Cl2(OH)4]Cl2.6H2O (1) and [Cu4(phen)4Cl2(OH)4]Cl2.6H2O (2) have been obtained. This synthetic route from the mononuclear CubpyCl2 complex is easier, more reproducible and afforded the complex in a much higher yield than the other two previously reported procedures which were equally serendipitously discovered. The purity and formation of the complexes were confirmed with elemental (C,H,N) analysis and the details of the UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared, electrospray ionization mass spectra of both complexes and the single crystal X-ray crystallography of 1 are presented and discussed. X-ray crystallography confirms the absolute structure of the complexes. The complexes were formed via the connection of four copper atoms to four hydroxide bridging ligands and four bipyridyl ligands with two chloride ligands. There are two coordinate environments around two pairs of copper atoms (CuN2ClO2 and CuN2O3) and each copper atom is pentacoordinate with square pyramidal geometry.
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., which is commonly known as jackfruit is a tropical fruit, belonging to Moraceae family, native to Western Ghats of India and common in Asia, Africa, and some regions in South America. It is known to be the largest edible fruit in the world. The Jackfruit is an extremely versatile and sweet tasting fruit that possess high nutritional value. Jackfruit is rich in nutrients including carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. The jackfruit has diverse medicinal uses especially antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties, anticancer and antifungal activity, anthelminthic activity. Traditionally, this plant is used in the treatment of various diseases especially for treatment against inflammation, malarial fever, diarrhoea, diabetes and tapeworm infection. Jackfruit is a good natural source of phytochemicals such as phenolics, flavonoids and tannins, saponins. The health benefits of jackfruit have been attributed to its wide range of physicochemical applications. The use of jackfruit bulbs and its parts has also been reported since ancient times for their therapeutic qualities. The beneficial physiological effects may also have preventive application in a variety of pathologies.
Myogenic differentiation requires to be exactly explored for the effective treatment of fracture. The speed of healing is affected by skeletal muscle, linked to activation of specific myogenic transcription factors during the repair process. In previous study, we discovered that psoralen enhanced differentiation of osteoblast in primary mouse. In the current study, we show that psoralen stimulates myogenic differentiation through the secretion of factors to hone the quality of repair in fractured mice. 3-month old mice were treated with corn oil or psoralen followed by a tibial fracture surgery. Fractures were tested 7, 14, and 21 days respectively later by histology and images observation. Skeletal muscles including soleus muscle and posterior tibial muscle around the damaged bone were collected for quantitative real-time PCR, HE staining, as well as western blot. Daily treatment with psoralen at seven, fourteen days or twenty-one days improves protein or mRNA levels responsible for the whole myogenic differentiation process, makes the muscle fibers more tightly aligned, and promotes callus formation and development. This data shows that high levels of myogenic transcription factors in the process of fracture healing in mice foster the repair of damaged muscles, and indicates a pharmacological approach that targets myogenic differentiation to improve fracture repair. This also reflects the academic thought of "paying equal attention to both muscles and bones" in the prevention and treatment of fracture healing.
The current pandemic has generated the search for new reliable and economic alternatives for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, which produces the COVID-19 disease, one of the recommendations by the World Health Organization, is the detection of the virus by RT-qPCR methods from upper respiratory tract samples. The discomfort of the pharyngeal nasopharyngeal swab described by patients, the requirement of trained personnel, and the generation of aerosols, are factors that increase the risk of infections in this type of intake. It is known that the main means of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is through aerosols or small droplets, which is why saliva is important as a relevant means of detecting COVID-19. In this study, a modified method based on SARS-CoV-2 RNA release from saliva is described, avoiding the isolation and purification of the genetic material and its quantification of viral copies; the results are compared with paired pharyngeal/nasopharyngeal swab samples (EF/EN). Results showed good agreement in saliva samples compared to EF/EN samples. On average, a sensitivity for virus detection of 80% was demonstrated in saliva samples competing with EF/EN samples. The use of saliva is a reliable alternative for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 by means of RT-PCR in the first days of infection, having important advantages over the conventional method. Saliva still needs to be studied completely to evaluate the detection capacity of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid, however, the described process is viable, due to the decrease in materials and supplies, process times, the increment in the sampling and improvement of laboratory performance.
A recent study establishes that since 1970, there has been an ecological gap between human needs and the planet's resources, with annual resource demand exceeding the bio-productivity of the planet. Specifically, humanity utilises equivalent of 1.75 earths to produce the ecological resources used, with half of this attributable to food consumption. The present work therefore seeks to provide an empirically-based insight into the environmental sustainability of the EF of food consumption in Ijebu Ode. A descriptive cross-sectional approach was used, and primary data were collected from 400 systemically sampled households via structured questionnaires and analysed descriptively using Microsoft Excel and inferentially using mathematical models for calculating ecological footprints. Findings revealed that the household EF of food consumption in Ijebu Ode is 0.05gha per capita, with the footprint of cereal consumption (0.17gha; 37%) taking the major share, followed by meat with a footprint of 0.11gha (23.9%). As a result, it was concluded that Ijebu Ode has sustainable food consumption, which is necessary for its environmental sustainability. However, the sustenance of the former requires creating awareness of the need for sustainable consumption and prioritisation of integrated and population-wide policies and food intervention initiatives to encourage attitudinal change in favour of sustainable food consumption while fostering sustainable food production strategies amidst current environmental realities.
The symmetry occurs in most of the phenomena explained by physics, for example, a particle has positive or negative charges, and the electric dipoles that have the charge (+q) and (-q) which are at a certain distance (d), north or south magnetic poles and for a magnetic bar or magnetic compass with two poles: North (N) and South (S) poles, spins up or down of the electron at the atom and for the nucleons in the nucleus In this form, the particle should also have mass symmetry. For convenience and due to later explanations, I call this mass symmetry or mass duality as follows: mass and mass cloud. The mass cloud is located in the respective orbitals given by the Schrödinger equation. The orbitals represent the possible locations or places of the particle which are determined probabilistically by the respective Schröndiger equation.
Metal-organic molybdenum complexes were synthesized by the hydrothermal method using ammonium heptamolybdate as the metallic source, and as the organic ligand terephthalic acid (BDC) or bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET), obtained via glycolysis of poly(ethylene)terephthalate (PET). The BDC-Mo and BHET-Mo complexes were characterized by XRD, N2 physisorption, TGA, ATR-FTIR, SEM, XPS and their in vitro biocompatibility was tested by porcine fibroblasts viability. The results show that molybdates (MoO4-2) are coordinated to the carbonyl functional groups of BDC and BHET by urea bonding (-NH-CO-NH-) which is related to their high biocompatibility and high thermal stability. These organic molybdate complexes possess rectangular prism particles made up of rods arrays characteristics of molybdenum oxides (MoO3). The organic complexes BDC-Mo and BHET-Mo do not show to be cytotoxic for porcine dermal fibroblasts growing on their surface for up to 48 h of culture.
Exercise training with varying intensity increases maximal oxygen intake (VO2max), a strong predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Purpose: The aim of this study was to find out the influence of low intensity aerobic training on the vo2 max in 11 to 14 years school girls in Hyderabad district. Methodology: The research scholar has randomly selected thirty (N=30) high school girls were selected as subjects and their age ranged between 11 to 14 years. The subjects were divided into two equal groups, each group consist of 15 total 30. Group one acted as experimental group (EG) and group two acted as control group (CG). The dependent variable vo2 max was selected and it is measured by manual test. Statistical Tool: The statistical tool paired sample ‘t’ test was used for analysing of the data and the obtained ‘t’ ratio was tested for significance at 0.05 level of confidence. Results: The analysis of the data revealed that there was a significant improvement on vo2 max by the application of low intensity aerobic.
Hybrid rice has the potential to outperform existing inbred rice and was said to have the potential to produce 14-20 % more yield. In response, Malaysia Government has introduced its very own first Hybrid Rice Variety knew as Kadaria 1 developed by MARDI. This is in line with one of the strategies outlined in Dasar Agromakanan Negara (DAN) 2011-2020 as an approach to increasing rice productivity within Malaysia. The next step would be developing our hybrid seed rice production system. Therefore, an experiment to determine the planting ratio and planting distance between 0025A (A)-a hybrid with MR283 (R)-inbreed variety was carried out. Planting ratios studied in this study were 2:4, 2:6, 2:8, and 2:10 while planting distance was 14 x 30 cm, 16 x 30 cm, and 18 x 30 cm. Statistical analyses suggested that yield R, yield A, and panicle number A were significantly affected by planting ratios while yield A was significantly affected by an interaction between planting distance and planting ratios. Panicle number A performed significantly higher at planting ratios of 2:4 compared to 2:10. Yield R shows higher significant performance under ratio 2:6 compared to 2:4 and 2:8. Relatively, yield A performed the best under planting distance of 18 x 30 cm. Furthermore, under this particular planting distance, the planting ratio of 2:10 shows the highest significant figure while 2:8 exhibits statistical parity. Both yield R and yield A were significantly affected by planting ratios and have a significant positive association with each other. Therefore, the planting ratio of 2:10 should be the best since it contributed to significantly highest value for yield A while yield R under 2:10 shows statistical parity with 2:6 which was the highest significant value. In conclusion, the combination of 2:10 with a planting distance of 18 x 30 cm was the best since it shows best potential for both yields A and yield R
Cassava plays an important role in improving food security and reducing poverty in rural areas. Despite its importance, its production in Senegal remains low compared to other African countries. Nowadays, it is confronted with numerous constraints. It is in this context that a study was conducted on the cassava production system in the Thiès "cassava granary" region, with the objective of examining farmers' cultivation practices. It was conducted in eight communes located in the department of Tivaouane, some of which are located in the Niayes agro-ecological zone and others in the central-northern groundnut basin. Surveys were conducted among the largest cassava producers in these communes. Analysis of the results showed that cassava is only grown in the rainy season with the same cultivation practices that have been used for years. Of the five varieties listed by the President of the Senegalese Cassava Interprofession, only four are grown in the areas surveyed. The Terrasse (43%) and Kombo (36%) varieties are grown more by our respondents in the Niayes area. Soya (75%) and Wallet "Parydiey" (20% of our sample) dominate in the central-northern groundnut basin.
Cassava plays an important role in improving food security and reducing poverty in rural areas. Despite its importance, its production in Senegal remains low compared to other African countries. Nowadays, it is confronted with numerous constraints. It is in this context that a study was conducted on the cassava production system in the Thiès "cassava granary" region, with the objective of examining farmers' cultivation practices. It was conducted in eight communes located in the department of Tivaouane, some of which are located in the Niayes agro-ecological zone and others in the central-northern groundnut basin. Surveys were conducted among the largest cassava producers in these communes. Analysis of the results showed that cassava is only grown in the rainy season with the same cultivation practices that have been used for years. Of the five varieties listed by the President of the Senegalese Cassava Interprofession, only four are grown in the areas surveyed. The Terrasse (43%) and Kombo (36%) varieties are grown more by our respondents in the Niayes area. Soya (75%) and Wallet "Parydiey" (20% of our sample) dominate in the central-northern groundnut basin.
We are witnessing very demanding and stressful times in which we live, and an occupation that is particularly exposed to stress and different working conditions is the job of a nurse. Exposing themselves to everyday challenges and stressful situations, nurses reach a stage of great emotional and physical exhaustion, lethargy, dissatisfaction, and poorer work achievements, which we know as burnout. The aim of this paper was to determine whether there is and to what extent professional burnout is present in nurses and technicians working in nursing homes across Slovenia and Croatia. The paper is answering the questions of the extent of the burnout influenced by individual characteristics (age, education, years of service and work experience at the current workplace). The study involved a validated questionnaire “The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI)” to measure professional burnout. Surveying of the nurses was conducted online at their home institutions. The results show that all respondents have a medium or high level of professional burnout, while no one has a low level or shows no signs of burnout. In terms of age, the group from 55-65 years of age had the highest relative level of burnout in the age group category. With regard to education, the highest burnout was measured in registered nurses.
Hepatitis B and C are one of the most commonly transmitted viral infections through needlestick injury apart from HIV. It is highly prevalent in India and many other developing countries. It accounts for high mortality rate globally amongst low socio-economic groups of individuals. Healthcare workers, especially dental professionals are at higher risk of infection due to high exposure to saliva, blood and sharps. Accidental occupational exposure to non-sterile conditions and its development to more critical and fatal conditions can be reduced through vaccination, prophylactic medications and practicing high safety measures.
This review article focuses on transmission of hepatitis through sharps injuries in medicine, especially dentistry, its prevention, management, post-exposure prophylaxis and the corresponding content.
More from Associate Professor in VSB Coimbatore (20)
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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69
pathogenicity of V. parahaemolyticus is associated with the production of thermostable direct haemolysis and
TDH-related hemolysin encoded by the tdh and trh genes respectively, and these are responsible for the haemolysis
of human red blood cells. It also possesses a thermolabile hemolysin encoded by the tlh genes (Zhang and Austin,
2005). These bacteria have been recognized as the main agents causing food borne diseases in many countries
including Asia, United States, France, Mexico, Peru and Chile (Cabanillas et al., 2006). Due to the increase in the
consumption of sea foods worldwide there has been a drastic increase in food borne infection which in turn has led
to the increase in gastro enteric diseases in humans (Cabanillas et al., 2006). Sporadic cases of cholera have been
reported in Nigeria as well as gastroenteritis caused by V. parahemoluticus resulting from the consumption of raw
and undercooked seafood (Cabanillas et al., 2006).
Staphylococcus species are usually associated with the skin and mucous membrane microflora of humans and
animal such as chicken skin (Tibra et al., 2010). They are gram positive, mesophilic, oxidase negative cocci
organisms that have been implicated in several clinical and environmental samples (Tibra et al., 2010). The
diseases caused by staphylococcus species ranges from acute septicemia to osteomyelitis in poultry (Xu
et al., 2018). Staphylococcus gallinarum are usually isolated from chicken skin but have also been isolated from
seafood (Tibra et al., 2010). Staphylococcus species possess virulence factors such as enterotoxin, coagulase,
hemolysins, toxins etc (Kérouanton et al., 2007). Food poisoning arising from ingesting food infected by
Staphylococcal enterotoxins is usually of high risk due to the presence of Staphylococcal enterotoxins (Omoe et al.,
2005). Klebsiella species have been implicated in both human and animal samples where they play roles as
pathogens widely distributed in the environment (Brisse et al., 2009; Shon et al., 2013). They are gram negative rod
shaped oxidase negative bacteria that have been implicated in so many clinical infections such as pneumonia,
wound infection, meningitis, urinary tract infections, nosocomial infections, etc (Holt et al., 2015). The
pathogenicity factors of Klebsiella are capsules or lipopolysachharide and are considered potential candidate for
vaccination that will serve as infection immunological control measures (Holt et al., 2015). Different species of
Klebsiella are Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klesiella aerogenes, Klebsiella quasipneumoniae, Klebsiella varicola etc.
(Brisse & Verhoef, 2001).
The people of Nembe live around the river banks and are known majorly for fishing as an occupation. There is
constant discharge of domestic, agricultural and industrial sewage into the water bodies where these seafoods are
harvested from and thus poses a high risk to the community who consume these foods undercooked or even raw.
Benthic organisms otherwise called benthos are community of organisms that live in, on or near the sea bed called
the benthic zone. Benthic organisms such as sea stars, oysters, clams, sea cucumbers, brittle stars and sea anemones
serve as important sources of food due to their nutritional properties (Ryan, 2007).
This study is aimed at screening seafood samples obtained from Bayelsa for the presence of bacterial species.
Methodology
Determination of ample size
Using a single proportion formula, the sample size is calculated thus:
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n = Z2
pq ⁄ d2
Where: n = desired sample size, when population is more than 10,000, Z = Critical value at 90% or 1.64 confidence
interval, p = Prevalence or population with the desired attribute pegged at 25% i.e 0.25
q = 1 – p
d = degree of accuracy usually set at 0.05
Hence, Z = 1.64, p = 0.25, q = 0.75, d = 0.05, n = 1.642
x 0.25 x 0.75⁄ 0.052 n = 0.5043⁄ 0.0025 n = 201.72 n ≈ 200
Sample collection
Two hundred (200) seafood samples comprising of periwinkle, crab, oyster and shrimps were purchased from
fisher men at the Nembe River, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The samples were collected in sterile containers and
transported in ice chest to the Microbiology Laboratory, Federal University of Technology, Owerri.
Sample preparation
Each of the samples collected were macerated using a sterile stomacher blender to increase surface area to volume
ratio and to obtain a homogenous state of the sample. The samples were serially diluted (10 folds dilution) using
peptone water and an aliquot (0.1 ml) of the diluted sample was collected and inoculated onto the already prepared
sterile Thio-Citrate Bile salt Sucrose (TCBS) agar plates.
Inoculation and isolation
One-tenth milliliter (0.1 ml) of the aliquot from the required dilution factor (104
) was aseptically inoculated onto
the freshly prepared and surface dried medium using a sterilized pipette. An L-shaped spreader was used to evenly
distribute the inoculums round the surface of the agar plate so as to obtain discrete and countable colonies after
incubation. The agar plate was allowed to dry after which it was incubated at 350
C for 24 h. The results of the
colonies grown were recorded.
Phenotypic identification
One hundred and twenty (120) bacterial isolates were phenotypically identified by subjecting them to standard
microscopic and biochemical test according to the method of Cheesbrough (2006).
Molecular analysis
DNA Extraction (Boiling method)
Five milliliters (5 ml) of an overnight broth culture of the bacterial isolate in Luria Bertani (LB) was spun at 14000
rpm for 3 min. The cells were re-suspended in 500 µl of normal saline and heated at 950
C for 20 min. The heated
bacterial suspension was cooled on ice and spun for 3 min at 14000 rpm. The supernatant containing the DNA was
moved to a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube and stored at -20o
C for other down-stream reactions (Tamura et al., 2013).
DNA quantification
The extracted genomic DNA was quantified using the Nanodrop 1000 spectrophotometer. The software of the
equipment was launched by double clicking on the Nanodrop icon. The equipment was initialized with 2 µl of
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71
sterile distilled water and blanked using normal saline. Two microlitres of the extracted DNA was loaded onto the
lower pedestal; the upper pedestal was brought down to contact the extracted DNA on the lower pedestal. The DNA
concentration was measured by clicking on the “measure” button (Tamura et al., 2013).
PCR Amplification of the 16SrRNA gene (27F and 1492R)
The 16srRNA region of the rRNA gene of the isolates were amplified using the 27F: 5'-AGAGTTTGATCMTG
GCTCAG-3' and 1492R: 5'-CGGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3' primers on an ABI 9700 Applied Biosystems
thermal cycler at a final volume of 40 microlitres for 35 cycles. The PCR mix included: the X2 Dream taq Master
mix supplied by Inqaba, South Africa (taq polymerase, DNTPs, MgCl), the primers at a concentration of 0.5 uM
and the extracted DNA as template. The PCR conditions were as follows: Initial denaturation, 95ºC for 5 minutes;
denaturation, 95ºC for 30 seconds; annealing, 52ºC for 30 seconds; extension, 72ºC for 30 seconds for 35 cycles
and final extention, 72ºC for 5 minutes. The product was resolved on a 1% agarose gel at 130V for 30 minutes and
visualized on a blue light transilluminator (Tamura et al., 2013).
Agarose Gel electrophoresis
Electrophoresis of the DNA was carried out on a 1.5% agarose gel in a 0.5X concentration of Tris-Borate-EDTA
(TBE) buffer. Agarose gel was prepared by boiling 1.5 g of agarose powder in 100ml of 0.5X TBE buffer. After
boiling, the solution was allowed to cool and 10 μl of ethidium bromide was added to the cooled agarose solution.
This was poured into a casting tray with a comb placed 2 meter from the rim to form wells. The gel was allowed to
set for 30 minutes and the comb was gradually removed. 5 μl of the amplified PCR products were then loaded into
the wells. A DNA 100 bp molecular weight marker (Solys biodyne) and a negative control (ultra pure water) were
also loaded into one of the wells. The gel was thereafter electrophoresed in a horizontal tank at a constant voltage of
80 V for about 1 hour 30 minutes. After electrophoresis, DNA bands were visualized by ethidium bromide staining
under a short wave ultraviolet light transilluminator and the photograph were taken using a digital camera (Tamura
et al., 2013).
Sequencing
Sequencing was done using the BigDye Terminator kit on a 3510 ABI sequencer by Inqaba Biotechnological,
Pretoria South Africa. The sequencing was done at a final volume of 10 µl, the components included 0.25 µl
BigDye® terminator v1.1/v3.1, 2.25 µl of 5 x BigDye sequencing buffer, 10µM Primer PCR primer, and 2-10 ng
PCR template per 100 bp. The sequencing conditions were as follows; 32 cycles of 96°C for 10 s, 55°C for 5 s and
60°C for 4 mins. The corresponding sequences were identified using the online blast search at, http://blast.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi (Tamura et al., 2013).
Results
A total of 200 seafood samples were analyzed using the traditional microbiological methods. 120(60%) pure
isolates were obtained from the seafood samples and characterized. 27(22.5%) of the isolates appeared as yellow,
large, flat unbrate colonies. 65(54.2%) of the pure isolates appeared as bright yellow, round, shiny small colonies as
well as green large round colonies on Thio Citrate Bile Salt agar while others 28(23.3%) were black flat colonies.
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The total variation rates of Staphylococcus sp in the different seafood samples were 9(30%), 6(20%), 5(16.7%) and
7(23.3%) in Periwinkle, Crab, Oyster and Shrimps respectively. The total variation rates of Vibrio sp in the seafood
samples were 16(53.3%), 16(53.3%), 15(50%) and 18(60%) in Periwinkle, Crab, Oyster and Shrimps respectively.
The total variation rates of Klebsiella sp in the seafood samples were 5(16.7%), 8(26.7%), 10(33.3%) and 5(16.7%)
in Periwinkle, Crab, Oyster and Shrimps respectively. The distribution rate of the different isolates in each of the
seafood samples is shown in Figure 1.0 and Tables 1-4 below.
The isolates which had similar morphological and biochemical properties were grouped into five (A, B, C, D and E)
as shown on Table 6. Representative isolates were molecularly characterized by 16SrRNA gene amplification
using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) as well as DNA sequencing using MEGA7.0 BLASTN. The bacterial
isolates identified were Staphylococcus gallinarum, Vibrio rotiferanus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Klebsiella
aerogenes and Klebsiella quasipneumoniae. The evolutionary history (phylogenic tree) was inferred using the
Neighbour-Joining method to determine the relationship between strains as shown in Figure 4.
Fig.1. Distribution of bacterial isolates in the different seafood samples
Bacterial Isolates as Distributed in the Different Seafood Samples
Table 1. Distribution of Staphylococcus species in seafood samples
Seafood
(n=200)
No of Samples
collected
No of Isolates
No of Staphylococcus
sp isolated
Prevalence (%)
Periwinkle 50 30 9 30
Crab 50 30 6 20
Oyster 50 30 5 16.7
Shrimps 50 30 7 23.3
Total 200 120 27 22.5
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Periwinkle Crab Oyster shrimps
Klebsiella sp
Vibrio sp
Staphylococcus sp
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Table 2. Distribution of Vibrio species in seafood samples
Seafood
(n=200)
No of Samples
collected
No of Isolates
No of Vibrio sp
isolated
Prevalence (%)
Periwinkle 50 30 16 53.3
Crab 50 30 16 53.3
Oyster 50 30 15 50
Shrimps 50 30 18 60
Total 200 120 65 54.2
Table 3. Distribution of Klebsiella species in seafood samples
Seafood
(n=200)
No of Samples
collected
No of Isolates
(120)
No of Klebsiella sp
isolated
Prevalence (%)
Periwinkle 50 30 5 16.7
Crab 50 30 8 26.7
Oyster 50 30 10 33.3
Shrimps 50 30 5 16.7
Total 200 120 28 23.3
Table 4. Group of bacterial isolates with similar biochemical characteristics
TEST
GROUP A
27
GROUP B
17
GROUP C
48
GROUP D
10
GROUP E
18
GRAM + - - - -
SHAPE Cocci Rod Rod rod Rod
HEMOLYSIS - - + - -
CATALASE + - + + +
OXIDASE - + + - -
INDOLE - - - -
COAGULASE - ND ND ND ND
GLUCOSE + + + + +
SUCROSE + + + + +
CITRATE + + + + +
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74
VOGUES
PROSKEUR
ND - - + +
7% NaCl ND + + ND ND
Key: - =Negative, += Positive, ND=Not Determined
Table 5. One Way Anova for Seafood Samples (Single Factor)
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS Df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 0.429608 3 0.143203 1.743 0.162073 2.682809
Within Groups 9.53042 116 0.082159
Total 9.960029 119
Table 6. List of bacterial isolates identified by 16sRNA gene sequence analysis
Genus
Group of
isolates
Gene bank accession
number
Identity (%) Blast value
Staphylococcus gallinarum A MW308344 100 0.0
Vibrio rotiferanus B LR702061 100 0.0
Vibrio parahaemolyticus C MW142548 100 0.0
Klebsiella aerogenes D MW689239 100 0.0
Klebsiella quasipneumoniae E CP065841 100 0.0
Results from DNA Quantification
Fig.2. DNA Quantification figures on Nano 1000 (ng/µl)
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Results From Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
Fig.3. Agarose gel electrophoresis of some selected bacterial isolates. Lane 1,2,3,4 and 5 represents 16SrRNA gene
bands (1500bp). Lane L represents the 100bp Molecular ladder
Fig.4. Evolutionary Distances between the Bacterial Isolates
Discussion
A total of 200 seafood samples were analyzed which produced 120 (60%) pure isolates after characterization.
Seafood samples harbour a consortium of microorganisms ranging from pathogenic microorganisms to normal
commensals. The community of microorganisms found in a particular habitat is dependent on a number of factors
such as composition, weather, pollution, location, time, etc. (Farmer III et al., 2005). Results obtained from this
study showed that microorganisms of the genera Staphyococcus, Vibrio, and Klebsiella were present in the seafood
sample. This corroborates the reports that seafoods harbour diverse groups of organisms such as Vibrios, Listeria,
enteric virus etc (Papadopoulou et al., 2006). The growth of Staphylococcus and Klebsiella clearly shows that
1 2 3 L 4 5
100bp
1500bp
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TCBS can indeed support the growth of other microorganisms other than Vibrio species. Out of the 120 pure
cultures isolated, Vibrio species constitute 54.2% of the bacteria isolated while Klebsiella and Staphylococcus
constitute 23.3% and 22.5% respectively. Staphylococcus species are not usually associated with marine
environments but could perhaps be commensals in the sea-foods or the aquatic environment. The dominance of
Vibrio species is evident of their normal commensals in seafood’s (Cabanillas-Beltrán et al., 2006).The presence of
Klebsiella species could be attributed to the activities around the environment such as sewage and other effluent
discharged into the water body from the communities (Dib et al., 2014).
The analysis of variance (Anova) carried out shows that though the samples contain different isolates and different
colony count, there is still no significant difference between the isolates in the samples as p> 0.05.
Staphylococcus gallinarum has been reported to be isolated from saliva of healthy humans, chicken, septic, and
traumatic wounds of hospitalized patients (Ohara-Nemoto et al., 2008). It has also been isolated from blood
cultures in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection thus its presence in seafood renders it unsafe for consumption.
Its presence in the seafoods could be attributed to the human activities around the river banks where these seafoods
are sold (Dib et al., 2014).
Vibrio rotiferanus was isolated from the seafood samples. This result corroborates the reports of Gomez-Bill et al.
(2003) that isolated of V. rotiferianus from the rotifer culture (Brachionus plicatilis). Of all the bacterial species
isolated, Vibrio parahaemolyticus was the most predominant and has been reported to be the top causative agent of
food poisoning in Africa (Adeleye et al., 2010).
The result obtained from this study with regards to the high contamination by V. parahaemolyticus in these
seafoods was in tandem with the reports of Vincent et al., (2015). The source of contamination could be from the
water body, handlers of the seafoods or even as a result of the unhealthy practices by the people living around the
river banks. V. parahaemolyticus is the major cause of food borne infection and its presence in food calls for urgent
surveillance of contaminants in seafoods in order to ensure public health safety.
Klebsiella sp have been implicated in seafood samples due to the anthropogenic activities around the river banks as
well as domestic activities by inhabitants of these areas. K. quasipneumoniae has been reported to be an
opportunistic pathogen (Imai et al., 2019). However, its presence in the seafood can be considered dangerous since
it has been also implicated in clinical infections in humans as an opportunistic pathogen (Imai et al., 2019).
The characterization of the isolates was done by PCR using 16srRNA as a target gene and all isolates possess the
16srRNA at 1500bp. The sequenced isolates has revolutionary relationship with Staphylococcus gallinarum,
Klebsiella quasipneumoniae, Klebsiella aerogenes, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio rotiferianus with 100%
relatedness.
Conclusion and Recommendation
Although Staphylococcus gallinarum has not been reported to be implicated in food-borne infections or poisoning,
the result of this study calls for a concern since the organism has been reported to be opportunistic. Also, there is
risk for transfer of virulent and antibiotic resistant genes between the coagulase positive Staphylococcus and the
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coagulase negative Staphylococcal species as well as other bacterial isolates such as Vibrio species. Klebsiella
species reported in this study have been implicated in clinical as well as food borne infections, therefore, this calls
for more investigative procedures to determine its presence in sea foods as well as proper handling of food by food
handlers.
Vibrio species have been reported to be present in seafood as commensals and pathogens, however, new species are
been implicated and this is of great concern as this could lead to the emergence of novel pathogenic strains which
may lead to a global pandemic in the nearest future.
Health institutions and food processing firms should ensure food hygiene practices as well as proper food handling
by food vendors. Public enlightenment on the need for proper cooking of food before consumption should be
carried out especially in the rural areas of Southern Nigeria.
Consumption of raw sea foods such as Crab and Periwinkle by the Ijaws of the Niger Delta extraction should be
strongly discouraged.
Declarations
Source of Funding
This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing Interests Statement
The authors declare no competing financial, professional and personal interests.
Ethical Approval
Ethical approval for this research was given based on institutional guidelines.
Consent for publication
Authors declare that they consented for the publication of this research work.
Availability of data and material
Authors are willing to share the data and material according to relevant needs.
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