Escherichia coli belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae, is a facultative anaerobic, non-spore forming, and gram-negative bacilli bacteria. The isolation and identification of E.coli O157:H7, and its antimicrobial susceptibility have been done in fi sh from skin and muscle samples taken from Lake Hawassa in Southern Ethiopia. A total of 343 healthy fish was randomly sampled (212 skin swab and 131 muscle swab) which comprise three species Nile tilapia, Africancatfi sh and Barbus (golden) fish. From a total of 343 fish samples, 80 (23.3%) E.coli was isolated, while 8 (2.3%) strain O157:H7 was isolated. In case of part of fish where swab samples were taken from a total of 212 skin swabs and 131 muscle swabs 69(32.54%) and 11(8.4%) E.coli was isolated, respectively. Similarly, from 212 skin
swabs and 131 muscle swabs, 7(3.3%) and 1(0.76%) pathogenic strain (O157:H7) of E.coli was isolated, respectively. The occurrence of E.coli from fish skin and muscle is statically significant with p-value (0.000). Therefore, E.coli was more prevalent in fish skin than muscle. However the occurrence of E.coli and its strain O157:H7 in Nile tilapia, African catfish and Barbus fish was not showing a Significance difference, where that p-value is greater than 0.05. E.coli O157:H7 isolates were tested with nine available antimicrobial drugs. All eight
isolates were 100% sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, trimethoprim, and Sulfamethoxazole. Whereas all of the isolates were 100% resistant to some antibiotics like ampicillin and cefoxitin. Isolates for tetracycline were 1(12.5%), 4(50%) and 3(37.5%) were resistant, intermediate and susceptible, respectively. And 3(37.5%) resistant, 1(12.5%) intermediate and 4(50%) isolates were susceptible for streptomycin. For doxycycline 5(62.5%), 2(25%) and 1(12.5%) were susceptible, intermediate and resistant, respectively. E.coli and
the starin O157:H7 are among the common microbial threats to the fishery practice. Indiscriminate uses of antibiotics to treat bacterial infection promote the development of drug-resistant bacteria. Further study should be conducted in the fi sh environment for assessment of water quality, isolation and identification of pathogenic microorganism that has great zoonosis importance like E.coli O157:H7.
This document summarizes fish-borne zoonotic diseases and focuses on vibriosis and cholera. It discusses how vibriosis is caused by the bacteria Vibrio aguillarum in fish and can cause human cholera. Cholera is an infectious disease transmitted through contaminated food or water and causes severe diarrhea that can lead to death by dehydration. The document traces the history of cholera pandemics and discusses the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, treatment and prevention of both vibriosis in fish and cholera in humans.
1. Spring Viremia of Carp is caused by the Rhabdovirus carpio, an RNA virus that affects carp and other cyprinids.
2. The disease is acute and systemic, causing high mortality especially in temperatures between 11-13°C. Clinical signs include skin and organ hemorrhaging, bulging eyes, and darkened skin.
3. First identified in Yugoslavia in the 1970s, the virus has since spread throughout Europe, Asia, and North America, causing significant losses to fisheries. Young fish are most severely affected, though adults can also show symptoms.
Vibriosis is one of the most prevalent fish diseases caused by bacteria belonging the genus Vibrio affecting many marine and fresh water fishes. The disease characterized by septicemia, dermal ulceration, ascitis and haematopiotic necrosis.
A Report on Prevalence, Abundance and Intensity of Fish Parasites in Cat Fish...ijsrd.com
The present investigation was on occurrence on different Parasite founds in 38 different cat fishes of River Siang. The present study on helminth parasite of cat fisheswith respect to length and weight revealed that Cestode infection was the highest in all fish sample of the fish species. The high worm burden was located in the gut mainly the intestine of the fish. Also some eggs were detected in the liver of two host fishes. In this study 38 specimen fishes were examined which contained both male and female specimens. Wallagoattuspecimen shows highest prevalence of about 100% than the other cat fishes specimens.
Emerging Dreadful Ulcer Disease in Threatened Murrel, Channa aurantimaculataresearchanimalsciences
This document discusses an emerging ulcer disease found in the threatened ornamental fish species Channa aurantimaculata. The highest bacterial loads were found on the skin, while the lowest loads were in the heart. Aeromonas hydrophila was predominantly isolated from different organs, indicating its role in the disease. Infected fish showed increased white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, and mean corpuscular volume compared to uninfected fish, suggesting involvement of the nonspecific immune response. This disease poses a serious threat to the ornamental fish trade and the first reported case of ulcer disease in C. aurantimaculata.
Koteshwar Rao Podeti1*, Benarjee G2
Fisheries Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kakatiya University, India
ABSTRACT- The live freshwater Channa fish species were collected from Hasanparthy and Dharmasagar lakes of
Warangal district. The present investigation deals with the haematological variables in C. striatus and C. punctatus
infected by different bacterial pathogens such as A. hydrophila, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and S. salmonicida. The
considerable variations have been observed in the mean values of blood parameters. Comparison with the control C.
striatus RBC, HB, values in infected fish were decreased by 63.5%, 23%, increase WBC (21%) had shown and in
Differential leucocyte count (DLC) studies in the control fish show that normal percentage range. In case of bacterial
infected fishes had shown drastic reduction of (30.7%) in Neutrophils was observed whereas Monocytes (2.3%) and
Basophils (0.6%) were not varied much a noticeable increase of (1.5%) in eosinophil and (5.4%) in lymphocytes. And in
the C. punctatus HB content, RBCs, percentage of Monocytes and Neutrophils were significantly decreased by (9%),
(55%), (2.4%) and (18%) respectively. WBCs, Lymphocytes, Esinophils and Basophils were found significantly increased
(17%), (5%), (5.8%) and (2.7%) respectively. This was observed in Red spot diseased fishes thus the above results depict
the presence of macrocyticanaemia in the infected fishes.
Key-words- Channa straitus, Staphylococcus aureus, Hasanparthy, DLC, WBCs
Dr. John Hawke - Exploring Lessons from Disease Management in Commercial Aqua...John Blue
Exploring Lessons from Disease Management in Commercial Aquaculture - Dr. John Hawke, Professor, Chief Diagnostician, Louisiana Aquatic Diagnostic Laboratory, Louisiana State University, from the 2016 Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. Swine Health Seminar, February 26, New Orleans, LA, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-boehringer-ingelheim-aasv
Antibiotic resistance in Vibrio species is of critical importance. This study evaluates the antibiotic resistance of Vibrio species present in farmed shrimp. Shrimp samples were obtained from an aquaculture farm. The tissues of Shrimp were examined and a total of 29 Vibrio isolates were identified. Through the biochemical test, the Vibrio isolates were identified as V. alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. furnissii, V. mimicus, V.parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus. The Vibrio species were tested for their resistance to eighteen antibiotics that are frequently present in the aquatic environment. Out of the total isolates, 6 were selected as dominant species for antibiotic susceptibility test. In the present study, Vibrio cholerae isolated from fresh shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against seven antibiotics, V.vulnificus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against ten antibiotics and this was the only isolate to show maximum resistance against the selected antibiotics. V.mimicus and V.alginolyticus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance to against seven different antibiotics. V.parahaemolyticus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against eight antibiotics whereas V.furnissii isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against six antibiotics. In general, all samples showed an increased level of antibiotic resistance due to improper
This document summarizes fish-borne zoonotic diseases and focuses on vibriosis and cholera. It discusses how vibriosis is caused by the bacteria Vibrio aguillarum in fish and can cause human cholera. Cholera is an infectious disease transmitted through contaminated food or water and causes severe diarrhea that can lead to death by dehydration. The document traces the history of cholera pandemics and discusses the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, treatment and prevention of both vibriosis in fish and cholera in humans.
1. Spring Viremia of Carp is caused by the Rhabdovirus carpio, an RNA virus that affects carp and other cyprinids.
2. The disease is acute and systemic, causing high mortality especially in temperatures between 11-13°C. Clinical signs include skin and organ hemorrhaging, bulging eyes, and darkened skin.
3. First identified in Yugoslavia in the 1970s, the virus has since spread throughout Europe, Asia, and North America, causing significant losses to fisheries. Young fish are most severely affected, though adults can also show symptoms.
Vibriosis is one of the most prevalent fish diseases caused by bacteria belonging the genus Vibrio affecting many marine and fresh water fishes. The disease characterized by septicemia, dermal ulceration, ascitis and haematopiotic necrosis.
A Report on Prevalence, Abundance and Intensity of Fish Parasites in Cat Fish...ijsrd.com
The present investigation was on occurrence on different Parasite founds in 38 different cat fishes of River Siang. The present study on helminth parasite of cat fisheswith respect to length and weight revealed that Cestode infection was the highest in all fish sample of the fish species. The high worm burden was located in the gut mainly the intestine of the fish. Also some eggs were detected in the liver of two host fishes. In this study 38 specimen fishes were examined which contained both male and female specimens. Wallagoattuspecimen shows highest prevalence of about 100% than the other cat fishes specimens.
Emerging Dreadful Ulcer Disease in Threatened Murrel, Channa aurantimaculataresearchanimalsciences
This document discusses an emerging ulcer disease found in the threatened ornamental fish species Channa aurantimaculata. The highest bacterial loads were found on the skin, while the lowest loads were in the heart. Aeromonas hydrophila was predominantly isolated from different organs, indicating its role in the disease. Infected fish showed increased white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, and mean corpuscular volume compared to uninfected fish, suggesting involvement of the nonspecific immune response. This disease poses a serious threat to the ornamental fish trade and the first reported case of ulcer disease in C. aurantimaculata.
Koteshwar Rao Podeti1*, Benarjee G2
Fisheries Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kakatiya University, India
ABSTRACT- The live freshwater Channa fish species were collected from Hasanparthy and Dharmasagar lakes of
Warangal district. The present investigation deals with the haematological variables in C. striatus and C. punctatus
infected by different bacterial pathogens such as A. hydrophila, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and S. salmonicida. The
considerable variations have been observed in the mean values of blood parameters. Comparison with the control C.
striatus RBC, HB, values in infected fish were decreased by 63.5%, 23%, increase WBC (21%) had shown and in
Differential leucocyte count (DLC) studies in the control fish show that normal percentage range. In case of bacterial
infected fishes had shown drastic reduction of (30.7%) in Neutrophils was observed whereas Monocytes (2.3%) and
Basophils (0.6%) were not varied much a noticeable increase of (1.5%) in eosinophil and (5.4%) in lymphocytes. And in
the C. punctatus HB content, RBCs, percentage of Monocytes and Neutrophils were significantly decreased by (9%),
(55%), (2.4%) and (18%) respectively. WBCs, Lymphocytes, Esinophils and Basophils were found significantly increased
(17%), (5%), (5.8%) and (2.7%) respectively. This was observed in Red spot diseased fishes thus the above results depict
the presence of macrocyticanaemia in the infected fishes.
Key-words- Channa straitus, Staphylococcus aureus, Hasanparthy, DLC, WBCs
Dr. John Hawke - Exploring Lessons from Disease Management in Commercial Aqua...John Blue
Exploring Lessons from Disease Management in Commercial Aquaculture - Dr. John Hawke, Professor, Chief Diagnostician, Louisiana Aquatic Diagnostic Laboratory, Louisiana State University, from the 2016 Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. Swine Health Seminar, February 26, New Orleans, LA, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-boehringer-ingelheim-aasv
Antibiotic resistance in Vibrio species is of critical importance. This study evaluates the antibiotic resistance of Vibrio species present in farmed shrimp. Shrimp samples were obtained from an aquaculture farm. The tissues of Shrimp were examined and a total of 29 Vibrio isolates were identified. Through the biochemical test, the Vibrio isolates were identified as V. alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. furnissii, V. mimicus, V.parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus. The Vibrio species were tested for their resistance to eighteen antibiotics that are frequently present in the aquatic environment. Out of the total isolates, 6 were selected as dominant species for antibiotic susceptibility test. In the present study, Vibrio cholerae isolated from fresh shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against seven antibiotics, V.vulnificus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against ten antibiotics and this was the only isolate to show maximum resistance against the selected antibiotics. V.mimicus and V.alginolyticus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance to against seven different antibiotics. V.parahaemolyticus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against eight antibiotics whereas V.furnissii isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against six antibiotics. In general, all samples showed an increased level of antibiotic resistance due to improper
Viral diseases that commonly infect fishes include viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS), infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), spring viraemia of carp (SVC), channel catfish virus (CCV), and infectious hematopoietic necrosis. These viruses are transmitted between fishes through water and infected eggs. Diseased fishes show symptoms like hemorrhaging, skin discoloration, organ damage, and abnormal swimming behaviors. Diagnosis involves virus isolation, antibody tests, and PCR. There are no treatments, so prevention focuses on hygiene, quarantine, avoiding stress, and inactivating viruses in the environment.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
1. The study isolated fungi from six freshwater fish species, finding fungal infection in Labeo rohita and Carassius auratus.
2. Aspergillus spp, Mucor sp, and Penicillium spp were isolated from the gills, fins, and skin of C. auratus. Only Aspergillus sp was isolated from the caudal fin of L. rohita.
3. The presence of toxigenic fungi like Aspergillus increases health risks for both humans and animals through potential mycotoxin production.
This report highlights recent scientific research on potential public health risks associated with confined animal feeding operations or CAFOs. In particular the report focuses on impacts to air quality, water quality, and pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. The purpose is to provide reliable information, based on a broad review of scientific research currently available, for regulators, individuals, and organizations.
This study determined the seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants in and around Bahir Dar, Ethiopia from 2008-2009. A total of 500 serum samples from sheep and goats were tested using the Rose Bengal plate test and complement fixation test. The overall prevalence of brucellosis was 1.2% by the Rose Bengal plate test and 0.4% by the complement fixation test. All positive samples by complement fixation test were from adult female goats. While the prevalence was low, the study concluded that brucellosis exists in the area and positive animals should be eliminated to control spread of the disease in small ruminants.
This study isolated and evaluated antibiotic resistance patterns of fecal coliform bacteria from the Wudil River in Kano, Nigeria. Samples were collected from four sites along the river and analyzed physically, chemically, and microbiologically. Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter sp., and Klebsiella pneumoneae were isolated. Antibiotic sensitivity testing found that Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, and Levofloxacin were 80-90% effective, while isolates were 100% resistant to Ampicillin and 80% resistant to Rifampicin. The river water poses health risks if used for drinking without treatment
This study examined the seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. Blood samples were collected from 159 sheep and 265 goats and tested for Brucella antibodies. The overall seroprevalence was found to be 2.6%, with 1.9% in sheep and 3.0% in goats. There was no significant difference in prevalence between age groups, sexes, or species. Most respondents (66.7%) lacked awareness of brucellosis's zoonotic importance. Many flock owners (72.2%) drank raw milk and most (96.3%) handled fetal materials with bare hands, exposing them to Brucella infection
This document discusses brucellosis, a globally important zoonotic bacterial disease. It is caused by Brucella species and transmitted from animals to humans through contact or consumption of infected animal products like unpasteurized milk. In animals it causes reproductive issues like abortion. In humans it causes non-specific flu-like symptoms. Diagnosis involves isolating the bacteria or detecting antibodies. Treatment is difficult due to antibiotic resistance. It has significant public health and economic impacts especially in developing countries where control measures are not well implemented.
2 ijreh mar-2018-1-evaluation of some insecticidesAI Publications
The present study was planned to test on certain chemical insecticides from different groups such as organophosphates, pyrethroids and Bioinsecticide. Among these compounds two were chemical insecticides (Propetamphos and Cypermethrin), while the third one is Bioinsecticide (Baciloid 5000: Bacillus thuringiensis) against Culex pipiens, the dominant mosquito species in Abha city. Taking LC50 values (concentration which to kill 50% of mosquito larvae) into consideration, mosquito larvae of CX. Pipes against Propetamphos was effective (LC50 0.0162 ppm) against the 3rd instar of the laboratory strain comparing with a field strain which was 0.0442 ppm. At LC90 level, data indicated that Propetamphos (LC90 0.8109 ppm) was effective insecticide against the 3rd instar larvae of laboratory strain, while against field strain gave (LC90 3.31 ppm). Similarly, the results clearly showed that Cypermethrin was also very effective insecticide (LC50 0.0132 ppm) against the adult females against laboratory strain, while against field strain Cypermethrin gave (LC50 0.1192 ppm). On the other hand, the residual activity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis reached from 4 to 20 days of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. in case laboratory strain, while reaching between 6-23 days of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. in case field strain. Mortality percent was also found between 11.7 to 96.8% of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. against laboratory strain in the 1st week, whereas ranged between 0.0 to 70.8% in the 2nd week against the same concentrations finally ranged between 0.0 to 12.7% in the 3rd week. Hence, the field collected larvae of Culex pipens were more susceptible and have prolonged residual effect as compared to laboratory reared.
Mold and cystic fibrosis : what can we learn from studying fungal microbiota ?Laurence Delhaes
This document discusses studying the fungal microbiota (mycobiota) in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. It begins by providing background on human microbial diversity and the emerging importance of studying the lung mycobiota. The authors aim to characterize the lung mycobiota in CF patients using deep sequencing techniques and analyze how the mycobiota relates to clinical status and bacterial composition. Preliminary results on 36 sputum samples from CF patients with and without pulmonary exacerbation show no association between common fungi like Aspergillus fumigatus and exacerbation. Principal component analysis of bacterial and fungal genera indicates some correlations and lack of correlation between certain microorganisms. Further statistical analysis is ongoing.
This document summarizes an article that discusses the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria due to overuse of antibiotics and antibacterial products. It notes that rapid urbanization in India is exposing urban spaces to risk through poor infrastructure and unchecked technology use. Indiscriminate antibiotic and consumer product use is contributing to "superbugs" emerging in water sources. The culture of extreme cleanliness through these products is driven by both safety concerns and a desire among India's middle class to distinguish themselves. However, widespread use of antibacterial chemicals like Triclosan is selecting for drug-resistant bacteria and increasing the chemical load on sewage systems.
Avian influenza is usually an inapparent or nonclinical
viral infection of wild birds that is caused by a group of
viruses known as type A influenzas. These viruses are maintained in wild birds by fecal-oral routes of transmission. This virus changes rapidly in nature by mixing of its genetic components to form slightly different virus subtypes. Avian influenza is caused by this collection of slightly different viruses rather than by a single virus type. The virus subtypes are identified and classified on the basis of two broad types of antigens, hemagglutinan (H) and neuraminidase (N); 15 H and 9 N antigens have been identified among all of the known type A influenzas.
Occurrence of whirling disease symptoms in cultured common carp in Basrah, IraqDrNajimRKhamees
A total of 128 fish samples including 70 Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758,10 Leuciscus vorax (Heckel, 1843), 40 Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner, 1864) and eight Planiliza abu (Heckel, 1843) were collected during the period from November 2016 to May 2017. Seven different localities (floating cages, earthen ponds and natural water) in Basrah were investigated. Among some detected fish diseases, whirling
disease symptoms was reported for the first time in Iraq in April 2017, from two C. carpio cultured in earthen fish ponds of Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah.
The infested fish were dwarfed, with abnormal big head and small body. Grossly signs of the diseases represent fins and tail deformities in addition to open ulcers and losing of scales, and necrosis of skin and muscles. Internally, fish suffered of muscles
ecchymosis and vertebral deformities. Histological sections revealed that the spinal cord had healthy structure.
This document provides information on diagnosing diseases in aquaculture. It discusses the importance of understanding normal conditions to detect abnormalities. The diagnosis process aims to determine the accurate cause of disease to select proper treatment. Key steps include taking a case history, conducting clinical, post-mortem, laboratory, histopathological, and molecular examinations. Signs of disease may be behavioral, physical on external/internal examination. Mortality can occur in acute outbreaks or chronic patterns over time. Accurate diagnosis is needed to effectively treat diseases affecting aquaculture.
What can we learn from studying fungal microbiotaLaurence Delhaes
The document discusses analyzing the fungal microbiota (mycobiota) in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. It summarizes a study that used high-throughput sequencing to analyze sputum samples from CF patients. The study found greater fungal diversity than previous culture-based methods, identifying 24 fungal genera including Aspergillus. Preliminary results showed associations between decreased fungal diversity and poorer clinical outcomes in CF patients. Larger studies are still needed to better understand the role of the lung mycobiota in CF exacerbations and how it interacts with bacterial communities and clinical status.
Diversity of monogenean (Platyhelminthes) parasites in freshwater fishes of K...paperpublications3
Abstract: Monogeneans are ectoparasites of fishes that can cause serious damage in the aquaculture industry. Twenty five species of freshwater fishes collected from different freshwater habitats of the Kannur district of Kerala were analysed for monogenean infection. A total of seven species of monogeneans were recovered from six species of fishes and overall prevalence was 7.81%.The parasites recovered include Gyrodactylus recurvensis, Dactylogyrus daniconi, Bifurcohaptor indicus, Dactylogyroides tripathii, Scleirocleidoides etropli, Diplozoon indicum and Neodiplozoon barbi. Among the fish hosts, Cyprinidae was found to be most suitable host for monogeneans. Dactylogyridae was the most diverse family. Four new host records were reported and all the seven species are new to the locality.
This study analyzed 100 individual flies collected from 10 restaurant dumpsters to quantify the prevalence and relative risk of Cronobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes on the body surfaces and in the guts of flies. Cronobacter spp. was detected in 14% of flies, with several species identified. Salmonella enterica was found in 6% of flies representing 5 different serovars. L. monocytogenes was detected in 3% of flies. Overall, pathogens were found three times more often in guts than on body surfaces, and the relative risk varied by pathogen, body part, and temperature. The data provide evidence that flies can act as reservoirs and vectors for spreading foodborne pathogens.
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Co...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Viral diseases that commonly infect fishes include viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS), infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), spring viraemia of carp (SVC), channel catfish virus (CCV), and infectious hematopoietic necrosis. These viruses are transmitted between fishes through water and infected eggs. Diseased fishes show symptoms like hemorrhaging, skin discoloration, organ damage, and abnormal swimming behaviors. Diagnosis involves virus isolation, antibody tests, and PCR. There are no treatments, so prevention focuses on hygiene, quarantine, avoiding stress, and inactivating viruses in the environment.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
1. The study isolated fungi from six freshwater fish species, finding fungal infection in Labeo rohita and Carassius auratus.
2. Aspergillus spp, Mucor sp, and Penicillium spp were isolated from the gills, fins, and skin of C. auratus. Only Aspergillus sp was isolated from the caudal fin of L. rohita.
3. The presence of toxigenic fungi like Aspergillus increases health risks for both humans and animals through potential mycotoxin production.
This report highlights recent scientific research on potential public health risks associated with confined animal feeding operations or CAFOs. In particular the report focuses on impacts to air quality, water quality, and pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. The purpose is to provide reliable information, based on a broad review of scientific research currently available, for regulators, individuals, and organizations.
This study determined the seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants in and around Bahir Dar, Ethiopia from 2008-2009. A total of 500 serum samples from sheep and goats were tested using the Rose Bengal plate test and complement fixation test. The overall prevalence of brucellosis was 1.2% by the Rose Bengal plate test and 0.4% by the complement fixation test. All positive samples by complement fixation test were from adult female goats. While the prevalence was low, the study concluded that brucellosis exists in the area and positive animals should be eliminated to control spread of the disease in small ruminants.
This study isolated and evaluated antibiotic resistance patterns of fecal coliform bacteria from the Wudil River in Kano, Nigeria. Samples were collected from four sites along the river and analyzed physically, chemically, and microbiologically. Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter sp., and Klebsiella pneumoneae were isolated. Antibiotic sensitivity testing found that Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, and Levofloxacin were 80-90% effective, while isolates were 100% resistant to Ampicillin and 80% resistant to Rifampicin. The river water poses health risks if used for drinking without treatment
This study examined the seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. Blood samples were collected from 159 sheep and 265 goats and tested for Brucella antibodies. The overall seroprevalence was found to be 2.6%, with 1.9% in sheep and 3.0% in goats. There was no significant difference in prevalence between age groups, sexes, or species. Most respondents (66.7%) lacked awareness of brucellosis's zoonotic importance. Many flock owners (72.2%) drank raw milk and most (96.3%) handled fetal materials with bare hands, exposing them to Brucella infection
This document discusses brucellosis, a globally important zoonotic bacterial disease. It is caused by Brucella species and transmitted from animals to humans through contact or consumption of infected animal products like unpasteurized milk. In animals it causes reproductive issues like abortion. In humans it causes non-specific flu-like symptoms. Diagnosis involves isolating the bacteria or detecting antibodies. Treatment is difficult due to antibiotic resistance. It has significant public health and economic impacts especially in developing countries where control measures are not well implemented.
2 ijreh mar-2018-1-evaluation of some insecticidesAI Publications
The present study was planned to test on certain chemical insecticides from different groups such as organophosphates, pyrethroids and Bioinsecticide. Among these compounds two were chemical insecticides (Propetamphos and Cypermethrin), while the third one is Bioinsecticide (Baciloid 5000: Bacillus thuringiensis) against Culex pipiens, the dominant mosquito species in Abha city. Taking LC50 values (concentration which to kill 50% of mosquito larvae) into consideration, mosquito larvae of CX. Pipes against Propetamphos was effective (LC50 0.0162 ppm) against the 3rd instar of the laboratory strain comparing with a field strain which was 0.0442 ppm. At LC90 level, data indicated that Propetamphos (LC90 0.8109 ppm) was effective insecticide against the 3rd instar larvae of laboratory strain, while against field strain gave (LC90 3.31 ppm). Similarly, the results clearly showed that Cypermethrin was also very effective insecticide (LC50 0.0132 ppm) against the adult females against laboratory strain, while against field strain Cypermethrin gave (LC50 0.1192 ppm). On the other hand, the residual activity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis reached from 4 to 20 days of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. in case laboratory strain, while reaching between 6-23 days of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. in case field strain. Mortality percent was also found between 11.7 to 96.8% of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. against laboratory strain in the 1st week, whereas ranged between 0.0 to 70.8% in the 2nd week against the same concentrations finally ranged between 0.0 to 12.7% in the 3rd week. Hence, the field collected larvae of Culex pipens were more susceptible and have prolonged residual effect as compared to laboratory reared.
Mold and cystic fibrosis : what can we learn from studying fungal microbiota ?Laurence Delhaes
This document discusses studying the fungal microbiota (mycobiota) in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. It begins by providing background on human microbial diversity and the emerging importance of studying the lung mycobiota. The authors aim to characterize the lung mycobiota in CF patients using deep sequencing techniques and analyze how the mycobiota relates to clinical status and bacterial composition. Preliminary results on 36 sputum samples from CF patients with and without pulmonary exacerbation show no association between common fungi like Aspergillus fumigatus and exacerbation. Principal component analysis of bacterial and fungal genera indicates some correlations and lack of correlation between certain microorganisms. Further statistical analysis is ongoing.
This document summarizes an article that discusses the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria due to overuse of antibiotics and antibacterial products. It notes that rapid urbanization in India is exposing urban spaces to risk through poor infrastructure and unchecked technology use. Indiscriminate antibiotic and consumer product use is contributing to "superbugs" emerging in water sources. The culture of extreme cleanliness through these products is driven by both safety concerns and a desire among India's middle class to distinguish themselves. However, widespread use of antibacterial chemicals like Triclosan is selecting for drug-resistant bacteria and increasing the chemical load on sewage systems.
Avian influenza is usually an inapparent or nonclinical
viral infection of wild birds that is caused by a group of
viruses known as type A influenzas. These viruses are maintained in wild birds by fecal-oral routes of transmission. This virus changes rapidly in nature by mixing of its genetic components to form slightly different virus subtypes. Avian influenza is caused by this collection of slightly different viruses rather than by a single virus type. The virus subtypes are identified and classified on the basis of two broad types of antigens, hemagglutinan (H) and neuraminidase (N); 15 H and 9 N antigens have been identified among all of the known type A influenzas.
Occurrence of whirling disease symptoms in cultured common carp in Basrah, IraqDrNajimRKhamees
A total of 128 fish samples including 70 Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758,10 Leuciscus vorax (Heckel, 1843), 40 Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner, 1864) and eight Planiliza abu (Heckel, 1843) were collected during the period from November 2016 to May 2017. Seven different localities (floating cages, earthen ponds and natural water) in Basrah were investigated. Among some detected fish diseases, whirling
disease symptoms was reported for the first time in Iraq in April 2017, from two C. carpio cultured in earthen fish ponds of Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah.
The infested fish were dwarfed, with abnormal big head and small body. Grossly signs of the diseases represent fins and tail deformities in addition to open ulcers and losing of scales, and necrosis of skin and muscles. Internally, fish suffered of muscles
ecchymosis and vertebral deformities. Histological sections revealed that the spinal cord had healthy structure.
This document provides information on diagnosing diseases in aquaculture. It discusses the importance of understanding normal conditions to detect abnormalities. The diagnosis process aims to determine the accurate cause of disease to select proper treatment. Key steps include taking a case history, conducting clinical, post-mortem, laboratory, histopathological, and molecular examinations. Signs of disease may be behavioral, physical on external/internal examination. Mortality can occur in acute outbreaks or chronic patterns over time. Accurate diagnosis is needed to effectively treat diseases affecting aquaculture.
What can we learn from studying fungal microbiotaLaurence Delhaes
The document discusses analyzing the fungal microbiota (mycobiota) in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. It summarizes a study that used high-throughput sequencing to analyze sputum samples from CF patients. The study found greater fungal diversity than previous culture-based methods, identifying 24 fungal genera including Aspergillus. Preliminary results showed associations between decreased fungal diversity and poorer clinical outcomes in CF patients. Larger studies are still needed to better understand the role of the lung mycobiota in CF exacerbations and how it interacts with bacterial communities and clinical status.
Diversity of monogenean (Platyhelminthes) parasites in freshwater fishes of K...paperpublications3
Abstract: Monogeneans are ectoparasites of fishes that can cause serious damage in the aquaculture industry. Twenty five species of freshwater fishes collected from different freshwater habitats of the Kannur district of Kerala were analysed for monogenean infection. A total of seven species of monogeneans were recovered from six species of fishes and overall prevalence was 7.81%.The parasites recovered include Gyrodactylus recurvensis, Dactylogyrus daniconi, Bifurcohaptor indicus, Dactylogyroides tripathii, Scleirocleidoides etropli, Diplozoon indicum and Neodiplozoon barbi. Among the fish hosts, Cyprinidae was found to be most suitable host for monogeneans. Dactylogyridae was the most diverse family. Four new host records were reported and all the seven species are new to the locality.
This study analyzed 100 individual flies collected from 10 restaurant dumpsters to quantify the prevalence and relative risk of Cronobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes on the body surfaces and in the guts of flies. Cronobacter spp. was detected in 14% of flies, with several species identified. Salmonella enterica was found in 6% of flies representing 5 different serovars. L. monocytogenes was detected in 3% of flies. Overall, pathogens were found three times more often in guts than on body surfaces, and the relative risk varied by pathogen, body part, and temperature. The data provide evidence that flies can act as reservoirs and vectors for spreading foodborne pathogens.
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Co...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed levels of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas bacteria in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from Kesses Dam and University of Eldoret Fish Farm in Kenya. Thirty fish samples were collected from each source and tested for the bacteria. Results found significantly higher levels of both bacteria in fish from Kesses Dam compared to the fish farm. Bacterial levels in all fish exceeded recommended food safety standards, posing a health risk to consumers. The presence of bacteria is likely due to environmental pollution of the dam and farm waters.
Aquaculture products can harbor pathogenic bacteria which are part of the natural microflora of the environment. A study was conducted aiming at the isolation of human pathogenic bacteria in gills, intestines, mouth and the skin of apparently healthy fish, Tilapia rendali and Oreochromic mossambicus, from the Fletcher dam. Bacterial pathogens associated with fish can be transmitted to human beings from fish used as food or by handling the fish causing human diseases. Differentiation and characterization of various isolates was based on their growth characteristics on specific culture media (biochemical and gram staining reactions). The following human pathogenic bacteria were isolated Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella dysenteriae and Enterococcus faecalis. All the bacterial species which were isolated from the fish were also present in the initial water samples collected. The isolation of enteric bacteria in fish serves as indicator organisms of faecal contamination and or water pollution. Their presence also represents a potential hazard to humans. The mean bacterial load of the isolates was found to be markedly higher than the recommended public health and standard value of 5.0 x 106 CFU/ml which has been adopted by many countries.
The quest for better food quality has invariably increased cases of food-borne infections which in turn contribute to the problem of antibiotic resistance as a result of drug abuse. This study is aimed at characterizing bacterial isolates from some seafood sold in Nembe, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. A total of 200 fresh seafood samples (crab, shrimp, oyster and periwinkle) were collected randomly from Nembe, Bayelsa State. Isolates were obtained using the conventional microbiological methods and the pure cultures were screened by gram staining and biochemical test for preliminary identification. Isolates were further characterized for 16SrRNA using Polymerase Chain Reaction and Sequencing. The most dominant species isolated were Staphylococcus gallinarum 27(22.5%), Vibrio rotiferanus 17(14.2%), Vibrio parahaemolyticus 48(40%), Klebsiella aerogenes 10(8.3%) and Klebsiella quasipneumoniae 18(15%). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) by single factor was done to determine the variation in colony counts of isolates from the different seafood samples and P value was > 0.05 indicating that there is no significant difference in colony counts among the different sea foods. The presence of these bacterial species in these seafood samples renders the food unsafe for consumption. Adequate handling as well as proper cooking of seafood before consumption is highly recommended so as to reduce the incidence of food-borne infections.
With the continued expansion of cultured fish and shellfish species, aquaculture has become a key component of the animal health industry. Aquaculture is the fastest growing industry around the world with around 80 million tonnes produced annually. With an average annual growth rate of 7 percent, more then 60 percent of the global seafood is currently supplied from aquaculture. However, this growth is not without its problems, as demonstrated by the latest outbreak of Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) in the shrimp industry, sea lice in the salmon industry and an array of other diseases.
Cluster Analysis of Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria from Clarias gariepinus an...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Fish is a major source of protein for humans, and it is patronized by many in the tropics – where fishes can either be cultivated in the farms domestically or caught from open water bodies such as rivers, ponds and streams. These various sources of fishes and their attendant diversity of microorganisms particularly the bacteria make fishes as potential sources of pathogens. The maintenance of the microbiological quality of food and water is important to prevent waterborne/foodborne diseases in any community, thus the need for this study. A total of 14 samples of water at different points (upstream, midstream and downstream) and 50 samples of live fishes were used for this study. Each of the fish sample was bacteriologically analyzed using the pour-plate and spread plate techniques on culture media plates. And the isolated bacteria were identified using standard microbiological identification techniques. The water samples were subjected to physicochemical analysis to determine the physical and chemical properties of the water. The relatedness of the isolated bacteria was established using cluster analysis/dendogram. The highest bacterial count was obtained from downstream water sample (5.6x10 cfu/ml), indicating a possible pollution of water at this point. Both aerobic heterotrophic Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria were isolated. The Gram positive bacteria isolated include Staphylococcus lugdunensis, S. hominis, S. cohnii, Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, Kocuria varians while the Gram negative bacteria include Raoutella ornithinolytica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aeromonas hydrophila, A. veronii, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia fonticola, and Enterobacter gergoriae. Cluster analysis using dendrogram showed some degree of similarity among the different clusters of isolated bacteria. The result of this study presumptively shows that the water sample is polluted; and this in turn affects fresh water fishes in the river. Therefore the microbiological examination of the water at this study site is necessary for monitoring and controlling the quality and safety of the water for usage by the locals.
Prevalence, Diversity of Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia Coli and Associated Risk ...Babatunde Odetoyin
Abstract
Background: Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) strains are common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Waterborne DEC could pose a health risk to humans through domestic use of contaminated water. However, epidemiological studies on DEC in well water are scarce in Nigeria. This study determined the prevalence, diversity and factors associated with the presence of DEC in well water in Ile-Ife, southwestern Nigeria.
Methods: We assessed 143 wells for safety and a questionnaire was administered. Contaminating isolates were identified as E. coli by amplifying their 16S rRNA gene. Five diarrhoeagenic E. coli pathotypes were sought using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (GTG)5 repetitive PCR and Shannon diversity index were used to determine isolates diversity. Multivariate analysis was used to reveal the factors associated with the presence of DEC in well water.
Results: Fifty-six (39.2%) wells were contaminated by diarrhoeagenic E. coli. Wells with dirty platforms, undercut by erosion and sited near septic tanks significantly harboured DEC (p < 0.05). There was a preponderance of Shiga-toxin producing E. coli among the isolates with 10 (17.9%) wells contaminated by multiple DEC. The DEC isolates showed 45 unique fingerprints and were divided into six clades, with an overall diversity index of 18.87.
Discussion: The presence of DEC in well water highlights the risk to human health associated with the use of untreated water. There was a high degree of genetic diversity among the isolates implying multiple sources of contamination. There is a need for periodic sanitation and inspection of wells for cracks to prevent seepages and possible outbreaks of waterborne diseases
Isolation of a Gram Negative Fish Pathogenfrom Moroccan Rainbow Trout Hatcher...IJAEMSJORNAL
This document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized a gram-negative fish pathogen from a rainbow trout hatchery in Morocco during winter months. Six isolates were identified as Flavobacterium psychrophilum based on biochemical and enzymatic testing. The isolates were found to be sensitive to oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol but resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, and neomycin based on antibiotic susceptibility testing. This research aimed to approve the presence of F. psychrophilum in Moroccan aquaculture and characterize the pathogen to help control disease outbreaks impacting the rainbow trout industry.
This document discusses zoonotic and vector borne diseases. It begins with an introduction to zoonotic diseases, which are diseases that can spread between animals and humans. These diseases are caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites or fungi. The document then discusses the main mechanisms of infection such as direct contact, indirect contact, vector-borne transmission, foodborne transmission, and waterborne transmission. It identifies populations that are at high risk of zoonotic diseases such as children, elderly adults, immunocompromised individuals, and pregnant women. The document also examines the environmental and anthropogenic factors that contribute to the emergence and spread of zoonotic diseases. Finally, it provides examples of major zoonotic diseases and discusses Malaysia's mult
This document summarizes Anisakiasis, a food-borne disease caused by the parasite Anisakis. Anisakis infects a wide range of marine life and can be transmitted to humans through the consumption of raw, undercooked, or improperly processed seafood. Symptoms in humans include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and allergic reactions. The parasite's life cycle involves eggs released in feces from infected marine mammals and developing through larvae stages in crustaceans and fish hosts before humans can become accidentally infected through eating raw or undercooked seafood. Anisakiasis has a global distribution and increasing reports in areas like Asia, Europe and the Americas. Improved awareness, treatment, and prevention of transmission
The study was carried out to determine the effect of fungi contaminated feed on the growth and survival of catfish, Clarias gariepinus juveniles. This research was carried out for a period of twelve weeks. Forty catfish juveniles were stocked at a rate of twenty juveniles per plastic tank. Catfish juveniles in one tank were fed with moldy feed and the control was served with non -moldy feed and was observed for twelve weeks to determine and compare their growth and survival. Catfish juveniles fed with moldy feed had the highest mortality as well as slower growth as compared to the control fed with non-moldy feed. The survival rate of juveniles stocked was 55% and mortality rate was 45% and majority of mortality was from juveniles fed with moldy feed and majority of the survival rate was from juveniles fed with non-moldy feed. Some water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were also taken and no significant difference was observed. Moldy feed or feedstuff should not be used as this can cause great mortality and therefore loss to fish farmers.
The aquaculture industry has developed significantly over recent decades and is, today, one of the fastest-growing food production sectors in the world. One of the most important problems that affect aquaculture is the appearance of infectious diseases. Among bacterial diseases affecting cultured salmonid fish, Bacterial Cold-Water Disease, caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum, produces high mortality and morbidity and consequently, economical losses worldwide.
Fish disease is a major constraint to aquaculture development in Bangladesh. Common diseases include bacterial, fungal, parasitic and physical ailments. The risk of disease outbreaks increases with intensification of aquaculture and high stocking densities. Proper management practices like monitoring health, controlling transboundary movements, training workers and utilizing disease prevention techniques can help control disease spread and its impacts on aquaculture.
Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in Sun-cured Meat (J...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This document reports on a study that examined 81 samples of sun-cured meat called kilishi from 10 retail outlets in Sokoto, Nigeria to detect the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Using bacterial culture and biochemical tests, S. aureus was found in 68 samples at a prevalence of 83.9%, while E. coli was not detected in any samples. The contamination rate of S. aureus was highest in 4 areas which all had 100% prevalence. Due to the high occurrence of enterotoxin-producing S. aureus isolated from the kilishi samples, the meat may serve as a source of staphylococcal infection for consumers. Standard hygienic practices throughout food production
Salmonid aquaculture has suffered from a number of different ailments. Infectious Salmon Anaemia, caused by the Isavirus from the orthomixoviridae family, led to a major crisis of the Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry in Chile, dramatically reducing production numbers.
This document summarizes a study that examined the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in sun-cured meat (jerky/kilishi) from retail outlets in Sokoto, Nigeria. A total of 81 meat samples were collected from 10 areas and tested for the presence of S. aureus and E. coli using bacterial culture and biochemical tests. S. aureus was found in 68 samples at a prevalence of 83.9%, while E. coli was not found in any samples (0% prevalence). The contamination rate of S. aureus was highest (100% prevalence) in samples from 4 areas, while other areas had rates of 25%, 60%, and 80%. Due to the high occurrence
Mobile phone has been source of microorganisms that cause diseases of public health concerns. In a study, one-fi fth of cellular phones examined were found to harbor pathogenic bacteria indicating that these devices may serve as vehicles of transmission. Swab samples were collected aseptically from the phones of different handlers like motor bike riders, food vendors, meat sellers and nursing mothers. Bacteria isolation and identifi cation were carried out using pour plating technique with distinctive morphological and biochemical characteristics.The pathogenicity of the bacterial isolates was investigated through oral inoculation into albino rats. Eighty-eight (88) bacteria were isolated and selected based on their resistance to antibiotics for pathological study. Loss in weight was observed in some albino rat. Along with reduction in the packed cell volume, hemoglobin but raised white blood cell. Animal inoculated with Bacillus cereus showed meningitis like symptom after the first week of inoculation. Also, there were short and stunted villi; low crystal depth with necrotic
debris in the lumen. It has been observed that cell phones may harbor pathogenic bacteria and can subsequently plays role as fomite in the disease transmission. Therefore, the need to educate community phone handlers in the rural area becomes imperative.
The customer purchased an antique pocket watch from Etsy for their mother's day gift, but it did not arrive on time as promised. After following up with customer service, they were informed of shipping delays but the package still did not arrive as expected. Further inquiries also resulted in long wait times. Ultimately, the package was received damaged after multiple weeks of delay. While refund and return options were provided, the overall experience left the customer frustrated and dissatisfied with Etsy's service.
Similar to International Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology (20)
A 5-year old boy, with an established diagnosis of a topic
dermatitis, previously treated by topical corticosteroids and emollient cream with a good improvement, developed widespread papules on his legs, hands and forearm that appeared 5 months ago.
Methods: Retrospectively, the file records of the patients who underwent sleeve gastrectomy were examined. Demographic features, Body Mass Index (BMI), the mouth opening, Mallampati score, thyromental distance, sternomental distance, neck circumference measurements and videolaryngoscopic examination results were recorded Results: In a total of 140 consecutive patients (58 male, 82 female) were included in the study. The mean age of the study participants was 35.40 ± 9.78 and the mean BMI of the patients was 44.33 ± 7.52 kg/m2
. The mean mouth opening of the patients was 4.82 ± 0.54 cm
and the mean neck circumference was 43.52 ± 4.66 cm. The mean thyromental distance was 8.02 ± 1.00 cm and the mean sternomental distance was16.58 ± 1.53 cm. Difficult intubation was determined in 8 (5.7%) patients. In logistic regression analysis, age (p : 0.446), gender (p : 0.371), BMI (p : 0.947), snoring (p : 0.567), sleep apnea (p : 0.218), mouth opening (p : 0.687), thyromental distance (p :0.557), sternomental (p : 0.596) and neck circumference (p : 0.838) were not the independent predictors of difficult intubation. However, Mallampati score (p : 0.001) and preoperative direct laryngoscopy findings (p : 0.037) performed in outpatient clinic were the significant
predictors of difficult intubation. Interestingly, all patients with grade 4 laryngoscopy findings had difficult intubation.
Introduction: Laparoscopic surgery has been performed in Mexico since 1989, but no reports about training tendencies exist. We conducted a national survey in 2015, and here we report the results concerning training characteristics during the surgical residence of the respondents. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted through a survey questioning demographic data, laparoscopic training during pre and post surgical residency and other of areas of laparoscopic practice. The sample was calculated and survey piloted before
application. Special interest in this report was placed on type and quality of training received. Data are reported in percentages.
Heterotopic Ossification (HO) is defined as pathological bone formation at locations where bone normally does not exist. The
presence of HO has been found to be a rare complication after stroke in several studies, whereas there are only sporadic references relating HO to Cerebral Palsy (CP) and few for CP and stroke. No effective treatment for HO has yet been found, whereas the cellular and molecular mechanisms have not been completely understood. Therefore, increased awareness among physicians is required, as a challenge for early diagnosis and treatment. A case of a male patient with CP, who developed HO on the paretichip joint following an ischemic stroke is presented.
Objectives: To assess the practice of food hygiene and safety, and its associated factors among street food vendors in urban areas of Shashemane, West Arsi Zone, Oromia Ethiopia, 2019.
Methods: Cross-sectional study design was applied from December 28, 2019 to January 27, 2020. Data was collected from 120 food handlers, which were selected by purposive sampling techniques. Information was gathered from interview and field observation by conducting food safety survey and using questionnaires via face to face interview. The collected data was entered using Epi Data 3.1 and finally, it was analyzed using SPSS VERSION 20.
A Division I football player experienced acute posterior leg pain while playing. An ultrasound examination revealed an unusual injury - a complete rupture of the plantaris tendon mid-substance. This type of isolated plantaris tendon injury has rarely been reported. Ultrasound was useful for diagnosis and guided rehabilitation by monitoring healing over time. The athlete was able to return to full competition within 3 weeks through a progressive rehabilitation program focused on restoring range of motion and strength. This case suggests isolated plantaris tendon injuries may allow for faster return to play than other potential causes of posterior leg pain.
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), is a severe disease, representing 5-10% of all reported cases of diabetes worldwide. Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (FT1D) is a subtype of type 1 diabetes mellitus that is largely characterized by the abrupt onset of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and severe hyperglycemia without insulin defi ciency. Viral infections have been hypothesized to play a major role in the pathogenesis of Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (FT1D) through the complete and rapid destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Coxsackie viral infection has been detected in islets of 50% of the pancreatic tissue recovered from recent-onset Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) patients. In this report we have highlighted a case where the patient developed a Group B Coxsackie virus infection culminating in the development of Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (FT1D).
Methods: Cercariae are released by infected water snails. To determine the occurrence of cercariae-emitting snails in SchleswigHolstein, 155 public bathing places were visited and searched for fresh water snails. Family and genus of the collected snails were determined and the snails were examined for the shedding of cercariae, using a standard method and a newly developed method.
Objective: To generate preliminary information about of enteroviruses and Enterovirus 71 (EV71) in patients with aseptic meningitis in Khartoum State, Sudan.
Method: Cerebrospinal fluid specimens were collected from 89 aseptic meningitis patients from different Khartoum Hospitals
(Mohammed Alamin Hamid Hospital, Soba Teaching Hospital, Omdurman Military Hospital, Alban Gadeed Teaching Hospital and Police Hospital) within February to May 2015. Among these 89 patients, 43 (48%) were males and 46 (52%) were females. The patient’s age ranged between 1 day and 30 years old. The collected specimens were assayed to detect enteroviruses and EV71 RNA using Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technique
Femoral hernias, comprise 2% to 4% of all hernias in the inguinal region, and occur most commonly in women. Th ey present typically with a mass below the level of the inguinal ligament. The sac may contain preperitoneal fat, omentum, small bowel, or other structures and have a high rate of incarceration and strangulation due to the small size of the hernia neck orifice, requiring emergency surgery. We present the case of a 54-year-old female patient with intestinal occlusion due to incarcerated femoral hernia, repaired by laparoscopic approach, that gave the patient the opportunity to attend her daughter’s wedding the same day.
Small Supernumerary Marker Chromosome (sSMC) is a rare genetic condition marked by the presence of an extra chromosome to the 46 human chromosomes. This case report describes a 4 year old child with SSMC on the 46th chromosome. The child presented with delayed speech and language development, seizures and mild developmental delay. Speech and Language evaluation was carried out and management options are discussed.
A catheter is a thin tube made from medical grade materials that serve a broad range of functions, but mainly catheters are medical devices that can be inserted in the body to treat disease or perform surgical procedures. Catheters have been inserted into body cavities, ducts, or vessels to allow for drainage, administration of therapeutic fluids or gases, operational access for surgery. Catheters help perform tasks in various systems such as cardiovascular, urological, gastrointestinal, neurovascular, and ophthalmic systems. A dataset of 12 patients with varying “weights” and “heights” was recorded along with the lengths of their catheter tubes. This data set was found from two revered statistical textbooks on linear regression and the Department of Scientific Computing at Florida State University. This data set was not able to be linked to any particular clinical or experimental research studies, but the data set can be used to help catheter manufacturers and medical professionals better decide on what particular catheter lengths to use for patients knowing only their height & weight. These research insights could be helpful to healthcare professionals that have patients with incomplete or no healthcare records
to decide what catheter length to use. The main investigative inquiry that needed to be answered was how does patient weight & height influence catheter length together and separately? We conducted linear regression and other statistical analysis procedures in R program & Microsoft Excel and discovered that this data exhibited a quality called multi collinearity. With multi collinearity, all predictors (2 or more
independent variables) are not significant in an all encompassing linear aggression, but the predictors might be significant in their own individual linear regressions. Individual linear regression analyses were conducted for both patient height & weight to see how much they both contribute to varying catheter length. Patient weight was found to be more impatful than patient height in relationship to catheter length, even though height and weight are a classical example of multi collinearity predictors.
Bovine mastitis has a negative impact through economic losses in the dairy sector across the globe. A cross sectional study was carried out from September 2015 to July 2016 to determine the prevalence of bovine mastitis, associated risk factors and isolation of major causative bacteria in lactating dairy cows in selected districts of central highland of Ethiopia. A total of 304 lactating cows selected randomly from five districts were screened by California Mastitis Test (CMT) for subclinical mastitis. Based on CMT result and clinical examination, over all prevalence of mastitis at cow level was 70.62% (214/304).
Two hundred fourteen milk samples collected from CMT positive cows were cultured for isolation of major causative bacteria. From 214 milk samples,187 were culture positive and the most prevalent isolates were Staphylococcus aureus 42.25% (79/187) followed by Streptococcus agalactiae 14.43%
(27/187). Other bacterial isolates were included Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus species 12.83% (24/187), Streptococcus dysgalactiae 5.88% (11/187), Escherichia coli 13.38% (25/187) and Entrococcus feacalis 11.23% (21/187) were also isolated. Moreover, age, parity number, visible teat abnormalities,husbandry practice, barn fl oor status and milking hygiene were considered as risk factors for the occurrence of bovine mastitis and they were found significantly associated with the occurrence of mastitis (p < 0.05). The findings of this study warrants the need for strategic approach including dairy extension that focus on enhancing dairy farmers’ awareness and practice of hygienic milking, regular screening for subclinical mastitis, dry cow therapy and culling of chronically infected cows.
A 36-year-old female developed right upper quadrant pain and nausea after taking the herbal supplement kratom for two weeks to manage back pain. Laboratory tests showed elevated liver enzymes. A liver biopsy ruled out other causes and determined she had drug-induced liver injury from kratom use. Her symptoms and liver enzymes gradually returned to normal over six weeks after stopping kratom. The case report discusses kratom's potential for hepatotoxicity and advises clinicians to consider its effects on patient health.
The assessment, diagnosis and treatment of critically ill patients is extremely challenging. Patients often deteriorate whilst being
reviewed and their rapidly changing pathophysiology barrages healthcare professionals with new data. Furthermore, comprehensive assessments must be postponed until the patient has been stabilised. So, important data and interventions are often missed in the heat of the moment. In emergency situations, suboptimal management decisions may cause signifi cant morbidity and mortality. Fortunately, standardisation and careful design of documentation (i.e. proformas and checklists) can enhance patient safety. So, I have developed a series of checklist proformas to guide the assessment of critically ill patients. These proformas also promote the systematic recording and presentation of information to facilitate the retrieval of the precise data required for the management for critically ill patients. The proformas have been modifi ed extensively over the last twenty years based on my personal experience and extensive consultation with colleagues in several world-renowned centres of excellence. The proformas were originally developed for use in the intensive therapy unit
or high dependency unit. However, they have been adapted for use by outreach teams reviewing patients admitted outside of critical care areas. The use of these tools can direct eff orts to provide appropriate organ support and provides a framework for diagnostic reasoning.
This review article discusses microvascular and macrovascular disease in systemic hypertension. It summarizes that:
1) Cardiac imaging plays a crucial role in risk stratifying hypertensive patients and identifying management strategies by properly diagnosing microvascular and coronary artery disease.
2) The nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) G298 gene allele may be a marker for microvascular angina in hypertensive patients, as studies have found it to be more prevalent in hypertensive patients with chest pain and reversible myocardial defects but normal coronary arteries.
3) Both structural changes like capillary rarefaction and functional changes like endothelial dysfunction can cause microvascular dysfunction and angina in hypertensive individuals in the absence of
This study characterized dengue infections in Pakistan by analyzing hematological and serological markers in 154 suspected dengue cases and 146 control patients with other febrile illnesses. NS1 antigen was detected in 55% of dengue cases, IgM antibodies in 30%, and both in 15%. Control groups primarily had malaria (71%) and enteric fever (20%). Hematological markers (platelet count, hematocrit, WBC) measured before and after treatment showed significant differences for platelet count and hematocrit but not WBC count between the groups. Analysis of clinical symptoms and serological/hematological markers helps diagnose dengue, assess prognosis, and inform prevention efforts to reduce morbidity, mortality and spread of the disease.
Researchers from Utrecht recently published yet another paper on the use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)demonstrating an additional failed attempt to understand the importance of qualitative versus quantitative imaging, and anatomic versus physiologic imaging. Th e implications of this failure here cannot be overstated.
Introduction: Stroke is an even more dramatic major public health problem in young people. Goal of the study: Contribute to the knowledge of strokes in young people. Methodology: This was a retrospective study carried out over a period of 02 years (January 2017 to December 2018) including the files of patients aged 18 to 49 years hospitalized for any suspected case of stroke in the Neurology department of the University Hospital
Center of the Sino-Central African Friendship (CHUSCA) of Bangui.
Background: This report describes a unique case of a patient that developed psychotic symptoms believed to be secondary
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2. International Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology
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ISSN: 2640-4397
Abstract
Escherichia coli belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae, is a facultative anaerobic, non-spore forming, and gram-negative bacilli
bacteria. The isolation and identification of E.coli O157:H7, and its antimicrobial susceptibility have been done in fish from skin and
muscle samples taken from Lake Hawassa in Southern Ethiopia. A total of 343 healthy fish was randomly sampled (212 skin swab and
131 muscle swab) which comprise three species Nile tilapia, African catfish and Barbus (golden) fish. From a total of 343 fish samples,
80 (23.3%) E.coli was isolated, while 8 (2.3%) strain O157:H7 was isolated. In case of part of fish where swab samples were taken from
a total of 212 skin swabs and 131 muscle swabs 69(32.54%) and 11(8.4%) E.coli was isolated, respectively. Similarly, from 212 skin
swabs and 131 muscle swabs, 7(3.3%) and 1(0.76%) pathogenic strain (O157:H7) of E.coli was isolated, respectively. The occurrence of
E.coli from fish skin and muscle is statically significant with p-value (0.000). Therefore, E.coli was more prevalent in fish skin than muscle.
However the occurrence of E.coli and its strain O157:H7 in Nile tilapia, African catfish and Barbus fish was not showing a Significance
difference, where that p-value is greater than 0.05. E.coli O157:H7 isolates were tested with nine available antimicrobial drugs. All eight
isolates were 100% sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, trimethoprim, and Sulfamethoxazole. Whereas all of the isolates were 100%
resistant to some antibiotics like ampicillin and cefoxitin. Isolates for tetracycline were 1(12.5%), 4(50%) and 3(37.5%) were resistant,
intermediate and susceptible, respectively. And 3(37.5%) resistant, 1(12.5%) intermediate and 4(50%) isolates were susceptible for
streptomycin. For doxycycline 5(62.5%), 2(25%) and 1(12.5%) were susceptible, intermediate and resistant, respectively. E.coli and
the starin O157:H7 are among the common microbial threats to the fishery practice. Indiscriminate uses of antibiotics to treat bacterial
infection promote the development of drug-resistant bacteria. Further study should be conducted in the fish environment for assessment
of water quality, isolation and identification of pathogenic microorganism that has great zoonosis importance like E.coli O157:H7.
Keywords: E.coli; Fish; Lake Hawassa; Muscle; O157:H7; Skin
ABBREVIATIONS
μg: microgram; m: micrometer; CLSI: Clinical and Laboratory
Standard Institute; Conc.: Concentration; FAO: Food and
Agricultural Organization of the United Nations; Hrs: hours; IFT:
Institute of Food Technologists; Km: kilometer; LFDP: Lake Fisheries
Development Project Working Paper; NMA: National Metrology
Agency; OIE: Office International des Epizooties; SMA: Sorbitol
MacConkey Agar; WHO: World Health Organization; X2
: Pearson's
chi-square value
INTRODUCTION
Aquaculture and fisheries are important sources of food and
income, and sustaining the livelihood for many people across the
world [1,48]. Fish and sea-food constitute an important and cheap
food source of protein for a many group of the world population
[2,49]. Fish contains good quality protein and other necessary
nutrients that make it a valuable food. Fish consumption become a
popular part of food in many areas of the world, while in some Asian
countries fishery supplied the major source of animal protein [3,50].
Ethiopia is a country without sea outlet, where fish supply is
entirely depending on inland lakes and rivers, but fishery is still a
cheap source of protein. The water bodies of Ethiopia are assumed to
accommodate about 7,400 km2
. There are also rivers with travel a lot
of kilometers to the different directions of the country. The country’s
total annual fish producing potential was estimated to be 51,481
metric tons per year on a maximum sustainable yield basis [4]. Like
other countries, in Ethiopia different threats such as urbanization and
population growth, expansions of, industrialization, and other water
related development activities have resulted in an impact in the fish
production [5].
Fish is an important source of better quality protein consumed by
human. However, fish are susceptible to a many varieties of disease-
causing organisms like bacterial pathogens, most of which are
zoonotic, causing disease in human [6]. The occurrence of diseases
in fish is the result of the association between pathogen, fish, and
water bodies. To study pathogenic microorganisms on fish is by
understanding the surrounding factors influencing them; it allows the
development of advanced and adequate measures for the prevention
and controls of many diseases that limit influence production [7].
The intensification of production and increase in stocking density has
made fish farming more vulnerable to disease [8].
Human diseases caused by pathogens transmitted from fish and
the aquatic environment is quite common depending on the degree
of contact with fish, related environment, dietary habits and the
immune status of the exposed individual. Bacterial species are often
facultative pathogenic for fish and maybe isolated from fish without
apparent symptoms of the disease on it. Human infection caused by
different pathogens from fish is either form food or direct contact
during hobby [9].
Escherichia coli are a rod-shaped bacillus having about 2μm long
and 0.5μm in diameter with a cell volume of 0.6 to 0.7μm3
[10]. It
is a normal inhabitant in the intestines of animals and humans. Its
recovery from food has public health concern due to the possible
presence of pathogenic strains which lead to severe gastrointestinal
disturbance [11]. It is widely used as an indicator of the bacteriological
contamination of food and environments most commonly from the
fecal origin [12].
E.coli is one of the common indicators of hazardous conditions
during collection and processing of fish and its products [13]. Most
strains of E.coli are normally present in intestinal tract of both
humans and animals as commensals, while there is some pathogenic
strain that causes strong diarrhea to animals and humans. Pathogenic
E.coli distinguished from normal flora by their possession of virulence
factors. The specific virulence factors can be used, to separate these
organisms into path types [14].
E.coli O157:H7 is one of the most known strains to contain path
types that can cause foodborne infection in humans and animals.
E.coli O157:H7 path types have been found in the intestines of
healthy animals [9,15]. It produces a toxin that causes disease in
animals as well as humans. E.coli that causes diarrheal disease may
belong to many serotypes, but most severe in human and animal
infections are caused by E.coli O157:H7 serotypes [16]. Outbreak of
diseases like diarrhea due to consumption of fish contaminated with
enterotoxigenic E.coli O157:H7 has been reported in Japan [17].
Drugs particularly antibiotics possess an ultimate importance
in treatment, control and prevention of illness and death caused by
infectious diseases in both animals and humans [18]. As a result of
3. International Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology
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antibiotics that are released into water bodies via the excretion of
humans and animals different metabolites of parent compounds
present in in the aquatic environment [19]. In another case the poor
hygienic and stressful conditions present in a water environment, the
potential risk of aquaculture fish for bacterial infections is high. Due
to this, large amounts of different grades of antimicrobials are used in
fish feed for control and treatment purposes in aquaculture facilities
worldwide [20]. These huge uses of antibiotics in fish have resulted in
increased strains resistant to these drugs. Resistant strains therefore,
put a potential impact on therapy of fish diseases, human diseases and
as well as an animal disease [21].
Indiscriminate uses of antibiotics to treat many bacterial
infections in both human and animal promote the development of
drug-resistant bacteria. It is difficult to treat drug-resistant bacteria
with common antibiotics. In case of fish different bacteria like E.coli
and antimicrobials are released into water bodies via the excretion
of human and animals. It causes infection of aquatic animals with
different bacteria and the development of drug-resistant bacteria.
Here are the objectives of this study
To isolate E.coli from fresh fish obtained from Lake Hawassa
and assessing how water contamination impacts on fish
quality
To identify E.coli O157:H7 from fresh fish muscle and skin
To assess the susceptibility of E.coli O157:H7 against selected
antibiotic that usually used to treat the bacterial infection
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Study area
The study was conducted from November 2017 to June 2018 in
fresh healthy fish found in Lake Hawassa. Lake Hawassa is one of the
most beautiful natural gifts of Ethiopia. Hawassa city is located at
275 km south of Addis Ababa, and is the capital city of the Southern
Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Regional State. Hawassa is settled
at an elevation of 1700 meter above sea level, and a latitude of 7°
04'N and a longitude 38°
31'E on the cliff of the Great Rift Valley
(Figure1). The mean annual range of precipitation and temperature
are 950-1200 mm and 27°
C, respectively [22]. The Lake stretches 16
km from the north to south direction and extends 8 km from west to
east direction having an approximate water volume 1.3 billion meter
cube. The maximum depth of the Lake is 21.6 m with mean depth
11 m [23]. It has an area of 97 km2
[24]. The common landing site
and fish market of Lake Hawassa fishery are Amoragedel but illegal
fishermen also land their catches at other shores of the lake.
Study animals
The study was conducted on fishes from Lake Hawassa. In
Lake Hawassa Commercially important species are Nile tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus), African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and
Barbus (golden) fish (Lepidothamnus intermedius) [24]. Nile tilapia
constitutes about 90% of the total production, while African catfish
and Barbus (golden) fish contribute only about 7-8% and 2-3%,
respectively. However, the contribution of catfish rises to 20% of the
total landing during the fasting periods of the Ethiopia Orthodox
Tewahido Church followers [23].
Sample size determination
The sample size required for the study was determined using an expected
prevalence of 50% as there is no previous research work on isolation of E.coli
from fish in Lake Hawassa. The required sample number was obtained
using the field formula [25] with a 95% confidence interval and 5%
absolute precision.
n = 1.962
Pexp (1-Pexp)
d2
Where, Pexp = expected prevalence
d= absolute precision;
n = sample size.
Based on this, the required sample size was 384 animals, but due
to a financial problem related to the cost of fish, laboratory reagents
343 fish were sampled and considered for the study.
Study design, sample collection
A cross-sectional investigation was conducted for isolation and
antimicrobial susceptibility profile of E.coli with main focus on strain
O157:H7 from 343 randomly selected fresh fish sample in Lake
Hawassa particularly at Amoragedel. In Lake Hawassa most species
of fish in the market was Nile tilapia. The percentage of African catfish
and Barbus (golden) fish was much lower than that of Nile tilapia.
Due to this reason sampling was 146 samples Nile tilapia, 121 samples
African catfish and 76 samples Barbus (golden) fish.
The fish was transported with sterile plastic and icebox to Hawassa
university microbiology laboratory for sampling. The sterilize cotton
swab was wiped randomly against from muscle and skin of fish. A
swab stick of sterile cotton swabs was immersed into buffered peptone
water; the shaft of the stick was pressed against the tube wall to break
and through it. The remaining part of the stick swab was sealed in
the tube. The swab was marked, numbered and incubated at 37o
c for
one day.
Isolation and identification of E.coli and E.coli O157:H7
Theswabwasincubatedfirstlyonbufferedpeptonewaterenriched
media at 37°
c for 24 hrs. And then the sample incubated in buffered
peptone water cultured on MacConkey agar at 37°
c for 24 hrs. E.coli
isolates which revealed characteristics colony morphology such as
smooth, circular, pink colony in MacConkey agar sub-cultured into
Eosin methylene blue agar for 24 hours at 37°
c. Bacterial colonies
which show the typical characteristic and color of E.coli were taken
and sub-cultured on Eosin Methylene Blue agar. The bacterial colony
appeared green metallic sheen was regarded as E.coli.
The positive result from the above media was inoculated into
nutrient agar and tested by different biochemical test:
Catalase test: to observe slightly bubble production
Figure 1: Map of Hawassa city (study area) and the location of Lake Hawassa
in Southern Ethiopia.
4. International Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology
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Simon citrate test: no color change from green to blue
Methyl red test: red color indicative of acid production
Triple sugar iron agar slant culture by stab method and yellow
slant yellow butt presence of gas bubbles and absence of black
precipitate in the indicative of E. coli
Indole test: red ring at the top of culture and Vogues
Proskauer tests no color change was observed.
Isolates that were identified to be E.coli were sub-cultured onto
Sorbitol MacConkey medium from nutrient agar medium. Sorbitol
MacConkey agar and plates were just incubated at 37°
c for 20-24
hrs. The interesting situation here is that E.coli O157:H7 cannot
undergo fermentation on sorbitol medium, and therefore, it results
in colorless colonies. However, other strains of E.coli can ferment this
medium and form pink/red colonies [26]. Then after non fermenting
colonies from the SMA were transferred to agglutination assessment
with the E.coli O157:H7 test kit. E.coli O157 or H7 antigens on the
test organisms coated with antibodies on latex blobs were forming a
visible antigen-antibody precipitate [27]. Bacterial colonies showing
an agglutination reaction were considered as E.coli O157:H7 positive.
Antimicrobial susceptibility
Antimicrobial sensitivity was done with the disk diffusion method
using Mueller-Hinton agar. First of all, a suspension of a sample in
saline solution was prepared by adjusting with the 0.5 McFarland
turbidity standards. The susceptibility of the Escherichia coli strains
has been checked in relation to nine groups of antimicrobials,
including streptomycin (10μg), ampicillin (25 μg), gentamicin
(10μg), Sulfamethoxazole (100 μg), cefoxitin (30 μg), tetracycline (30
μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), trimethoprim (5 μg) and doxycycline (30
μg) was added into Mueller-Hinton agar plate using sterile forceps.
The plate was incubated for 24 hrs at 37°
c under aerobic condition.
Then zone of Inhibition was measured with calipers in millimeter and
interpreted as susceptible, intermediate and resistant as expressed in
table below (Table 1), based on Clinical Laboratory Standards (CLSI).
The antimicrobial suseptablitility has been done eight times for each
antibiotic drug.
Data analysis
The generated data was entered into Microsoft Excel spreadsheet.
The total isolated E.coli and specifically E.coli O157:H7 from fish
muscle and skin was determined using standard formula. Stata 13
statistical software, Pearson’
s chi-square, and Fisher’
s exact test were
used to associate fish species and site of swab sampling from the fish
organ as a risk factor with the prevalence of E.coli and specifically
pathogenic strain E.coli O157:H7. The difference was considered to be
significant when p-value less than 0.05, while insignificant if greater
than/equals to 0.05.
RESULT
A total of 343 healthy fish were sampled (212 skin swab and 131
muscleswab)fromatotalof146,121and76Niletilapia,Africancatfish
and Barbus (golden) fish, respectively. All swab specimens have been
tested for the isolation of E.coli as well as E.coli O157:H7. From a total
of 343 samples, 80(23.32%) E.coli were isolated, and 8(2.35%) E.coli
strain O157:H7 were identified. In part of fish where swab samples
were taken 212 skin swabs and 131 muscle swabs, 69(32.54%) and
11(8.4%) total E.coli were isolated, respectively. Similarly, from 212
skin swabs and 131 muscle swabs 7(3.3%) and 1(0.76%), pathogenic
strain E.coli O157:H7 were isolated, respectively.
During sampling 146 Nile tilapia (83 skin and 63 muscle swabs),
121 African catfish (73 skin and 48 muscle swabs) and in Barbus (56
skin and 20 muscle swabs) species of fish were sampled. Nile tilapia
30(36.14%) skin swab and 5(7.93%) from muscle swab E.coli were
isolated whereas 4(4.8%) from skin and 0(0%) from muscle swab
E.coli O157:H7 was isolated. African catfish 23(31.5%) from the skin
and 4(8.33%) E.coli was isolated and from these 2(2.74%) from the
skin and 1(2.08%) from muscle swabs E.coli O157:H7 strain was
isolated. Barbus (golden fish) 16(28.57%) from the skin and 2(10%)
from muscle swab E.coli was isolated from these 1(1.78%) from skin
swab and 0(0%) from muscle swabs E.coli O157:H7 was isolated. The
study did not examine for variations with maturity and size of fish.
The occurrence of E.coli from muscle and skin has a significant
association, where p-value less than 0.05, that means E.coli is present
more in fish skin than fish muscle. The other species of fish with
E.coli prevalence and E.coli O157:H7 with a site of sampling have no
significant difference that p-value greater than 0.05.
The table below (Table 2) showed that the occurrence of E.coli
has no significant difference between Nile Tilapia, Catfish and Barbus
species of the fish p-value (0.947). Whereas E.coli isolates in skin and
muscle have a significant difference with p-value 0.000.
Table 1: Zone diameter interpretive standards chart for the determination of
antibiotic sensitivity and resistance status by the Disk Diffusion method for
Enterobacteriaceae [51].
Name of antibiotics
Dose/
disk
Inhibitory zone diameter to nearest
millimeter (mm)
Sensitive (S)
Moderately
sensitive
(MS)
Resistant (R)
Streptomycin 10μg > 15 12 - 14 < 11
Sulfamethoxazole 100 μg > 16 11 - 15 < 10
Cefoxitin 30 μg > 18 15 - 17 < 14
Tetracycline 30 μg > 15 12 - 14 < 11
Doxycycline 30 μg > 14 11 - 13 < 10
Ampicillin 25 μg > 17 14 - 16 < 13
Ciprofloxacin 5 μg > 21 16 - 20 < 15
Trimethoprim 5 μg > 16 11 - 15 < 10
Gentamicine 10μg > 15 13 - 14 < 12
Table 2: Total occurrence of E.coli in three species (Nile tilapia, African catfish
and Barbus (golden) fish) and site of swab with its statistical analysis.
Species of fish
The total sample
is taken
Total E.coli
isolates
X2
p - value
Nile tilapia 146 35(24%)
0.1089 0.947
African catfish 121 27(22.31%)
Barbus (golden
fish)
76 18(23.68%)
Total 343 80(23.32%)
Site swab
sample
Muscle
131 11(8.4%) 26.4057 0.000
skin 212 69(32.55%)
26.4057 0.000total 343 80(23.32%)
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The isolation of E.coli O157:H7 in three species of fish and site of
swab sample taken has no significant difference with p-value 0.905
and 0.161, respectively (Table 3). Statistical analysis was calculated
with Stata 13 statistical software, Fisher’
s exact test.
and 11(8.4%) from skin and muscle, respectively. E.coli is more found
in fish skin than muscle. However, the overall isolation percentage
of E.coli and E.coli O157:H7 in fish might not be representative of
the E.coli and E.coli O157:H7 distribution in fish in the study area.
Because this study used the sample size which is below the actual
sample requirement for the study due to financial related problems.
Skin has a chance to contact with water and other environment
contaminated with feces that have many pathogenic bacteria [29]. This
study is similar to Rafael [30] who isolated more E.coli from fish skin
than muscle and they conclude that fish muscle can contaminate with
different bacteria during harvesting but the skin has direct contact to
the environment it can easily contact with many pathogenic or non-
pathogenic E.coli [30].
The same to [30] and a pun et al. (1991) in this study skin is a more
vulnerable organ of fish for E.coli than muscle. E.coli occurrence from
muscle was much lower than skin [30,31]. Pao and his collaborators
described that the detection of E.coli on fish muscle aggravated by
intestinal waste contamination at the time of harvesting. The usual
occurrence of E.coli in fish muscle has a major relation with pollution
of water with manure and other wastes that contaminate fish when at
harvesting or processing [32].
The samples taken from different fish species namely Nile tilapia,
African catfish and Barbus (golden fish) for identification of the
most critical species vulnerable to infection with E.coli O157:H7 is
not statically significant p-value (0.905). The result of current study
indicates that there was no a significant association among the fish
species considered as to the occurrence of E.coli infection. This is
not in agreement with previous reports higher infection in Plankton
feeders, Nile tilapia species for E.coli than Catfish [33]. This potential
disagreement may arise from the difference in sample size used,
ecosystem of study area, or sampling methods.
FishwillinfectedwithE.coliO157:H7whileatharvestingorduring
further production stages. During the current study pathogenic E.coli
O157:H7 have been dealt from fish muscle and skin 1(0.76%) and
7(3.32%) respectively. Romero Ayulo et al. (1994) isolate pathogenic
E.coli O157:H7 from fish muscle the result is almost similar to this
study. They isolate one E.coli O157:H7 from 30 fish meat samples
1(3.33%) [34]. As Wang and Doyle (1998) report that E.coli O157:H7
can survive several days in water. It can contaminate skin due to direct
contact with water and muscle due to stress during harvesting [35].
Water environment pollution with wastes may be the main source of
sources of E.coli O157:H7.
Pathogenic strain of E.coli has been identified in water bodies in
Brazil [36], while in Scotland the pollution of aquatic environments
by E.coli O157:H7 was detected [37]. Many evidences support the
contamination of fish may arise from animal and human wastes,
probably by flood from the environment in the water bodies. In
contrast to current study result, E.coli O157:H7 patho type has been
isolated from the gastrointestinal tract but not detected from fish
muscle [38].
Current study revived that all eight E.coli O157:H7 isolates
were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, trimethoprim, and
sulfamethoxazole. In another case, they show tolerance to ampicillin
and cefoxitin at a resistance level. Likewise, Bekele [39], while
this result was opposite to Magwira et al. (2005) from Botswana
showed that E.coli O157:H7 tolerance to ampicillin has not been
detected [40]. For tetracycline 12.5%, 50% and 37.5% were resistant,
Table 3: Percentage of E.coli O157: H7 in 3 different species and site of swab
sample with statistical analysis.
Species of fish
The total sample is
taken
E.coli O157: H7
isolates
p - value
Nile tilapia 146 4(2.74%)
0.905
African catfish 121 3(2.48%)
Barbus (golden
fish)
76 1(1.31%)
Total 343 8(2.35%)
Site swab sample
Muscle 131 1(0.76%)
0.161skin 212 7(3.3%)
total 343 8(2.33%)
Table 4: E.coli O157: H7 isolates and their susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs.
Drugs Conc.
Frequency of E.coli isolate susceptibility per
drugs
resistant Intermediate susceptible
Streptomycin 10μg 3(37.5%) 1(12.5%) 4(50%)
Sulfamethoxazole 100 μg 0(0%) 0(0%) 8(100%)
Cefoxitin 30 μg 8(100%) 0(0%) 0(0%)
Tetracycline 30 μg 1(12.5%) 4(50%) 3(37.5%)
Doxycycline 30 μg 1(12.5%) 2(25%) 5(62.5%)
Ampicillin 25 μg 8(100%) 0(0%) 0(0%)
Ciprofloxacin 5 μg 0(0%) 0(0%) 8(100%)
Trimethoprim 5 μg 0(0%) 0(0%) 8(100%)
Gentamicine 10μg 0(0%) 0(0%) 8(100%)
Anti-microbial susceptibility profile of E.coli O157:H7
Isolated E.coli O157:H7 have been tested with nine available
antibiotics with disc diffusion method (Table 4). From this isolate,
all were susceptible to drug ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, gentamicin,
and sulfamethoxazole and resistant for ampicillin and cefoxitin. Four
isolates were susceptible, three isolates were resistant and one isolate
was intermediate for streptomycin. For tetracycline one isolates
were resistant, three isolates were susceptible and four isolates were
intermediate. In the case of doxycycline, five isolates were susceptible
and two isolates were intermediate and one isolate resistant. E.coli
O157:H7 isolated from fish muscle was resistant for three drugs
(streptomycin, ampicillin, and cifoxine) and intermediate for
doxycycline and tetracycline whereas susceptible for streptomycin,
ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, and gentamicin.
DISCUSSION
E.colipresenceinaquacultureaccreditedtoanimalwastepollution
of the water bodies [28]. Its isolation from fish samples results from
animal dung contamination of the water. The contamination of food
and environment with a bacteriological condition like E.coli is almost
originated from human and animal feces [12].
Isolation of E.coli was done by taking swab samples from the skin
and muscle of fresh fish. Isolation of E.coli from fish muscle and skin
has a statically significant difference with p-value 0.000 or 69(32.54%)
6. International Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology
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ISSN: 2640-4397
intermediate and susceptible respectively. Many researches indicated
E.coli O157:H7 is not responding to tetracycline treatment [41,39,42],
which fits results of current study. However, Mohammed [43] showed
that E.coli O157:H7 was susceptible to tetracycline. The isolates
were 37.5% resistant 12.5%, intermediate and 50% susceptible for
streptomycin this result almost similar to Beyi [44]. For doxycycline
62.5%, 25% and 12.5% were susceptible, intermediate and resistant
respectively.
Development of drug resistance/tolerance by E.coli can be
achieved via mutation. For example, adaptation to fluoroquinolone
has often been due to acquisition of mobile genetic elements, and has
also been the significant factor for broad-spectrum penicillin’s (e.g.
ampicillin or amoxicillin) resistance. Bacterial tolerance to third-
generation cephalosporin is developed through the modification of
the enzymes called extended-spectrum beta-lactamase; which alters
the activity of beta-lactam antibacterial drugs. Extended-spectrum
beta-lactamase is shared among bacteria and /or bacterial species.
As E.coli strains with this enzyme are adapted to several antibacterial
agents, Carbapenems usually act as the major treatment option for
severe infections [45].
There is evidence supporting the sharing of resistant bacteria
between among livestocks, aquatics animals and human via food
production, and pose critical effect to threat public health [46]. World
organization for animal health (OIA) suggested that aquatic animal
health should rely on constant monitoring and diseases surveillance
of anti-microbial resistant microbes those have interaction with
aquatic animal [47]. Generally, fish infection with strain E.coli
O157:H7 probably results from the environment at harvesting
and production process of fish. Hygienic fishery, handling and fish
processing techniques are helpful in reducing indiscriminate use of
antibiotics for controlling antimicrobial transmissions.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Among the critically hazardous foodborne diseases increased
attention with public health is E.coli and its pathogenic strain
O157:H7. E.coli O157:H7 in three species of fish namely Nile tilapia,
Catfish, and Golden fish from muscle and skin were isolated. Eight
E.coli O157:H7 were identified from the skin and muscle of three
speciesoffish.ThepresenceofE.coliO157:H7infishisanindicationof
the contamination of water bodies with animal and human feces. Fish
muscle infection with potentially hazardous E.coli O157:H7 probably
at harvesting and production process of fish. Without selection uses
of antibiotics to treat bacterial infection in both human and animal
promote the development of drug-resistant bacteria. It is difficult
to treat drug-resistant bacteria with common antibiotics. There is a
research gap in isolation and identification of E.coli O157:H7 from
fish both in Ethiopia and in the world.
Therefore, based on aforementioned conclusive remarks,
the following recommendations are forwarded
The fisherman around Lake Hawassa needs to be educated
about the risk of food born disease sanitary and hygienic
method of fish handling.
The hygienic condition of the lake should be improved by
controlling the flood that entre into the lake during a rainy
time and controlling the waste disposal of restaurant and
hotels around the lake.
There should be regular antibiotics sensitivity testing to
E.coli O157:H7 to select effective antibiotics and also help to
reduce the problem of drug resistance development towards
commonly used antibiotics.
Further study should be conducted to establish the stage at
which contamination occurs so that corrective measure can
be measure.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, we Praise the Divine GOD who makes us well in
all state of humanity and His Mother St. Marry for her miraculous
praying saved us from all acts of a bad spirit.
We are very grateful also to our advisor Dr. Fikru Regassa, and co-
advisors Dr. Fufa Abunna and Mr. Hika Waktole for their material,
intellectual and immeasurable support in working this study.
We give our heartfelt thanks to all of our family members for
giving us invaluable attention from our childhood up to now.
Finally, we would like to give honor to all of our friends for their
special support in working this study.
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