A total of (218) samples from Eleven different foods were processed between October 2016 and February 2017 which include (Tomato, Chicken meat, red meat, falafel, potato, bread, eggplant, cabbage, celery, cucumber and onion). Samples were collected from 4 different fast food restaurants inoculated on Potato dextrose agar and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. Isolated fungus identified morphologically and microscopically in accordance with standard procedures. Results showed that six fungal genera were associated with the selected fast food restaurants. The isolated fungal genera were Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp., Mucor sp., Rhizopus sp., Saccharomyces sp., Brettanomyces sp. The number of total colonies in October were 236 and in February were 119 and the number of colonies were higher when cultured on Potato dextrose agar than Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. There was variation in the pattern of occurrence of the fungus in fast foods Aspergillus sp. appears to be the most pathogenic fungi that present in the food samples.
— The microbiological content of Lettuce (a vegetable), commonly vended in the Benin metropolis of Edo state were evaluated. Five vending locations were chosen for the study. Whole and soft rot samples were purchased and analysed for microbiological composition. Results showed high counts in soft rot samples in lettuce. Nutrient agar plated lettuce samples had bacterial counts in the range of 2.0x 103 to 4.7x10 7. Pseudomonas species was the dominant species found in lettuce samples. Bacillus species was isolated from one location in the lettuce samples. Mac Conkey agar plated lettuce plated had bacterial counts in the range of 2.3 x 10 3 to 5.7x 10 7. Enterobacter species, E. coli, and Klebsiella species were the dominant species isolated. Though, Proteus species was isolated from lettuce samples obtained from location five only. The study observes that consuming soft rot samples could pose a risk of introducing pathogens to the consumer due to their high microbial counts and could be detrimental to the health of the consumer.
Mycotoxins are recognized as toxic compounds of great concern in the context of human health and economy. Mycotoxins are toxic chemical products formed as secondary metabolites by some fungi that readily colonise crops in the field or after harvest. The toxicity syndrome resulting from the intake of such contaminated material by animal and manis termed Mycotoxicosis.These compounds pose a potential threat to human and animal health through ingestion of food products prepared from these commodities.Mycotoxicoses affect various systems of the body according to the target organs of the mycotoxin. This review revealed the major mycotoxins of fungal origin and their mycotoxicoses. The study also reviewed the history of mycotoxin, methods of mycotoxin detection, analysis and the health implications of consuming mycotoxin-contaminated foods/products. In most developing countries, majority are ignorant of the inherent dangers of consuming mouldy produce or food contaminated with fungi and moulds with possible contamination by mycotoxigenic fungi. In view of this, there is need for general and public education to sensitise the people on the health hazards posed by mycotoxins. Proper washing and cooking practices of food commodities, good agricultural practices, fast and effective analyses and detection, good produce handling and storage are some of the control/regulatory measures that should be encouraged, as to assist in mitigating the side effects of mycotoxins in food and health particularly in the tropical and sub-tropical countries and in African where there is enabling environment that promotes fungal growth.
The study was carried out to determine the effect of fungi contaminated feed on the growth and survival of catfish, Clarias gariepinus juveniles. This research was carried out for a period of twelve weeks. Forty catfish juveniles were stocked at a rate of twenty juveniles per plastic tank. Catfish juveniles in one tank were fed with moldy feed and the control was served with non -moldy feed and was observed for twelve weeks to determine and compare their growth and survival. Catfish juveniles fed with moldy feed had the highest mortality as well as slower growth as compared to the control fed with non-moldy feed. The survival rate of juveniles stocked was 55% and mortality rate was 45% and majority of mortality was from juveniles fed with moldy feed and majority of the survival rate was from juveniles fed with non-moldy feed. Some water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were also taken and no significant difference was observed. Moldy feed or feedstuff should not be used as this can cause great mortality and therefore loss to fish farmers.
Microbial Spoilage of Meat Pies Sold In Jos Metropolisiosrjce
A total of 450 meat pies were collected from five locations in Jos metropolis. The three components
of meat pies; paste, meat filling and potato topping were screened for total plate count, staphylococcal count,
streptococcal count and fungal count under two storage temperatures of 40C for 7days and 370C for 3 days. A
total of 12 organisms belonging to 7 genera were isolated from different components of the meat pies as
follows: Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus coagulans, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus
epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus pyogens, Streptococcus viridians, Escherichia coli,
Lactobacillus fermentum, Aspergillus oryzae, and Penicillum roqueforti with a relative frequency of 16.9%,
10.2%, 12.6%, 13.5%, 7.6%, 7.0%, 8.2%, 6.3%, 5.0%, 6.1%, 4.2% and 3.4% respectively. Significant
difference (P>0.05) was observed in the relative frequency of the microorganism under study. The sample
bought from site ‘D’ had the highest total aerobic count of 5.5 x 106
cfu/g while the samples from the meat pie
stand in the University of Jos, had the least aerobic plate count of 3.2 x 105 cfu/g. The fungal count of samples
collected from site ‘D’ was highest while that of sample from the location designated ‘A’ was the least. The
study revealed that the sanitary conditions of the meats pies sold at these locations were below acceptable
standard and need an improved production and handling procedures.
The quest for better food quality has invariably increased cases of food-borne infections which in turn contribute to the problem of antibiotic resistance as a result of drug abuse. This study is aimed at characterizing bacterial isolates from some seafood sold in Nembe, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. A total of 200 fresh seafood samples (crab, shrimp, oyster and periwinkle) were collected randomly from Nembe, Bayelsa State. Isolates were obtained using the conventional microbiological methods and the pure cultures were screened by gram staining and biochemical test for preliminary identification. Isolates were further characterized for 16SrRNA using Polymerase Chain Reaction and Sequencing. The most dominant species isolated were Staphylococcus gallinarum 27(22.5%), Vibrio rotiferanus 17(14.2%), Vibrio parahaemolyticus 48(40%), Klebsiella aerogenes 10(8.3%) and Klebsiella quasipneumoniae 18(15%). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) by single factor was done to determine the variation in colony counts of isolates from the different seafood samples and P value was > 0.05 indicating that there is no significant difference in colony counts among the different sea foods. The presence of these bacterial species in these seafood samples renders the food unsafe for consumption. Adequate handling as well as proper cooking of seafood before consumption is highly recommended so as to reduce the incidence of food-borne infections.
— The microbiological content of Lettuce (a vegetable), commonly vended in the Benin metropolis of Edo state were evaluated. Five vending locations were chosen for the study. Whole and soft rot samples were purchased and analysed for microbiological composition. Results showed high counts in soft rot samples in lettuce. Nutrient agar plated lettuce samples had bacterial counts in the range of 2.0x 103 to 4.7x10 7. Pseudomonas species was the dominant species found in lettuce samples. Bacillus species was isolated from one location in the lettuce samples. Mac Conkey agar plated lettuce plated had bacterial counts in the range of 2.3 x 10 3 to 5.7x 10 7. Enterobacter species, E. coli, and Klebsiella species were the dominant species isolated. Though, Proteus species was isolated from lettuce samples obtained from location five only. The study observes that consuming soft rot samples could pose a risk of introducing pathogens to the consumer due to their high microbial counts and could be detrimental to the health of the consumer.
Mycotoxins are recognized as toxic compounds of great concern in the context of human health and economy. Mycotoxins are toxic chemical products formed as secondary metabolites by some fungi that readily colonise crops in the field or after harvest. The toxicity syndrome resulting from the intake of such contaminated material by animal and manis termed Mycotoxicosis.These compounds pose a potential threat to human and animal health through ingestion of food products prepared from these commodities.Mycotoxicoses affect various systems of the body according to the target organs of the mycotoxin. This review revealed the major mycotoxins of fungal origin and their mycotoxicoses. The study also reviewed the history of mycotoxin, methods of mycotoxin detection, analysis and the health implications of consuming mycotoxin-contaminated foods/products. In most developing countries, majority are ignorant of the inherent dangers of consuming mouldy produce or food contaminated with fungi and moulds with possible contamination by mycotoxigenic fungi. In view of this, there is need for general and public education to sensitise the people on the health hazards posed by mycotoxins. Proper washing and cooking practices of food commodities, good agricultural practices, fast and effective analyses and detection, good produce handling and storage are some of the control/regulatory measures that should be encouraged, as to assist in mitigating the side effects of mycotoxins in food and health particularly in the tropical and sub-tropical countries and in African where there is enabling environment that promotes fungal growth.
The study was carried out to determine the effect of fungi contaminated feed on the growth and survival of catfish, Clarias gariepinus juveniles. This research was carried out for a period of twelve weeks. Forty catfish juveniles were stocked at a rate of twenty juveniles per plastic tank. Catfish juveniles in one tank were fed with moldy feed and the control was served with non -moldy feed and was observed for twelve weeks to determine and compare their growth and survival. Catfish juveniles fed with moldy feed had the highest mortality as well as slower growth as compared to the control fed with non-moldy feed. The survival rate of juveniles stocked was 55% and mortality rate was 45% and majority of mortality was from juveniles fed with moldy feed and majority of the survival rate was from juveniles fed with non-moldy feed. Some water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were also taken and no significant difference was observed. Moldy feed or feedstuff should not be used as this can cause great mortality and therefore loss to fish farmers.
Microbial Spoilage of Meat Pies Sold In Jos Metropolisiosrjce
A total of 450 meat pies were collected from five locations in Jos metropolis. The three components
of meat pies; paste, meat filling and potato topping were screened for total plate count, staphylococcal count,
streptococcal count and fungal count under two storage temperatures of 40C for 7days and 370C for 3 days. A
total of 12 organisms belonging to 7 genera were isolated from different components of the meat pies as
follows: Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus coagulans, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus
epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus pyogens, Streptococcus viridians, Escherichia coli,
Lactobacillus fermentum, Aspergillus oryzae, and Penicillum roqueforti with a relative frequency of 16.9%,
10.2%, 12.6%, 13.5%, 7.6%, 7.0%, 8.2%, 6.3%, 5.0%, 6.1%, 4.2% and 3.4% respectively. Significant
difference (P>0.05) was observed in the relative frequency of the microorganism under study. The sample
bought from site ‘D’ had the highest total aerobic count of 5.5 x 106
cfu/g while the samples from the meat pie
stand in the University of Jos, had the least aerobic plate count of 3.2 x 105 cfu/g. The fungal count of samples
collected from site ‘D’ was highest while that of sample from the location designated ‘A’ was the least. The
study revealed that the sanitary conditions of the meats pies sold at these locations were below acceptable
standard and need an improved production and handling procedures.
The quest for better food quality has invariably increased cases of food-borne infections which in turn contribute to the problem of antibiotic resistance as a result of drug abuse. This study is aimed at characterizing bacterial isolates from some seafood sold in Nembe, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. A total of 200 fresh seafood samples (crab, shrimp, oyster and periwinkle) were collected randomly from Nembe, Bayelsa State. Isolates were obtained using the conventional microbiological methods and the pure cultures were screened by gram staining and biochemical test for preliminary identification. Isolates were further characterized for 16SrRNA using Polymerase Chain Reaction and Sequencing. The most dominant species isolated were Staphylococcus gallinarum 27(22.5%), Vibrio rotiferanus 17(14.2%), Vibrio parahaemolyticus 48(40%), Klebsiella aerogenes 10(8.3%) and Klebsiella quasipneumoniae 18(15%). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) by single factor was done to determine the variation in colony counts of isolates from the different seafood samples and P value was > 0.05 indicating that there is no significant difference in colony counts among the different sea foods. The presence of these bacterial species in these seafood samples renders the food unsafe for consumption. Adequate handling as well as proper cooking of seafood before consumption is highly recommended so as to reduce the incidence of food-borne infections.
The present study was undertaken to investigate
microbiological quality of ready-to-eat street vended aloo-tikki
sold in Allahabad, city of Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 36
samples were collected from 12 major areas which represented
whole city. All samples were collected from the vendors in
sterilized polythene bags and analyzed within an hour of
procurement. Bacterial pathogens were identified by standard
bacteriological techniques. Microbiological enumeration of ready
to eat street-vended aloo-tikki, revealed a standard plate count
ranging from 103.4-247.3×10-4 cfu/gm, and yeast and mould
ranging between 89-168.2×10-4 cfu/gm. The presumptive coliform
test was found to be 86.1% positive. Prominent bacterial
pathogens isolated were Styphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Bacillus sp., and Salmonella sp. The presence of such
microorganisms indicates poor handling practices, cross
contamination and aerial contamination which becomes reason
and sometimes important source of food borne illness to humans.
Actinobacterial Diversity of Machilipatnam Coast India with an Emphasis on No...ijtsrd
Marine microbes serve as an important source for commercial bioactive compounds. The present research is focussed on the Actinobacterial diversity of Machilipatnam coast. Actinobacteria are Gram positive bacteria that resemble Fungi in having filaments forming mycelia colonies. Owing to their morphological and cultural characteristics Actinobacteria are considered a group other than Bacteria. The different Actinobacterial Strains were studied having an ability to utilize the various carbon compounds as source of energy. 27 isolates of Actinobacteria including white, green, grey, orange and pink with different morphological types were isolated from Station I and II. Among them 19 isolates were from Pedapatnam and 27 from Polatitippa. The 27 identified species were falling under 10 genera including Actinobispora, Actinomadura, Actinomyces, Microbispora, Nocardis, Nocardiopsis, Saccharomonospora, Streptomyces, Streptosporangium and Thermomonospora. Streptomyces was the most dominant genus. For the evaluation of antibacterial activity, clinical strains of bacteria such as Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus faecalis and Gram - negative Proteus vulgaris and Salmonella typhi were used. Streptomyces alboniger, S.coelicolor and S.griseus were selected to study their antagonistic activity against the above mentioned clinical bacteria. D. Srinivasa Rao | Khudsia Hussain "Actinobacterial Diversity of Machilipatnam Coast (India) with an Emphasis on Novel Preparation of Salinispora Actinobacterial Probiotics in Sustainable Aquaculture" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29227.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29227/actinobacterial-diversity-of-machilipatnam-coast-india-with-an-emphasis-on-novel-preparation-of-salinispora-actinobacterial-probiotics-in-sustainable-aquaculture/d-srinivasa-rao
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Aquaculture products can harbor pathogenic bacteria which are part of the natural microflora of the environment. A study was conducted aiming at the isolation of human pathogenic bacteria in gills, intestines, mouth and the skin of apparently healthy fish, Tilapia rendali and Oreochromic mossambicus, from the Fletcher dam. Bacterial pathogens associated with fish can be transmitted to human beings from fish used as food or by handling the fish causing human diseases. Differentiation and characterization of various isolates was based on their growth characteristics on specific culture media (biochemical and gram staining reactions). The following human pathogenic bacteria were isolated Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella dysenteriae and Enterococcus faecalis. All the bacterial species which were isolated from the fish were also present in the initial water samples collected. The isolation of enteric bacteria in fish serves as indicator organisms of faecal contamination and or water pollution. Their presence also represents a potential hazard to humans. The mean bacterial load of the isolates was found to be markedly higher than the recommended public health and standard value of 5.0 x 106 CFU/ml which has been adopted by many countries.
New Anti-aflatoxin marine and Terrestrial extracts with assessment of their A...pharmaindexing
New Anti-aflatoxin marine and Terrestrial extracts with assessment of their Antioxidants, Antimicrobial, Glycemic and Cholinergic properties bioscreening of new Anti-aflatoxin natural extracts
Microbiological Quality Assessment of Cereal Based Food ‘Pitha’ On Retail Sal...IOSR Journals
Pitha‟ is one of the most popular traditional foods made up from various kinds of cereal grains like rice, wheat‟s, flours etc. The microbiological quality of pitha on retail sale in the street of Dhaka city was studied with thirty six different samples by detecting the range of total viable count (TVC) of bacteria, indicator microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, Enterobacteriaceae and the common food pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus., Salmonella Spp. and Pseudomonas spp. In our study, the majority (67.5%) of the microbial contaminants were gram negative rods. The TVC of bacteria was ranged from (9.0x103) cfu/g to (1.2x106) cfu/g. Total coliform, fecal coliform and E. coli were detected from 30.56%, 22.2% and 13.8% of the samples respectively indicating unsatisfactory results. For Salmonella spp. 16.6% of the samples were unable to reach the acceptability levels. Besides, according to the ICMSF (International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for food), in terms of Pseudomonas spp. 33.3%, for Staphylococcus aureus 12.2% and for Bacillus cereus 11.1% of the samples were not suitable for the consumption. All these phenomena indicate poor hygiene practices. This study emphasizes the need to improve production hygiene.
Isolation and Screening of Soil Actinomycetes for Antimicrobial Activity OlakunleAjibola
Antimicrobial resistance in pathogens has greatly increased of late and now pose a serious public health problem globally. New antimicrobials are continuously needed to inhibit the growth of these resistant strains.
The aim of this study was to isolate and screen soil actinomycetes and evaluate their secondary metabolites for antimicrobial activities against selected pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
Many Gram negative bacteria, especially Aeromonas hydrophila are notorious for their heightened capacity to acquire and exchange antibiotic resistance genes and consequently, are commonly targeted as indicator organism for monitoring antimicrobial resistance in aquatic milieus. This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence and drug resistance patterns of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from farm raised catfish at Epe fish farm, Lagos State, Nigeria. Swabs were aseptically taken from the kidney, intestine, liver, gills, and skin after dissecting the fish samples. The specimens were bacteriologically analyzed. After series of biochemical test, the isolated bacteria were identified presumptively according to Bergey’s Manual of determinative bacteriology, 7th Edition. Fifty-seven (57) Aeromonas hydrophila were recovered out of seventy-one (71) bacterial isolated from the 35 fish samples collected from the fish farms studied. The study reveals multiple antibiotics resistance pattern among the isolates as Aeromonas hydrophila were 100% resistant to Streptomycin, Oxytetracycline, Chloranphenicol, Pefloxacin, Ofloxacin and 70, 65 and 55% resistant to Gentamycin, Amoxycillin and Erythromycin respectively. However, all the isolates were 100% susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Cotrimoxazole only. The presence of multidrug-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila in fish could be a vehicle of horizontal gene transfer to previously susceptible bacteria and these could constitute a serious public health hazard to human and animal in the environment. Thus, the use of antibiotics in catfish production as growth promoter or disease prevention should be discouraged and some safer, biological alternatives strategies should suffice to mitigate bacteria drug resistance and its associated problems.
Brief About Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology & Environmental Sciences
Published Quarterly Since 1999. Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology & Environmental Sciences is published in March, June, September and December every year.
AJMBES is a highly popular journal exclusively devoted to three most important and interrelated areas of science.
The scope of the journal includes
1. Microbiology of water, air, soil, food, environmental
and industrial microbiology
2.Microbiology in waste water treatment 3.All aspects of bio technology perferably environmental
and industrial microbiology
4.Enviromental biochemistry
5.Ecology of grassland, forests and wetlands, limnology and oceanography, mangrove ecology,
ecology of lakes, rivers and soil ecology
6.All reasearch related to biology of water pollution
including toxicology
7.Effect of air pollutants on microbes, plants, animal & man and biomonitoring of air pollution
8.Ecotechnology including land application of waste water, vermicomposting, utilisation of crop residues, bioremediation of hazardous wastes, biomass generation,
energy plantation, reclamation of mined lands
9.All research related to biological aspect of fisheries
including utilisation of biological wastes in fish farming
10.Waste water treatment involving organisms and rootzone technology, biological aspects of composting
11.Waste land development
12.All floristic and faunistic reporting from any ecosystem
13. Agricultural Ecology.
14. Bioinformatics.
Coverage: Research Papers, Reviews, Technical Notes, Book Reviews, Information on Conferences and Training Pogrammes all over the World, Topical Articles, New Publications and Products Information.
Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology & Environmental Sciences is abstracted/covered in:
Chemical Abstracts, U.S.A.
SCOPUS
EBSCO Publishing, U.S.A.
Cambridge Science Abstracts
Ecology Abstracts
Pollution Abstracts
Eco-Disc CD Rom
Geological Abstracts
International Development Abstracts
Oceanographic Literature Review
Zoological Records
Indian Science Abstracts, Niscair, India
Elsevier’s Compendex
Elsevier’s Current Awareness in Biological Sciences
Elsevier’s Encompass
Elsevier’s Geobase
Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology & Environmental Sciences journal is accredited with National Academy of Agricultural sciences, NAAS, India.
Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology & Environmental Sciences journal is covered by SCOPUS.
Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology & Environmental Sciences journal also features in Uhlrich International Periodical Directory, U.K., Gale Directory, U.K. and SAARC directory of periodicals.
The present study was undertaken to investigate
microbiological quality of ready-to-eat street vended aloo-tikki
sold in Allahabad, city of Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 36
samples were collected from 12 major areas which represented
whole city. All samples were collected from the vendors in
sterilized polythene bags and analyzed within an hour of
procurement. Bacterial pathogens were identified by standard
bacteriological techniques. Microbiological enumeration of ready
to eat street-vended aloo-tikki, revealed a standard plate count
ranging from 103.4-247.3×10-4 cfu/gm, and yeast and mould
ranging between 89-168.2×10-4 cfu/gm. The presumptive coliform
test was found to be 86.1% positive. Prominent bacterial
pathogens isolated were Styphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Bacillus sp., and Salmonella sp. The presence of such
microorganisms indicates poor handling practices, cross
contamination and aerial contamination which becomes reason
and sometimes important source of food borne illness to humans.
Actinobacterial Diversity of Machilipatnam Coast India with an Emphasis on No...ijtsrd
Marine microbes serve as an important source for commercial bioactive compounds. The present research is focussed on the Actinobacterial diversity of Machilipatnam coast. Actinobacteria are Gram positive bacteria that resemble Fungi in having filaments forming mycelia colonies. Owing to their morphological and cultural characteristics Actinobacteria are considered a group other than Bacteria. The different Actinobacterial Strains were studied having an ability to utilize the various carbon compounds as source of energy. 27 isolates of Actinobacteria including white, green, grey, orange and pink with different morphological types were isolated from Station I and II. Among them 19 isolates were from Pedapatnam and 27 from Polatitippa. The 27 identified species were falling under 10 genera including Actinobispora, Actinomadura, Actinomyces, Microbispora, Nocardis, Nocardiopsis, Saccharomonospora, Streptomyces, Streptosporangium and Thermomonospora. Streptomyces was the most dominant genus. For the evaluation of antibacterial activity, clinical strains of bacteria such as Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus faecalis and Gram - negative Proteus vulgaris and Salmonella typhi were used. Streptomyces alboniger, S.coelicolor and S.griseus were selected to study their antagonistic activity against the above mentioned clinical bacteria. D. Srinivasa Rao | Khudsia Hussain "Actinobacterial Diversity of Machilipatnam Coast (India) with an Emphasis on Novel Preparation of Salinispora Actinobacterial Probiotics in Sustainable Aquaculture" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29227.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29227/actinobacterial-diversity-of-machilipatnam-coast-india-with-an-emphasis-on-novel-preparation-of-salinispora-actinobacterial-probiotics-in-sustainable-aquaculture/d-srinivasa-rao
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Aquaculture products can harbor pathogenic bacteria which are part of the natural microflora of the environment. A study was conducted aiming at the isolation of human pathogenic bacteria in gills, intestines, mouth and the skin of apparently healthy fish, Tilapia rendali and Oreochromic mossambicus, from the Fletcher dam. Bacterial pathogens associated with fish can be transmitted to human beings from fish used as food or by handling the fish causing human diseases. Differentiation and characterization of various isolates was based on their growth characteristics on specific culture media (biochemical and gram staining reactions). The following human pathogenic bacteria were isolated Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella dysenteriae and Enterococcus faecalis. All the bacterial species which were isolated from the fish were also present in the initial water samples collected. The isolation of enteric bacteria in fish serves as indicator organisms of faecal contamination and or water pollution. Their presence also represents a potential hazard to humans. The mean bacterial load of the isolates was found to be markedly higher than the recommended public health and standard value of 5.0 x 106 CFU/ml which has been adopted by many countries.
New Anti-aflatoxin marine and Terrestrial extracts with assessment of their A...pharmaindexing
New Anti-aflatoxin marine and Terrestrial extracts with assessment of their Antioxidants, Antimicrobial, Glycemic and Cholinergic properties bioscreening of new Anti-aflatoxin natural extracts
Microbiological Quality Assessment of Cereal Based Food ‘Pitha’ On Retail Sal...IOSR Journals
Pitha‟ is one of the most popular traditional foods made up from various kinds of cereal grains like rice, wheat‟s, flours etc. The microbiological quality of pitha on retail sale in the street of Dhaka city was studied with thirty six different samples by detecting the range of total viable count (TVC) of bacteria, indicator microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, Enterobacteriaceae and the common food pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus., Salmonella Spp. and Pseudomonas spp. In our study, the majority (67.5%) of the microbial contaminants were gram negative rods. The TVC of bacteria was ranged from (9.0x103) cfu/g to (1.2x106) cfu/g. Total coliform, fecal coliform and E. coli were detected from 30.56%, 22.2% and 13.8% of the samples respectively indicating unsatisfactory results. For Salmonella spp. 16.6% of the samples were unable to reach the acceptability levels. Besides, according to the ICMSF (International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for food), in terms of Pseudomonas spp. 33.3%, for Staphylococcus aureus 12.2% and for Bacillus cereus 11.1% of the samples were not suitable for the consumption. All these phenomena indicate poor hygiene practices. This study emphasizes the need to improve production hygiene.
Isolation and Screening of Soil Actinomycetes for Antimicrobial Activity OlakunleAjibola
Antimicrobial resistance in pathogens has greatly increased of late and now pose a serious public health problem globally. New antimicrobials are continuously needed to inhibit the growth of these resistant strains.
The aim of this study was to isolate and screen soil actinomycetes and evaluate their secondary metabolites for antimicrobial activities against selected pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
Many Gram negative bacteria, especially Aeromonas hydrophila are notorious for their heightened capacity to acquire and exchange antibiotic resistance genes and consequently, are commonly targeted as indicator organism for monitoring antimicrobial resistance in aquatic milieus. This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence and drug resistance patterns of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from farm raised catfish at Epe fish farm, Lagos State, Nigeria. Swabs were aseptically taken from the kidney, intestine, liver, gills, and skin after dissecting the fish samples. The specimens were bacteriologically analyzed. After series of biochemical test, the isolated bacteria were identified presumptively according to Bergey’s Manual of determinative bacteriology, 7th Edition. Fifty-seven (57) Aeromonas hydrophila were recovered out of seventy-one (71) bacterial isolated from the 35 fish samples collected from the fish farms studied. The study reveals multiple antibiotics resistance pattern among the isolates as Aeromonas hydrophila were 100% resistant to Streptomycin, Oxytetracycline, Chloranphenicol, Pefloxacin, Ofloxacin and 70, 65 and 55% resistant to Gentamycin, Amoxycillin and Erythromycin respectively. However, all the isolates were 100% susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Cotrimoxazole only. The presence of multidrug-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila in fish could be a vehicle of horizontal gene transfer to previously susceptible bacteria and these could constitute a serious public health hazard to human and animal in the environment. Thus, the use of antibiotics in catfish production as growth promoter or disease prevention should be discouraged and some safer, biological alternatives strategies should suffice to mitigate bacteria drug resistance and its associated problems.
Brief About Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology & Environmental Sciences
Published Quarterly Since 1999. Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology & Environmental Sciences is published in March, June, September and December every year.
AJMBES is a highly popular journal exclusively devoted to three most important and interrelated areas of science.
The scope of the journal includes
1. Microbiology of water, air, soil, food, environmental
and industrial microbiology
2.Microbiology in waste water treatment 3.All aspects of bio technology perferably environmental
and industrial microbiology
4.Enviromental biochemistry
5.Ecology of grassland, forests and wetlands, limnology and oceanography, mangrove ecology,
ecology of lakes, rivers and soil ecology
6.All reasearch related to biology of water pollution
including toxicology
7.Effect of air pollutants on microbes, plants, animal & man and biomonitoring of air pollution
8.Ecotechnology including land application of waste water, vermicomposting, utilisation of crop residues, bioremediation of hazardous wastes, biomass generation,
energy plantation, reclamation of mined lands
9.All research related to biological aspect of fisheries
including utilisation of biological wastes in fish farming
10.Waste water treatment involving organisms and rootzone technology, biological aspects of composting
11.Waste land development
12.All floristic and faunistic reporting from any ecosystem
13. Agricultural Ecology.
14. Bioinformatics.
Coverage: Research Papers, Reviews, Technical Notes, Book Reviews, Information on Conferences and Training Pogrammes all over the World, Topical Articles, New Publications and Products Information.
Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology & Environmental Sciences is abstracted/covered in:
Chemical Abstracts, U.S.A.
SCOPUS
EBSCO Publishing, U.S.A.
Cambridge Science Abstracts
Ecology Abstracts
Pollution Abstracts
Eco-Disc CD Rom
Geological Abstracts
International Development Abstracts
Oceanographic Literature Review
Zoological Records
Indian Science Abstracts, Niscair, India
Elsevier’s Compendex
Elsevier’s Current Awareness in Biological Sciences
Elsevier’s Encompass
Elsevier’s Geobase
Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology & Environmental Sciences journal is accredited with National Academy of Agricultural sciences, NAAS, India.
Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology & Environmental Sciences journal is covered by SCOPUS.
Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology & Environmental Sciences journal also features in Uhlrich International Periodical Directory, U.K., Gale Directory, U.K. and SAARC directory of periodicals.
Bacteriological Assessment of Meat Pie Sold at Ochanja Market Onitsha, Anambr...IJEAB
Ten meat pie samples were purchased from different eatery points in Ochanja Main Market, Onitsha and analyzed for the presence of pathogenic bacteria using standard microbiology and biochemical techniques. The following bacteria genera were isolated and identified from the meat pie; Escherichia coli (39%), Staphylococcus aureus (35%), and Bacillus cereus (26%). The percentage distribution showed that Escherichia coli were the most prevalent in the meat pie samples while Bacillus cereus was the least. The meat pie samples sold within Ochanja Main Market were considered fit for human consumption since the distributions of the bacteria isolates were below standard threshold limit.
Microbiological Investigations of Selected Flies of Public Health Importance ...iosrjce
Bacteria associated with flies of public health importance in Nigeria are not well known and their
ecology is also not well understood. We aim to determine the bacteria associated with flies of waste dump site.
Three flies of public health significance were collected from a waste dump site of the Rivers State University of
Science and Technology, Port Harcourt. The three dipterous flies were Luciliasericata, Chrysomyasp and
Musca domestica..The three flies were all of medical importance.The microbial load on three species of flies
was investigated using standard plate count methods. The fly samples were collected from the Post Graduate
Entomology Laboratory was cultured to isolate and identify the microbes associated with them. The samples
were analyzed for total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. The study revealed high heterotrophic bacteria
and fungi counts in all three species of the flies used, with Musca domestica having the highest count of 2.9 X
109Cfu/gram and Chrysomyasp with the least count of 3.4 x 10 5Cfu/g and fungi counts ranged from 3.1 X
103Cfu/g to 2.9 X 105Cfu/g. The bacteria isolated from these samples includes: Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonassp,, Bacillussp, Enterobactersp, Staphylococcussp,Salmonellasp, Proteussp, and Klebsiellasp,
while the fungi species isolated includes: Penicilliumsp,
Aspergillussp,Rhizopussp,Cladosporiumsp,Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusniger, Fusariumsp and Trichoderma
sp.
Prevalence, occurrence and biochemical characterization of Xanthomonas campes...INNS PUBNET
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria the causal organism of bacterial spot in tomato results in heavy losses both in the form of quality and. In this study a survey was carried out to report the incidence of bacterial spot disease of tomato in district Swat. We reported maximum disease incidence in tehsil Kabal (71.66%), followed by Charbagh (61.66%) and Barikot (58.33%). For resistant screening a total of 13 tomato germplasms were screened against the disease. The foliar severity ranged from 3.33% to 73.33%, while severity for fruits was ranged from 18.33% to 30.66%. In case of phenotypic data the highest numbers of fruits obtained were 34, plant height 79.5cm and fruit weight was 470 grams/ten tomatoes. While the lowest average numbers of fruits were 6.67, plant height 45.7cm and fruit weight recorded was 215.67 grams/ten tomatoes. Line 1288 showed highest level of resistance followed by Red-stone. However, line 9708 showed highest susceptibility when exposed to artificial inoculation. Our study showed that bacterial spot is a major issue in some part of Pakistan and germplasm screening are linked to increased host resistance and could offer an important contribution to future integrated bacterial spot management programs.
Food samples: African salad, fried yam, fried potato, fried plantain, bole and suya meat retailed in three locations along Choba, Aluu and Alakahia were analyzed for their microbial load. Analysis of the food samples revealed Total viable count ranging from 3.8×107 cfu/g to 5.2×107 cfu/g (African salad), 2.6×107 cfu/g to 3.3×107 cfu/g (Bole), 3.0×107 cfu/g to 3.4×107 cfu/g (Plantain), 3.4×107 cfu/g to 3.6×107 cfu/g (Potato), 2.9×107 cfu/g to 3.3×107 cfu/g (Yam) and 4.8×107 cfu/g to 5.1×107 cfu/g (Suya meat) from the various locations. The organism isolated includes, Staphylococcus aureus (25%), Escherichia coli (25%), Pseudomonas (15%), Streptococcus (15%), Bacillus cereus (12%) and Salmonella spp (8%). The TVC count in these food samples exceeds the standard set by International Commission for Microbiology Specification for Food (ICMSF) for ready-to-eat food which states that TVC count between 0-107 cfu/g is acceptable, 104 to 105 cfu/g is tolerable and >107 cfu/g is unacceptable. Therefore, these foods are not bacteriologically fit for consumption. The occurrence of these bacterial isolates in the foods constitutes public health risk to consumers as these pathogens have been associated with foodborne infections Therefore, government should enforce strong food safety regulations for street foods vendors. In addition, street food vendors need to be educated on food safety and hygienic practices
The study was carried out with the aim of sourcing for bacteria from the natural environment having antifungal capabilities to control and inhibit postharvest fungal spoilage of fruits and vegetables caused by Botrytis cinerea. Soil and water samples were collected from Heriot Watt University environment and Dr Ruth Fowler’s garden and inoculated using the spread plate technique; identification was carried out using Microbact Identification kits; and isolates assayed for antifungal activities against Botrytis cinerea. Forty eight bacteria species were isolated out of which sixteen (16) belonging to genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Escherichia, Burkholderia, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Proteus showed antifungal activities. Bacteria species Pseudomonas stutzeri and Burkholderia cepacia had the highest zones of inhibition with average radii of 3.06 and 3.20 cm respectively. The bacteria had the potential to inhibit mycelial and spore growth at varying levels thus making them possible candidates for further tests and studies. Considering the aim of the study, further research into identifying these antifungal isolates inhibitory compounds and metabolites is highly recommended.
Vegetable Microbiology: Concern for Human Health | Crimson PublishersCrimsonpublishersCJMI
In the health conscious society of 21st century, vegetables
form an integral part of human diet. They provide us essential
vitamins and minerals, dietary fiber, phytochemicals, and also
help in reducing the risk of dangerous diseases [1]. World Health
Organization (WHO), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Food
& Agricultural Organization (FAO) and French Agency for Food
Safety (AFSSA) recommended the intake of atleast five servings
of vegetables and fruits per day [2]. In general, freshly consumed
vegetables are considered to be more vital than the cooked ones.
However, they are usually accompanied with many food borne
diseases, thus poses safety threats [3]. Ready to Eat (RTE) vegetables,
generally grown near the metropolitan cities are cultivated in
unhygienic environments [4], irrigated with poor quality water
[5], and fertilized using organic and inorganic amendments [6,7].
This all leads to microbial contamination and spread of infectious
diseases like diarrhoea, Salmonellosis and Shigellosis etc. in
humans. Bacteria are reported to be the major villain (Figure 1)
among the causes of food borne illness [8]. Bacteria associated or
isolated from different raw vegetables have been documented in article entitled “Recent Trends in Microbiological Safety of fruits and vegetables” by [9].
Probiotics and medicinal plants in poultry nutrition: a reviewSubmissionResearchpa
The use of medicinal plants and probiotics has recently gained interest since the ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters by the European Union in 2006. They are new alternatives to bridge the gap between food safety and production. Medicinal plants are cheaper and loaded with several minerals, vitamins and phytochemicals such as: alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids, phenols, tannins etc. which allows them to perform multiple biological activities. Probiotics on the other hand, repopulates the gastro intestinal tracts (GIT) with beneficial bacteria which controls the action of pathogens and control their population, thereby reducing mortality and improving general performance of an animal by Akintayo - Balogun Omolere. M and Alagbe, J.O 2020. Probiotics and medicinal plants in poultry nutrition: a review. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 10 (Oct. 2020), 214-221. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i10.730 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/730/703 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/730
Antibiotic Enteric Resistant Bacteria are Abundant on Lettuce from Urban Agri...YogeshIJTSRD
The presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria on lettuce from wastewater irrigated fileds in the town of Yaounde was investigated. Lettuce samples were collected from three agricultural fields located in three districts Ekounou, Ezazou and Nkolbisson , over a period of four months. Resistance to amoxicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim and kanamycin were determined. Isolated bacteria presented highest resistance to amoxicillin 95.8 and lowest resistance to ciprofloxacin 89.2 . The resistance rate of bacteria was the highest in March 93.1 , and lowest in May 89.9 . Antibiotic resistant bacteria identified were belonged to the genus Salmonella, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Shigella, klebsiella, Pseudomonas, citrobacter, Micrococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Escherichia, and Streptococcus. Bacillus cereus was the most abundant 17.5 . The identified isolates were all multidrug resistant, except Lactobacillus which was only resistant to amoxicillin. The obtained results demonstrate the health risk posed by the cultivation and consumption of lettuce from urban agriculture in the city of Yaounde, which could constitute a strong vector for antibiotic resistance dissemination. Brunelle Tchakounte Betbui | Merveille Tamema Masse | Blaise Pascal Bougnom "Antibiotic Enteric Resistant Bacteria are Abundant on Lettuce from Urban Agriculture in the City of Yaounde" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39971.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/39971/antibiotic-enteric-resistant-bacteria-are-abundant-on-lettuce-from-urban-agriculture-in-the-city-of-yaounde/brunelle-tchakounte-betbui
Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacterial (PGPR) inoculation on growth ...IJEAB
Plant Growth promoting rhizobacteria are a heterogeneous group of bacteria that can be found in the rhizosphere, at root surfaces and in association with roots. They benefit plants through Production of plant hormones, such as auxins, asymbiotic N2 fixation, solubilization of mineral phosphates, antagonism against phytopathogenic microorganisms by production of antibiotics, siderophroes, Chitinase and other nutrients ability to effectively colonize roots are responsible for plant growth promotion. An experiment was conducted in the field of National Institute of Agronomic Research of Meknes. Morocco. The experiment was a completely randomized design with six replicates. There were four treatments viz. T1: (control; N0 -PGPR), T2: (N0 +2027-2), T3: (N0 +2066-7) and T4: (N0+2025-1). The results indicated that a remarkable increase in root growth, namely length, the diameter of the rod and the total chlorophyll. A total of three different bacteria colonies were isolated and proceed with in vitro screening for plant growth promoting activities; phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, indole acetic acid (IAA), ammonia production and antimicrobial enzymes (cellulose, chitinase and protease) activity. Among the three bacterial strains, all bacterial strains are able to produce ammonia, IAA production and nitrogen fixation activity, one strain phosphate solubilizing activity, two strain are able to produce cellulase syntheses, Protease activity and Chitinase activity.
Any nutritious substance that people or animals eat or drink or those plants absorb in order to maintain life and growth is called Food. With the huge increasing population of the world, food production from natural resources could not meet their needs. So researchers move to produce more food using molecular-level techniques. This type of food is called genetically modified food (GM food), whose genetic material has been altered which is not present already in nature. GM food is made to increase nutrient content by alternation, has many advantages for humans as it increases the nutritional content and formation of pest, drought, herbicide, and cold resistant plants. But at the same time, it has negative impacts also. It is genetically unsafe, causing organ damage and allergic reactions in the digestive tract. The researchers are trying to do their best to produce crops with their desired characteristics by using molecular-level techniques.
Similar to Isolation and Identification of Fungi from fast food restaurants in Langa Bazar (20)
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Runway Orientation Based on the Wind Rose Diagram.pptx
Isolation and Identification of Fungi from fast food restaurants in Langa Bazar
1. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-4, July-Aug- 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.4.10 ISSN: 2456-1878
www.ijeab.com Page | 1517
Isolation and Identification of Fungi from fast
food restaurants in Langa Bazar
Sewgil Saaduldeen Anwer1
, Gazang A. Ali2
, Chra Z.Hamadamin3
, Hanan Y. Jaafar4
1
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Health Science, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
2,3,4
Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Science, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
Abstract— A total of (218) samples from Eleven different
foods were processed between October 2016 and February
2017 which include (Tomato, Chicken meat, red meat,
falafel, potato, bread, eggplant, cabbage, celery, cucumber
and onion). Samples were collected from 4 different fast
food restaurants inoculated on Potato dextrose agar and
Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. Isolated fungus identified
morphologically and microscopically in accordance with
standard procedures. Results showed that six fungal genera
were associated with the selected fast food restaurants. The
isolated fungal genera were Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp.,
Mucor sp., Rhizopus sp., Saccharomyces sp., Brettanomyces
sp. The number of total colonies in October were 236 and in
February were 119 and the number of colonies were higher
when cultured on Potato dextrose agar than Sabouraud
Dextrose Agar. There was variation in the pattern of
occurrence of the fungus in fast foods Aspergillus sp.
appears to be the most pathogenic fungi that present in the
food samples.
Keywords— Fungus, Fast food restaurants, Food
spoilage.
I. INTRODUCTION
Food spoilage is any change in the appearance, smell, or
taste of a food product that makes it unacceptable to the
consumer. Spoiled food may still be safe to eat, but is
generally regarded as unpalatable and will not be purchased
or readily consumed. Food spoilage causes losses to
producers, distributors, and consumers in the form of
reduced quality and quantity and higher prices (1). Another
case of spoilage could be that the nutrients (e.g. vitamin
content) in the food have deteriorated to the point that the
food product no longer meets its declared nutritional value.
The time it takes for a food product to reach one of these
spoilage conditions is generally termed the product’s shelf-
life potential food spoilage microorganisms include
bacteria, fungi (mold and yeast), viruses, and parasites.(2).
Action by microorganisms is a common means of food
spoilage and the most common cause of foodborne illness.
Microbial spoilage is a major concern for so-called
perishable foods such as fresh fruits, vegetables, meats,
poultry, fish, bakery products, milk, and juices. Meat and
dairy products, with their high nutritional value and the
presence of easily metabolized carbohydrates, fats, and
proteins provide ideal environments for microbial spoilage
(3).
A wide variety of fungi, including species of Rhizopus,
Alternaria, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Botrytis spoil
foods. Since fungi grow readily in acidic as well as low-
moisture environments, fruits and breads are more likely to
be spoiled by fungi than by bacteria. AspergillusFlavus
infects peanuts and other grains, producing aflatoxin, a
potent carcinogen monitored by the food and drug
Administration (4).
The factors that affect microbial growth in food and
constantly the association that develop also determine the
nature of spoilage and any health risks posed for
convenience they can be divided into four groups Intrinsic
factors Intrinsic factors of a food include nutrients, growth
factors, and inhibitors or (antimicrobials), water activity,
pH, and oxidation–reduction potential. The influence of
each factor on growth in a food system the factors are
present together and exert effects on microbial growth in
combination, either favorably or adversely (5,6). , Extrinsic
factors Which include environmental factors like
temperature, Relative humidity and gases, Implicate factors
Include Specific growth, Synergism, Antagonism and
commensalism competition among the microorganism that
cause changes of physical and chemical structure of the
food and spoiled the food (7,8,9).and Processing factors
Include the tools with slaughtering and cutting the water
which use in washing, vehicles which are used in
transporting, and retail market (8).
Food-borne illness by fungi:
A food-borne illness occurs when a person becomes ill after
eating or drinking contaminated foods or beverages.
Nothing that we eat or drink is completely pure, and many
2. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-4, July-Aug- 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.4.10 ISSN: 2456-1878
www.ijeab.com Page | 1518
microorganisms live in the foods and beverages that we
consume. Microorganisms or microbes are tiny organisms
such as bacteria, Fungi, viruses, and parasites that exist in
our bodies as well as in plants, animals, food, water, air, and
soil. Many of these microbes do us no harm, and some
"friendly" ones are necessary for a healthy body, but other
microbes can cause infections that lead to serious, or even
fatal, illness. Additionally, there are harmful chemicals and
other substances in food that can cause a food-borne illness
(10).
Fungi include mold and yeasts which are more adaptable to
various conditions than other microorganisms. Have high
tolerance for acidic condition and more often responsible
for food spoilage than for food-borne illness (11).
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Media preparation:
Two media can be used, Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and
Sabourated Dextrose Agar (SDA). They were prepared
according to the manufacturer’s instructions 39gm (PDA)
powder in 1 L of distilled water for PDA medium. And
62gm (SDA) powder in 1L distilled water for SDA medium
, then sterilized and used for fungal cultivation.
Collection of samples and Isolation:
A total of 218 sample from 11 different foods were
obtained from 4 restaurant three times a day respectively (
9:30 AM, 12:00 PM, 4:30 PM) during the months of
October 2016- February 2017. The food samples were
taken from restaurant in sterile plastic bags according to
Cheesbrough 1984 Direct plate used for culturing the
Individual yeast and mold species (figure 2.1) The samples
transferred with sterile forceps into Petri dish contain
sterilized SDA Saboured dextrose agar and PDA Potato
Dextrose Agar and the plates were incubated at 25°C for 5-
7 days(12)
Fig. Sampling and Culturing of fungi on SDA and PDA.
Identification:
Fungal isolates were transferred to sterilized plates for
purification and identification. The grown fungi were placed
on a slide, stained with gram stain for yeast identification
and lacto phenol cotton blue to detect fungal structures
covered with a cover slip, examined under microscope and
identified on the basis of their colony morphology and spore
characteristics (12).
Macroscopic and microscopic observations were carried out
on the cultures. The physical characteristics of the mycelia
such as the colour and structure were noted as well as the
microscopic characteristics (13,14).
III. RESULTS
3.1.Variation of colony numbers in Fungus during
October:
After collecting the samples and culturing we obtained the
colonies and after examining the colony under microscope
we obtained some fungal genera that associated with food
spoilage. Figure 3.1.showspercentage of colonies isolated
from fast food restaurants during October ( 22/10/2016).
Fig.3.1: Percentage of total colony isolated in food during
October in (PDA, SDA).
3.1.2. Variation of colony of Fungus number during
February:
The number of colony decreased when sample collected and
examined by cultivation to obtain colony.figure 3.2 shows
the percentage of colonies isolated from fast food restaurant
during February (14/2/2017).
3. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-4, July-Aug- 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.4.10 ISSN: 2456-1878
www.ijeab.com Page | 1519
Fig: Percentage of total colony isolated in food during
February in (PDA, SDA) medium
3.2. Detection of Fungus In different foods:
From a total of (218) collected samples and 11 different
foods from different fast food restaurants a total of 6 genera
(mold and yeast)
were isolated as shown in the table 3.1
Table.3.1: Occurrence of fungal genera in different food
sample.
No. Food type Fungal genera
1 Tomato Alternaria sp.
2 Eggplant Mucorsp.
3 Falafel Saccharomyces sp.
4 Cucumber Aspergillus sp.
5 Potato Mucor sp.
6 Chicken meat Aspergillus sp.
7 Red meat Aspergillus sp.
8 Onion Aspergillussp.
9 Cabbage Brettanomycessp.
10 Bread Rhizopus sp.
11 Celery Alternariasp.
The major problem associated with fast food is the frequent
incidence of contamination .Due to the nature of these foods
and their methods of preparation involving extensive
handling. The results of the present study revealed that
different molds were isolated from 11 different food
samples namely eggplant, falafel, chicken meat, red meat,
celery, cabbage, potato, tomato, bread and cucumber
collected from four locations fast food restaurant in Langa
Bazar. The isolated molds were identified as food-borne.
The molds include Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp., Mucor
sp., Rhizopus sp. and Saccharomyces sp. and Brettanomyces
sp. Several studies have reported similar molds from
different snacks and fast food contamination from water,
air, storage distribution facilities, environment and human
activities researchers (15,16,17) .Yassin and his coworkers
isolated same fungal strains from restaurant and meat shops
in al Samawa (18).
3.3. Cultural and Microscopic properties of Fungal
isolates:
Microscopically examination for isolates from Cucumber,
Red meat, Chicken meat and onion showed that
Conidiophores and septate, unbranched hyphae. With a
swollen apex (vesicle) .Phialides born on the metulae
(biseriate). Conidia in dry chains forming compact columns
(columnar) that can be identified as Aspergillus sp.
Colonies on PDA agar at 25o
C within 7 days, and consisting
of a dense felt of green conidiophores. (Figure 3.3)
Fig.3.3::Microscopic examination of Aspergillus sp.
Microscopically examination for isolates from falafel
.showed that cells quite large, globules to sub globes,
reproduce by budding as showed in figure 3.4.and the
colonies on PDA agar at 25 o
C within 7 days, and whitish
mucous texture that can identified as Saccharomyces sp.
Fig.3.4: Microscopic examination of Saccharomyces sp.
Isolates from cabbage under microscope appears that the
cells are olive to cylindrical shaped and Colonies on PDA
agar at 25 o
C appear as white small soft cotton textures as
4. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-4, July-Aug- 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.4.10 ISSN: 2456-1878
www.ijeab.com Page | 1520
showed in figure 3.5. and the isolates identified as
Brettanomyces sp.
Fig.3.6: Shows microscopic examination of Brettanomyces
sp.
Microscopic features that was used to help in identification
of isolates from Bread showed that sporangiospores, sub
globes, and irregular in shape with Apophysis and having
stolone and Rhizoids and colonies on PDA, was whitish
becoming grayish-brown. Figure 3.6. And can be identified
as Rhizopus sp.
Fig.3.5: Microscopic examination of Rhizopus sp.
When isolate from Eggplant and Potato examined under
microscope hayphae was non septate, sporangiophores
simple at first, later slightly sympodially branched, with
sporangium at terminal ends without apophysis and colonies
on SDA at 25o
C, resemble white-to-gray cotton candy,
darkening with time. Fegure 3.7. The isolates can be
identified as Mucor sp.
Fig.3.7: Microscopic examination of Mucorsp
Microscopically appearance of isolates from tomato and
celery showed that septate branched pale brown to olive
brown with secondary conidiophores, conidia in long
branched chains. Colonies on PDA at 25o
C for 7 days,
olivaceous-black or greenish black surrounded with white
cotton hyphae and is identified asAlternaria sp. ( figure
3.8.).
Fig.3.8: Microscopic examination of Alternaria sp.
As showed in figure 3.9: There was no growth of fungus on
plate contain PDA that incubate in 25 o
C for 7 days (used as
control).
Fig.3.9: PDA medium used as control.
5. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-4, July-Aug- 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.4.10 ISSN: 2456-1878
www.ijeab.com Page | 1521
After collecting the samples and after subculturing them on
PDA and SDA the number of colonies that obtained were
(96) colonies at 9:30 AM (81) colonies at 12:00 PM and at
4:30 PM (59) colonies as showed in table 3.1 the number of
colonies at 9:30 AM were more than other times (12:00 PM
and at 4:30 PM) the reason for this result is using
previously made foods that is not stored properly at 9:30
AM and using of newly made foods in the noon and after
noon.
The number of total colonies in October were 236 and in
February were 119 and this return to the fact that the
tempreature in month October is higher than in month
february and so making and storing the foods in high
tempreature and in an inappropriate condition that help to
increase number of fungal colony during October.
The number of colonies were higher when cultured on PDA
than SDA in spiteof using antibiotic in both PDA and SDA
to prevent the growth of bacteria and other microrganism
the reason for the result may be due to that PDA is a general
purpose media for molds and yeasts. Potato dextrose agar
(PDA) may be slightly superior to Sabouraud dextrose agar
(SDA) for growing molds since SDA was originally
formulated to detect fungi associated with skin infection
(19).
Aspergillus sp. was the most spoilage fungi isolated from
most type of foods and this result are resemble to the
experiments that done by Easa 2010 which isolated
different species of Aspergillus from traditional fast foods
(20)
As it appear in our result we obtained the growth of
different fungi and this may be due to not wearing special
fastfood uniform during woking or not using appropriate
methods and means to keep the equipments and the
surrounding clean also another cause is food processing was
in an open place where it is close to sidewalk pedestrians
and cars. Also it may be due to cutting the vegitables and
meats on the same cutting board or wrapping a broken knife
handle with plastic covers and using of expired (sauce,
mayonnaise, amba, ketchup).
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Several types of fungi were isolated from fast food
restaurant which cause food spoilage. The number of
colonies isolated from fast food restaurants was higher
during October because of increase of temperature and
number of shoppers. Some food samples showed high
number of Colonies during early morning. The result
showed there are some pathogenic fungi present in fast food
restaurants like (Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp., Mucor sp.,
Rhizopus sp., Saccharomyces sp., Brettanomyces sp.) and
the number of colonies on PDA was more than SDA.Our
suggestion for fast food restaurant isto keep the foods away
from contamination and spoilage and this will be by
commitment with health rules that deal with restaurants
cleanly and proceeding regular tests for restaurants workers
and to Study presence or absence t of mycotoxin in the
food products.
REFERENCES
[1] Joanne M, Linda M, and Christopher J. Microbial
Growth and Food Spoilage, Microbiology, New York,
2008.7th ed. 1026.
[2] Blackburn W, Clive de W. Introduction and Microbial
Spoilage,Food Spoilage Microorganisms 2006. 1-11.
[3] Sperber W. Microbiological Food Spoilage
Mechanisms, compendium of the Microbiological
Spoilage of Foods and Beverages, New York, 2009.
10.
[4] Eugene W, Denise G C, Evans Roberts, Nancy N and
Martha T. Common Spoilage Fungi, Microbiology,
2004 .4th ed. 811.
[5] Adams MR and Moss RO. Food Microbiology, 2008.
3th ed. 22-23.
[6] Ray B and Bhunia A. Fundamental of Food
Microbiology, 2013. 5th ed. 61, 66, 65.
[7] Jay M, Loessner J, David A and Golden A. Modern
Food Microbiology, 2006. 7th ed. 53.
[8] Pazlarová J, PhD. thesis. Factors affecting microbial
growth in food.[cited 2017 April 3].available from:
http://biomikro.vscht.cz/vyuka/ifm/Microbial_growth_
in_food.pdf.
[9] Barbara L, Baird-Parker, Anthony C and Grahame W.
Microbiological Safety and Quality of Food, 2000.
[10]Bjorklund R, What is A Food-Borne Illness. Food-
Borne Illnesses. New York: Marshall Cavendish
Corporation.2005.1th ed. 10-26.
[11]Ainsworth M. Food Pathogens .Fish and Seafood
Pathogens. USA. 2009.207-2018.
[12]Cheesbrough M. Microbiological examination of
specimens and biochemical testing of microorganisms
in Medical laboratory manual of tropical countries
.Tropical Health Technology, Butterworth Heinemann
Ltd. Printed in Great Britain At University Press,
Cambridge. 1984. 1st ed. Vol 2. pp. 26-39, 57-69.
[13]Pitt JI, AD. Hocking, R.A. Samson and A.D.
King.Recommended Methods for the Mycological
Examination of Foods, In: Modern Methods in Food
Mycology .Elsevier Science Ltd, Amsterdam, 1992.pp:
388, ISBN: 0444889396.
6. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-4, July-Aug- 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.4.10 ISSN: 2456-1878
www.ijeab.com Page | 1522
[14]Samson R, Hoekstra E and Oorschot C. Chapter1,
Introduction To Food-Born Fungi, Delft – Holland,
1981. 1-200.
[15]Ogundare AO and Adetuyi FC. Studies on the
microbial population of bread baked with wheat flour
from south western Nigeria. Food, Agriculture &
Environment .2003.1(3,4): 85-87.
[16]Annan-Prah A, Amewowor DHAK, Osei-Kofi J,
Amoono SE, Akorli SY, Saka E and Ndadi HA. Street
Foods: Handling, hygiene and client expectations in a
World Heritage Site Town, Cape Coast, Ghana.
African Journal of Microbiology Research.2011;
5(13):1629-1634.
[17]Oranusi S, Omagbemi F and Eni AO. Microbiological
safety evaluation of snacks sold in fast food shops in
Ota, Ogun state, Nigeria. International Journal Of
Agricultural and Food Science. 2011 1(4): 75-79.
[18]Marzoq HY, Saeed ZF and Hasan RN. Isolation and
identification of some pathogenic bacteria and fungi
from restaurants and meat shops in Al-Samawa
City.J.Thi-Qar Sci. 2013. 4(1):78-83.
[19]Turblin V. microbiological tools for quality assurance
in hatchery: Laboratory Methods. CEVA Animal
Health Asia Pacific .Malaysia.available, 2019 (29).
[20]Easa S. The microbial quality of fast food and
traditional fast food .Nature and Science.Cairo,
Eygypt.2010; 8(10).