The current pandemic has generated the search for new reliable and economic alternatives for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, which produces the COVID-19 disease, one of the recommendations by the World Health Organization, is the detection of the virus by RT-qPCR methods from upper respiratory tract samples. The discomfort of the pharyngeal nasopharyngeal swab described by patients, the requirement of trained personnel, and the generation of aerosols, are factors that increase the risk of infections in this type of intake. It is known that the main means of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is through aerosols or small droplets, which is why saliva is important as a relevant means of detecting COVID-19. In this study, a modified method based on SARS-CoV-2 RNA release from saliva is described, avoiding the isolation and purification of the genetic material and its quantification of viral copies; the results are compared with paired pharyngeal/nasopharyngeal swab samples (EF/EN). Results showed good agreement in saliva samples compared to EF/EN samples. On average, a sensitivity for virus detection of 80% was demonstrated in saliva samples competing with EF/EN samples. The use of saliva is a reliable alternative for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 by means of RT-PCR in the first days of infection, having important advantages over the conventional method. Saliva still needs to be studied completely to evaluate the detection capacity of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid, however, the described process is viable, due to the decrease in materials and supplies, process times, the increment in the sampling and improvement of laboratory performance.
Prevalence of Rota Virus Detection by Reverse TranscriptasePolymerase Chain R...IOSRJPBS
The present study was conducted for the period from 1/6/2016 to 20/1/2017 in Baquba city. The study aimed to detection of rotavirus in stool specimens of children fewer than five age and also explore the effects of certain demographic factors on the detection rates by revers transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction. The study included 49 patients with acute diarrhea, 32 were male and 17 were female. The age range was two months to 5 years. Demographic information on the patients regarding age, sex, residence, type of feeding and source of drinking water were collected from their parents. Stool specimens were collected from each patients and. Detection of rotavirus in stool specimens was done by conventional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results of present study showed that the overall infection rate by rotavirus among patients with acute diarrhea by RT-PCR tests was 93.88%. The highest infection rate was recorded among those >10-≤15 months of age. None of the results showed significantly difference between female and male, PCR (88% vs 96.87%). Likewise, there was insignificantly difference between urban and rural residence, PCR (95.65% vs 92.30%). The results revealed insignificantly higher infection rate among patients (those below 2 years) feed mixing (91.66%) and bottled (100%) compared to that breast feeding (77.77%) by RT-PCR. The rotavirus infection rate was insignificantly higher among patients consuming municipal water for drinking (97.22%) compared to those consuming bottled water (84.61%) by the RT-PCR. The study concluded that rotavirus was detected in high rates among children less than 5 years old with acute diarrhea in Baquba city, particularly those less than 2 year old.
Johne's disease (JD) or Paratuberculosis (PTB) has gained a great attention by many industrial countries for its severing economic losses and possibly zoonotic concerns. In the current study conventional clinical and direct microscopic examination compared to real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to diagnose JD in clinically suspected small ruminants. Clinical examination revealed 130 (8.7%) suspected cases that showed history of emaciation and diarrhea out of the total examined (1500) animals. Direct microscopy of Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stained smears (130) revealed 62 (47.7%) acid fast bacteria resembled Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). RT-PCR insertion sequence gene (IS900) detected MAP in 25 (65.8%) out of 38 fecal samples harbored acid fast bacilli. We concluded and recommended that RT-PCR considers the most rapid confirmatory method for screening and diagnosis of the MAP in comparison to low specific conventional phenotypic methods, which still remained valuable techniques in the diagnosis of JD in developing countries.
Key-words: Johne's disease, Paratuberculosis, Acid fast bacteria, Ziehl-Neelsen stain, IS900 gene
To form the basis of a respiratory disease model in rats by investigating the microbial distribution and composition in the lower respiratory tracts of normal rats. Methods: DNA was extracted from the intestine, trachea, bronchus and lung samples collected from healthy rats under sterile conditions. The 16S rDNA V4-V5 region was sequenced using Illumina high-throughput technology. Results: The sequencing results showed that there was no significant difference in abundance and species diversity of microbiota between the lower respiratory and the intestine. The microbiota structure analysis showed samples from lungs and intestinal shared similarity. However, the dominant species at the levels of phylum, family, and genus diverged. The similarity analysis showed that the lung microbiota were different from the intestines. The linear discriminant analysis showed significantly different species in different tissues; function prediction also showed different microbiota function in different tissues. Conclusions: These results suggest that bacterial colonization depends on the sample’s anatomical location. The human pathogen Acinetobacter lwoffii was also detected in the rat lower respiratory tract samples.
Paratuberculosis (PTB) remains one of the most obstacles limit animal breeding sector all over the world. The current study aimed to detect the etiology of PTB in tissues of clinically suspected small ruminants using histopathological and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods. Clinical examination showed 10 (26.4%) PTB suspected cases out of the total (38) examined animals. The suspected cases were euthanized, necropsied, gross lesions were recorded and tissue samples were collected for histopathological and molecular procedures. Grossly intestinal and mesenteric lymph nodes thickening, corrugations and edematous swellings were recorded. Semi-thin sections of the intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes stained with toluidine blue demonstrated MAP organism inside epithelium cells and macrophages. RT-PCR detected MAP IS900 gene in all suspected cases (100%), thus we recommend using RT-PCR as a rapid sensitive method in the diagnosis of PTB.
Key-words: Paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium, Semi thin sections, Toluidine blue, IS900 gene
Prevalence of Rota Virus Detection by Reverse TranscriptasePolymerase Chain R...IOSRJPBS
The present study was conducted for the period from 1/6/2016 to 20/1/2017 in Baquba city. The study aimed to detection of rotavirus in stool specimens of children fewer than five age and also explore the effects of certain demographic factors on the detection rates by revers transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction. The study included 49 patients with acute diarrhea, 32 were male and 17 were female. The age range was two months to 5 years. Demographic information on the patients regarding age, sex, residence, type of feeding and source of drinking water were collected from their parents. Stool specimens were collected from each patients and. Detection of rotavirus in stool specimens was done by conventional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results of present study showed that the overall infection rate by rotavirus among patients with acute diarrhea by RT-PCR tests was 93.88%. The highest infection rate was recorded among those >10-≤15 months of age. None of the results showed significantly difference between female and male, PCR (88% vs 96.87%). Likewise, there was insignificantly difference between urban and rural residence, PCR (95.65% vs 92.30%). The results revealed insignificantly higher infection rate among patients (those below 2 years) feed mixing (91.66%) and bottled (100%) compared to that breast feeding (77.77%) by RT-PCR. The rotavirus infection rate was insignificantly higher among patients consuming municipal water for drinking (97.22%) compared to those consuming bottled water (84.61%) by the RT-PCR. The study concluded that rotavirus was detected in high rates among children less than 5 years old with acute diarrhea in Baquba city, particularly those less than 2 year old.
Johne's disease (JD) or Paratuberculosis (PTB) has gained a great attention by many industrial countries for its severing economic losses and possibly zoonotic concerns. In the current study conventional clinical and direct microscopic examination compared to real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to diagnose JD in clinically suspected small ruminants. Clinical examination revealed 130 (8.7%) suspected cases that showed history of emaciation and diarrhea out of the total examined (1500) animals. Direct microscopy of Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stained smears (130) revealed 62 (47.7%) acid fast bacteria resembled Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). RT-PCR insertion sequence gene (IS900) detected MAP in 25 (65.8%) out of 38 fecal samples harbored acid fast bacilli. We concluded and recommended that RT-PCR considers the most rapid confirmatory method for screening and diagnosis of the MAP in comparison to low specific conventional phenotypic methods, which still remained valuable techniques in the diagnosis of JD in developing countries.
Key-words: Johne's disease, Paratuberculosis, Acid fast bacteria, Ziehl-Neelsen stain, IS900 gene
To form the basis of a respiratory disease model in rats by investigating the microbial distribution and composition in the lower respiratory tracts of normal rats. Methods: DNA was extracted from the intestine, trachea, bronchus and lung samples collected from healthy rats under sterile conditions. The 16S rDNA V4-V5 region was sequenced using Illumina high-throughput technology. Results: The sequencing results showed that there was no significant difference in abundance and species diversity of microbiota between the lower respiratory and the intestine. The microbiota structure analysis showed samples from lungs and intestinal shared similarity. However, the dominant species at the levels of phylum, family, and genus diverged. The similarity analysis showed that the lung microbiota were different from the intestines. The linear discriminant analysis showed significantly different species in different tissues; function prediction also showed different microbiota function in different tissues. Conclusions: These results suggest that bacterial colonization depends on the sample’s anatomical location. The human pathogen Acinetobacter lwoffii was also detected in the rat lower respiratory tract samples.
Paratuberculosis (PTB) remains one of the most obstacles limit animal breeding sector all over the world. The current study aimed to detect the etiology of PTB in tissues of clinically suspected small ruminants using histopathological and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods. Clinical examination showed 10 (26.4%) PTB suspected cases out of the total (38) examined animals. The suspected cases were euthanized, necropsied, gross lesions were recorded and tissue samples were collected for histopathological and molecular procedures. Grossly intestinal and mesenteric lymph nodes thickening, corrugations and edematous swellings were recorded. Semi-thin sections of the intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes stained with toluidine blue demonstrated MAP organism inside epithelium cells and macrophages. RT-PCR detected MAP IS900 gene in all suspected cases (100%), thus we recommend using RT-PCR as a rapid sensitive method in the diagnosis of PTB.
Key-words: Paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium, Semi thin sections, Toluidine blue, IS900 gene
Oral saliva swab reverse transcription PCR for Covid-19 in the paediatric pop...Javier González de Dios
Los resultados obtenidos por el estudio EPICO-AEP demuestran que la PCR en muestra de frotis oral podría ser una alternativa a tener en cuenta en población pediátrica ya que, aunque se observa una disminución de la sensibilidad (71%, IC 95%: 58,7-81) esta se debe principalmente a casos no contagiosos.
En conclusión, la utilización de este tipo de muestra podría resultar aceptable en dos tipos de situaciones:
- En pacientes sintomáticos en los primeros 5 días de síntomas cuando no es posible obtener una muestra de exudado nasofaríngeo, ya sea por las características del paciente o por falta de material adecuado para la toma de muestras siempre y cuando la muestra de saliva sea un espécimen admitido como válido por el fabricante de la prueba diagnóstica.
- En cribados repetidos en determinados ámbitos.
- En pacientes pediátricos (0 a 16 años) en centros con experiencia en la utilización de este tipo de muestras”.
Comparison of Ziehl Neelsen Microscopy with GeneXpert for Detection of Mycoba...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Rapid, cost effective and disposable device for saliva collection and process...Robert Gellibolian, Ph.D
Test and manufacture a device for rapid, cost
effective, non-invasive collection and ‘clean up’ of saliva (e.g.,
reduction of contaminants, matrix effects, etc) for early detection
of Malaria biomarkers (e.g., pfHRP2, etc). ‘Clean’ saliva offers
several advantages over blood; (1) No cultural / religious biases
associated with collection of blood, (2) reduced biohazard to
worker, (3) non-invasive, (4) easy
Abdominal Tuberculosis – How Far are Our Diagnostics Illuminating?Apollo Hospitals
Tuberculosis can involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus, the peritroneum, pancreas and the hepatobiliary system. Gastrointestinal tuberculosis mimics many clinical conditions and only a high degree of suspicion can help in the diagnosis otherwise there are chances of missing it leading to high morbidity and mortality. Various methods of diagnosis are available but which one is the right test for a particular patient needs to be ascertained. Culture remains the gold standard method of diagnosis. Fast track cultures like MGIT/M Bact Alert 3 D can give faster results with in few days to few weeks. Molecular tests are fastest and can be used as a supplementary test. Nested PCR can give results with in few hours.
In the early twentieth century, major representatives of the Jadid movement became active participants in the socio-political processes in the Turkestan region. Usmonkhoja Polatkhoja, a progressive from Bukhara, was one of the beams not only in the Emirate of Bukhara, but also in Turkestan. He first participated in the reforms and progressives, and later in the national liberation movements, and fought for the prosperity and independence of the country.This article provides information about Usmonkhoja's life and work in Jadidism, revolts, national liberation struggles, and emmigiration.
Flood is one of the natural disaster known to be part of the earth biophysical processes, which its occurrence can be devastating; due to mostly anthropogenic activities and climatological factors. The aim of the research is to identify and map the extent at which the impact of flood due to intense rainfall and rise in water in the study area using geospatial techniques and the specific objectives are to carry out terrain analysis of the study area and to generate flood indicator maps of the study area. The study analyzed rain fall data;, the drainage system and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM 30m) of the area. ArcGIS 10.8 was to modelled and to generate the contributing factors map of the study area. The drainage system was generated through on-screen digitization of topographic map of scale 1:50,000 of Ondo South-West. The mean annual rainfall of Lagos State was generated in the ArcGIS environment from the rainfall data through spatial analysis tool. The SRTM was used in terrain analysis of the study area. The results generated showed the lowest mean annual rain fall of the area 1,700mm and the highest mean annual rain fall was 2,440mm. Digital elevation model (DEM), slope, flow direction were generated from the SRTM. Drainage density of the area was generated using the drainage system. The slope map of the entire area which are classified into five slope classes of very high (14%-48.5%) to high (7.6%-13.9%) to moderately high (4.2%-7.6%) to low (1.5%-4.2%) and very low (0. % - 1.2%).
More Related Content
Similar to Saliva: An Economic and Reliable Alternative for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 by Means of RT-qPCR
Oral saliva swab reverse transcription PCR for Covid-19 in the paediatric pop...Javier González de Dios
Los resultados obtenidos por el estudio EPICO-AEP demuestran que la PCR en muestra de frotis oral podría ser una alternativa a tener en cuenta en población pediátrica ya que, aunque se observa una disminución de la sensibilidad (71%, IC 95%: 58,7-81) esta se debe principalmente a casos no contagiosos.
En conclusión, la utilización de este tipo de muestra podría resultar aceptable en dos tipos de situaciones:
- En pacientes sintomáticos en los primeros 5 días de síntomas cuando no es posible obtener una muestra de exudado nasofaríngeo, ya sea por las características del paciente o por falta de material adecuado para la toma de muestras siempre y cuando la muestra de saliva sea un espécimen admitido como válido por el fabricante de la prueba diagnóstica.
- En cribados repetidos en determinados ámbitos.
- En pacientes pediátricos (0 a 16 años) en centros con experiencia en la utilización de este tipo de muestras”.
Comparison of Ziehl Neelsen Microscopy with GeneXpert for Detection of Mycoba...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Rapid, cost effective and disposable device for saliva collection and process...Robert Gellibolian, Ph.D
Test and manufacture a device for rapid, cost
effective, non-invasive collection and ‘clean up’ of saliva (e.g.,
reduction of contaminants, matrix effects, etc) for early detection
of Malaria biomarkers (e.g., pfHRP2, etc). ‘Clean’ saliva offers
several advantages over blood; (1) No cultural / religious biases
associated with collection of blood, (2) reduced biohazard to
worker, (3) non-invasive, (4) easy
Abdominal Tuberculosis – How Far are Our Diagnostics Illuminating?Apollo Hospitals
Tuberculosis can involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus, the peritroneum, pancreas and the hepatobiliary system. Gastrointestinal tuberculosis mimics many clinical conditions and only a high degree of suspicion can help in the diagnosis otherwise there are chances of missing it leading to high morbidity and mortality. Various methods of diagnosis are available but which one is the right test for a particular patient needs to be ascertained. Culture remains the gold standard method of diagnosis. Fast track cultures like MGIT/M Bact Alert 3 D can give faster results with in few days to few weeks. Molecular tests are fastest and can be used as a supplementary test. Nested PCR can give results with in few hours.
In the early twentieth century, major representatives of the Jadid movement became active participants in the socio-political processes in the Turkestan region. Usmonkhoja Polatkhoja, a progressive from Bukhara, was one of the beams not only in the Emirate of Bukhara, but also in Turkestan. He first participated in the reforms and progressives, and later in the national liberation movements, and fought for the prosperity and independence of the country.This article provides information about Usmonkhoja's life and work in Jadidism, revolts, national liberation struggles, and emmigiration.
Flood is one of the natural disaster known to be part of the earth biophysical processes, which its occurrence can be devastating; due to mostly anthropogenic activities and climatological factors. The aim of the research is to identify and map the extent at which the impact of flood due to intense rainfall and rise in water in the study area using geospatial techniques and the specific objectives are to carry out terrain analysis of the study area and to generate flood indicator maps of the study area. The study analyzed rain fall data;, the drainage system and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM 30m) of the area. ArcGIS 10.8 was to modelled and to generate the contributing factors map of the study area. The drainage system was generated through on-screen digitization of topographic map of scale 1:50,000 of Ondo South-West. The mean annual rainfall of Lagos State was generated in the ArcGIS environment from the rainfall data through spatial analysis tool. The SRTM was used in terrain analysis of the study area. The results generated showed the lowest mean annual rain fall of the area 1,700mm and the highest mean annual rain fall was 2,440mm. Digital elevation model (DEM), slope, flow direction were generated from the SRTM. Drainage density of the area was generated using the drainage system. The slope map of the entire area which are classified into five slope classes of very high (14%-48.5%) to high (7.6%-13.9%) to moderately high (4.2%-7.6%) to low (1.5%-4.2%) and very low (0. % - 1.2%).
Work study is a catch-all phrase encompassing a variety of methodologies, including method research and work measurement, that are applied in a variety of contexts and lead to a systematic assessment of all elements that affect the efficiency and economy of the situation under evaluation that is meant to be improved. The main aim of this study is to examine and enhance the process token in manufacturing a Perfume of the famous, well-known, aromatic, and beautiful Taif Roses. Some changes in the process has been suggested using method study and time study method which lead to reduction in process time, labor cost and production cost.
Workers are the maximum precious method of an association. Their importance to institutions requires not most effective the want to draw the trendy bents but additionally the need to preserve them for a long term. This paper specializes in reviewing the findings of former research carried out with the aid of colourful experimenters with the quit to identify determinants factors of hand retention. This exploration almost looked at the subsequent broad factors improvement openings, reimbursement, work- lifestyles balance, operation/ management, work terrain, social aid, autonomy, training and improvement.
Watering plants during the correct time is very important due to scientific reasons. Both underwatering, as well as overwatering, can lead to the growth of unhealthy plants or in extreme cases, the death of the plant/tree. These issues which are the case with most self-gardeners and plant lovers can be solved using the smart irrigation technique. The main purpose of this innovation is to assist plant lovers to continue their passion to grow plants at home with ease. Smart irrigation system helps in monitoring the moisture level which majorly affects plant growth besides other factors such as sunlight, fertility of the soil, etc. The digital planting pot has been designed in a way that it effectively incorporates the idea of smart irrigation. Arduino Uno R3 has been used as the main chip in this project along with a few other components like a soil moisture sensor, relay, and water pump. This project requires coding to synchronize all the components, and function properly. A required test has been carried out to review the functioning of the mechanism. The project was tested by once using the soil with enough moisture in the pot and then the soil with the least moisture. Both times, it worked exactly how it was supposed to function. When the soil with the least moisture was tested, there was a clear indication of a low level of moisture and accordingly, the water pump got triggered to water the plant, and when the soil with enough moisture was tested, there was again the clear indication of the correct level of moisture and the water pump was inactive. All the readings which were displayed on the LCD were checked back and forth during the project. The outcomes were the same as expected. Hence, it shows that every component in this project is actively functioning and the whole project is effectively designed.
Because of its accessibility and flexibility, cloud technology is among the most notable innovations in today's world. Having many service platforms, such as GoogleApps by Google, Amazon, Apple, and so on, is well accepted by large enterprises. Distributed cloud computing is a concept for enabling every-time, convenient, on-demand network access to processing resources including servers, storage devices, networks, and services that may be mutually configured. The major security risks for cloud computing as identified by the Cloud security alliance (CSA) have been examined in this study. Also, methods for resolving issues with cloud computing technology's data security and privacy protection were systematically examined.
This study's goal is to present Solutions for Determining the importance level of criteria in creating cultural resources’ attractiveness from tourists’ evaluation. Data were collected from 558 international tourists who chose Vietnam as the destination for tourism.
The study points out that we need to resolve challenges such as: building a safe, friendly destination, etc., destinations need to review and re-evaluate the services of their products and tourist attractions to prepare for the largest number of visitors and stimulate the domestic tourism market is a good solution: To boost the domestic tourism market, it is necessary to increase domestic flights and train connections to major tourist destinations.
A new convenient and efficient route for the synthesis of two very important hydroxo-bridged stepped-cubane copper complexes viz: [Cu4(bpy)4Cl2(OH)4]Cl2.6H2O (1) and [Cu4(phen)4Cl2(OH)4]Cl2.6H2O (2) have been obtained. This synthetic route from the mononuclear CubpyCl2 complex is easier, more reproducible and afforded the complex in a much higher yield than the other two previously reported procedures which were equally serendipitously discovered. The purity and formation of the complexes were confirmed with elemental (C,H,N) analysis and the details of the UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared, electrospray ionization mass spectra of both complexes and the single crystal X-ray crystallography of 1 are presented and discussed. X-ray crystallography confirms the absolute structure of the complexes. The complexes were formed via the connection of four copper atoms to four hydroxide bridging ligands and four bipyridyl ligands with two chloride ligands. There are two coordinate environments around two pairs of copper atoms (CuN2ClO2 and CuN2O3) and each copper atom is pentacoordinate with square pyramidal geometry.
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., which is commonly known as jackfruit is a tropical fruit, belonging to Moraceae family, native to Western Ghats of India and common in Asia, Africa, and some regions in South America. It is known to be the largest edible fruit in the world. The Jackfruit is an extremely versatile and sweet tasting fruit that possess high nutritional value. Jackfruit is rich in nutrients including carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. The jackfruit has diverse medicinal uses especially antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties, anticancer and antifungal activity, anthelminthic activity. Traditionally, this plant is used in the treatment of various diseases especially for treatment against inflammation, malarial fever, diarrhoea, diabetes and tapeworm infection. Jackfruit is a good natural source of phytochemicals such as phenolics, flavonoids and tannins, saponins. The health benefits of jackfruit have been attributed to its wide range of physicochemical applications. The use of jackfruit bulbs and its parts has also been reported since ancient times for their therapeutic qualities. The beneficial physiological effects may also have preventive application in a variety of pathologies.
Myogenic differentiation requires to be exactly explored for the effective treatment of fracture. The speed of healing is affected by skeletal muscle, linked to activation of specific myogenic transcription factors during the repair process. In previous study, we discovered that psoralen enhanced differentiation of osteoblast in primary mouse. In the current study, we show that psoralen stimulates myogenic differentiation through the secretion of factors to hone the quality of repair in fractured mice. 3-month old mice were treated with corn oil or psoralen followed by a tibial fracture surgery. Fractures were tested 7, 14, and 21 days respectively later by histology and images observation. Skeletal muscles including soleus muscle and posterior tibial muscle around the damaged bone were collected for quantitative real-time PCR, HE staining, as well as western blot. Daily treatment with psoralen at seven, fourteen days or twenty-one days improves protein or mRNA levels responsible for the whole myogenic differentiation process, makes the muscle fibers more tightly aligned, and promotes callus formation and development. This data shows that high levels of myogenic transcription factors in the process of fracture healing in mice foster the repair of damaged muscles, and indicates a pharmacological approach that targets myogenic differentiation to improve fracture repair. This also reflects the academic thought of "paying equal attention to both muscles and bones" in the prevention and treatment of fracture healing.
A recent study establishes that since 1970, there has been an ecological gap between human needs and the planet's resources, with annual resource demand exceeding the bio-productivity of the planet. Specifically, humanity utilises equivalent of 1.75 earths to produce the ecological resources used, with half of this attributable to food consumption. The present work therefore seeks to provide an empirically-based insight into the environmental sustainability of the EF of food consumption in Ijebu Ode. A descriptive cross-sectional approach was used, and primary data were collected from 400 systemically sampled households via structured questionnaires and analysed descriptively using Microsoft Excel and inferentially using mathematical models for calculating ecological footprints. Findings revealed that the household EF of food consumption in Ijebu Ode is 0.05gha per capita, with the footprint of cereal consumption (0.17gha; 37%) taking the major share, followed by meat with a footprint of 0.11gha (23.9%). As a result, it was concluded that Ijebu Ode has sustainable food consumption, which is necessary for its environmental sustainability. However, the sustenance of the former requires creating awareness of the need for sustainable consumption and prioritisation of integrated and population-wide policies and food intervention initiatives to encourage attitudinal change in favour of sustainable food consumption while fostering sustainable food production strategies amidst current environmental realities.
The symmetry occurs in most of the phenomena explained by physics, for example, a particle has positive or negative charges, and the electric dipoles that have the charge (+q) and (-q) which are at a certain distance (d), north or south magnetic poles and for a magnetic bar or magnetic compass with two poles: North (N) and South (S) poles, spins up or down of the electron at the atom and for the nucleons in the nucleus In this form, the particle should also have mass symmetry. For convenience and due to later explanations, I call this mass symmetry or mass duality as follows: mass and mass cloud. The mass cloud is located in the respective orbitals given by the Schrödinger equation. The orbitals represent the possible locations or places of the particle which are determined probabilistically by the respective Schröndiger equation.
Metal-organic molybdenum complexes were synthesized by the hydrothermal method using ammonium heptamolybdate as the metallic source, and as the organic ligand terephthalic acid (BDC) or bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET), obtained via glycolysis of poly(ethylene)terephthalate (PET). The BDC-Mo and BHET-Mo complexes were characterized by XRD, N2 physisorption, TGA, ATR-FTIR, SEM, XPS and their in vitro biocompatibility was tested by porcine fibroblasts viability. The results show that molybdates (MoO4-2) are coordinated to the carbonyl functional groups of BDC and BHET by urea bonding (-NH-CO-NH-) which is related to their high biocompatibility and high thermal stability. These organic molybdate complexes possess rectangular prism particles made up of rods arrays characteristics of molybdenum oxides (MoO3). The organic complexes BDC-Mo and BHET-Mo do not show to be cytotoxic for porcine dermal fibroblasts growing on their surface for up to 48 h of culture.
Exercise training with varying intensity increases maximal oxygen intake (VO2max), a strong predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Purpose: The aim of this study was to find out the influence of low intensity aerobic training on the vo2 max in 11 to 14 years school girls in Hyderabad district. Methodology: The research scholar has randomly selected thirty (N=30) high school girls were selected as subjects and their age ranged between 11 to 14 years. The subjects were divided into two equal groups, each group consist of 15 total 30. Group one acted as experimental group (EG) and group two acted as control group (CG). The dependent variable vo2 max was selected and it is measured by manual test. Statistical Tool: The statistical tool paired sample ‘t’ test was used for analysing of the data and the obtained ‘t’ ratio was tested for significance at 0.05 level of confidence. Results: The analysis of the data revealed that there was a significant improvement on vo2 max by the application of low intensity aerobic.
Hybrid rice has the potential to outperform existing inbred rice and was said to have the potential to produce 14-20 % more yield. In response, Malaysia Government has introduced its very own first Hybrid Rice Variety knew as Kadaria 1 developed by MARDI. This is in line with one of the strategies outlined in Dasar Agromakanan Negara (DAN) 2011-2020 as an approach to increasing rice productivity within Malaysia. The next step would be developing our hybrid seed rice production system. Therefore, an experiment to determine the planting ratio and planting distance between 0025A (A)-a hybrid with MR283 (R)-inbreed variety was carried out. Planting ratios studied in this study were 2:4, 2:6, 2:8, and 2:10 while planting distance was 14 x 30 cm, 16 x 30 cm, and 18 x 30 cm. Statistical analyses suggested that yield R, yield A, and panicle number A were significantly affected by planting ratios while yield A was significantly affected by an interaction between planting distance and planting ratios. Panicle number A performed significantly higher at planting ratios of 2:4 compared to 2:10. Yield R shows higher significant performance under ratio 2:6 compared to 2:4 and 2:8. Relatively, yield A performed the best under planting distance of 18 x 30 cm. Furthermore, under this particular planting distance, the planting ratio of 2:10 shows the highest significant figure while 2:8 exhibits statistical parity. Both yield R and yield A were significantly affected by planting ratios and have a significant positive association with each other. Therefore, the planting ratio of 2:10 should be the best since it contributed to significantly highest value for yield A while yield R under 2:10 shows statistical parity with 2:6 which was the highest significant value. In conclusion, the combination of 2:10 with a planting distance of 18 x 30 cm was the best since it shows best potential for both yields A and yield R
Cassava plays an important role in improving food security and reducing poverty in rural areas. Despite its importance, its production in Senegal remains low compared to other African countries. Nowadays, it is confronted with numerous constraints. It is in this context that a study was conducted on the cassava production system in the Thiès "cassava granary" region, with the objective of examining farmers' cultivation practices. It was conducted in eight communes located in the department of Tivaouane, some of which are located in the Niayes agro-ecological zone and others in the central-northern groundnut basin. Surveys were conducted among the largest cassava producers in these communes. Analysis of the results showed that cassava is only grown in the rainy season with the same cultivation practices that have been used for years. Of the five varieties listed by the President of the Senegalese Cassava Interprofession, only four are grown in the areas surveyed. The Terrasse (43%) and Kombo (36%) varieties are grown more by our respondents in the Niayes area. Soya (75%) and Wallet "Parydiey" (20% of our sample) dominate in the central-northern groundnut basin.
Cassava plays an important role in improving food security and reducing poverty in rural areas. Despite its importance, its production in Senegal remains low compared to other African countries. Nowadays, it is confronted with numerous constraints. It is in this context that a study was conducted on the cassava production system in the Thiès "cassava granary" region, with the objective of examining farmers' cultivation practices. It was conducted in eight communes located in the department of Tivaouane, some of which are located in the Niayes agro-ecological zone and others in the central-northern groundnut basin. Surveys were conducted among the largest cassava producers in these communes. Analysis of the results showed that cassava is only grown in the rainy season with the same cultivation practices that have been used for years. Of the five varieties listed by the President of the Senegalese Cassava Interprofession, only four are grown in the areas surveyed. The Terrasse (43%) and Kombo (36%) varieties are grown more by our respondents in the Niayes area. Soya (75%) and Wallet "Parydiey" (20% of our sample) dominate in the central-northern groundnut basin.
We are witnessing very demanding and stressful times in which we live, and an occupation that is particularly exposed to stress and different working conditions is the job of a nurse. Exposing themselves to everyday challenges and stressful situations, nurses reach a stage of great emotional and physical exhaustion, lethargy, dissatisfaction, and poorer work achievements, which we know as burnout. The aim of this paper was to determine whether there is and to what extent professional burnout is present in nurses and technicians working in nursing homes across Slovenia and Croatia. The paper is answering the questions of the extent of the burnout influenced by individual characteristics (age, education, years of service and work experience at the current workplace). The study involved a validated questionnaire “The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI)” to measure professional burnout. Surveying of the nurses was conducted online at their home institutions. The results show that all respondents have a medium or high level of professional burnout, while no one has a low level or shows no signs of burnout. In terms of age, the group from 55-65 years of age had the highest relative level of burnout in the age group category. With regard to education, the highest burnout was measured in registered nurses.
Hepatitis B and C are one of the most commonly transmitted viral infections through needlestick injury apart from HIV. It is highly prevalent in India and many other developing countries. It accounts for high mortality rate globally amongst low socio-economic groups of individuals. Healthcare workers, especially dental professionals are at higher risk of infection due to high exposure to saliva, blood and sharps. Accidental occupational exposure to non-sterile conditions and its development to more critical and fatal conditions can be reduced through vaccination, prophylactic medications and practicing high safety measures.
This review article focuses on transmission of hepatitis through sharps injuries in medicine, especially dentistry, its prevention, management, post-exposure prophylaxis and the corresponding content.
Radicular cysts are the most common cystic lesions affecting the jaws. They are most commonly found at the apices of the involved teeth, however they may also be found on the lateral aspects of the roots in relation to lateral accessory root canals. Quite often a radicular cyst remains behind in the jaws after removal of the offending tooth and this is referred to as a residual cyst. Radicular cysts are the most common of all jaw cysts and comprise about 52% to 68% of all the cysts affecting the human jaws.
More from Associate Professor in VSB Coimbatore (20)
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. Asian Journal of Basic Science & Research
Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 14-25, July-September 2022
ISSN: 2582-5267 www.ajbsr.net
15
of the discomfort perceived by the patient at the time of sample collection, highlighting that the patients could
collect their own sample, the cancellation of materials (swabs and viral transport media) for sample collection and
storage, since only collection tubes are required for saliva. One of the main attributes of the release of genetic
material in saliva consists in the elimination of commercial extraction and purification supplies of viral RNA,
different methods have currently been described for the extraction and/or release of genetic material in saliva,
however the presented method is based on the addition of an enzymatic medium (proteinase K) and heat for the
release of viral RNA (Fig.1), reducing the response time in the determination of results for possible diagnosis.
Fig.1. General scheme of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid release method in saliva samples by means of Proteinase K
Different authors refer to the combination of saliva samples as a viable and economical alternative for sampling
many people, screening asymptomatic individuals with low levels of the SARS-CoV-2 virus [14],[15]. The United
States of America Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently approved the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in
saliva samples [16]. Currently, there are projects such as SalivaClear from Mirimus Clonical Labs where the
sample amalgamation strategy is used for monitoring asymptomatic individuals [17]. In this document the
effectiveness of the modified analytical method used for the release of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid in saliva samples
is studied, with the prospect that it could be used for higher sampling in places with scarce supplies.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
A total of 90 samples of pharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swabs (EF/EN) and saliva were collected over a period of
90 days (April 30 to July 30, 2021) by health workers of the State Laboratory of Public Health , from the state of
Coahuila, Mexico (Coahuila Health Services). The samples were from outpatients.
3. Asian Journal of Basic Science & Research
Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 14-25, July-September 2022
ISSN: 2582-5267 www.ajbsr.net
16
2.2. Swab Sampling
Pharyngeal and oropharyngeal exudates were collected from 90 patients. After collection, the swabs were placed in
2.5 mL of viral transport medium (MTV).
2.3. Saliva Collection
The saliva samples were self-collected by the patients who were asked to deposit them in 50 mL wide-mouth sterile
containers, until completing 2-3 mL of saliva. It should be noted that no type of stabilizing agent or viral transport
medium was added, respectively.
After collection, both the swab and saliva samples were stored at 4°C until analysis, which was within 24 h after
sample collection, and were transferred to the Molecular Biology Laboratory of the same institution.
2.4. Extraction and release of total rna and detection of SARS-CoV-2 by means of RT-qPCR
Total RNA extraction in swab samples was performed using the QIAamp Viral RNA Qiagen Minikit following the
protocol established by Qiagen, 140 µL of viral transport medium was used, and purified RNA elution was
performed in 60 µL of buffer of elution.
Saliva samples were treated with Qiagen Proteinase K (20 mg/mL) by mixing 50 µL of saliva with 6.25 µL of
Proteinase K, vortexing for 3 minutes and heating for 5 minutes at 95°C with vigorous orbital shaking, again the
mixture was vortexed for 3 seconds and then incubated at 95°C for 30 minutes with vigorous orbital shaking, then
the mixture was centrifuged at 6,000 RPM and kept at 4°C until later use.
Fig.2. Representative outline for the detection method for SARS-CoV-2 in saliva samples
4. Asian Journal of Basic Science & Research
Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 14-25, July-September 2022
ISSN: 2582-5267 www.ajbsr.net
17
For the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 genome by means of RT-qPCR, the US CDC protocol was used, using
probes and oligonucleotides of 2019-nCoV_N1 and 2019-nCoV_N2 and RNase P (RP) as internal control. For the
RT-qPCR, an analysis of 5µL RNA from both matrices was performed with 25 µL of reaction mixture. The
classification of positive samples for SARS-CoV-2 were detected with a threshold cycle value (Ct) less than 40 in
N1 and N2 [18]. Testing was performed in the Applied Biosystems QuantStudio 5 model real-time thermal cycler
with the following protocol: 52°C for 10 minutes, 95°C for 2 minutes, then 45 cycles of 95°C for 10 seconds and 55
°C for 30 seconds. The flow diagram of the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Saliva is shown in Fig.2.
2.5. Viral Copy Number Analysis
The quantification of viral copies of SARS-CoV-2 was determined by performing a standard curve with 10-fold
serial dilutions using the positive control recognized by the probes and oligonucleotides synthesized by Integrated
DNA Technologies [18], reporting the N1 and N2 target genes. The concentration of each dilution was plotted
against the Ct, and these values were extrapolated to calculate viral copy number using the Ct of the unknown
samples.
2.6. Statistic Analysis
All experiments were carried out independently at least three times. The mean and standard deviation for the data
set are presented. Data sets were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The difference in the
means was verified with Least significant difference (LSD) test usign the Origin 2017 software, and statistical
significance was considered at the p < 0.05 level.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Detection of SARS-COV-2 IN EF/EN Wall and Saliva Samples
In this study, the identification of the SARS-CoV-2 genome in saliva followed by RT-qPCR was evaluated, a total
of 90 paired samples of pharyngeal and nasopharyngeal (NP/NP) swabs and saliva were collected from outpatients.
As a gold standard (control), the pharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swab (EF/EN) was used by means of RT-qPCR
for the identification of the virus. The sampled patients had 2 to 4 clinical symptoms associated with the common
flu, the most predominant being cough and fever. Of the samples taken, 44/90 (48.8%) were women and 46/90
(51.2%) were men.
For a timely detection of SARS-CoV-2 in the aforementioned matrices, probes and oligonucleotides synthesized by
Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT) were used for monitoring by RT-qPCR that detect the N1 and N2 target genes,
coinciding with what various authors have expressed, where it is shown that the cells infected by SARS-CoV-2
abound in the N protein of the coronavirus [19],[20], that is why the protocols that report the RNA-dependent RNA
polymerase gene (RdRP) were excluded, since in the literature has found a weak detection of this gene for
SARS-CoV-2 [12].
The extraction and purification of the RNA by means of pharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swabs was carried out
from the QIAamp viral RNA minikit, on the other hand, the RNA released from the saliva was obtained thanks to
Proteinase K, from Qiagen, applying different heat treatments, as reported in the previous section.
5. Asian Journal of Basic Science & Research
Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 14-25, July-September 2022
ISSN: 2582-5267 www.ajbsr.net
18
Of the 90 samples collected from EF/EN, 61/90 samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2, which were used as a
comparison with saliva samples to obtain the percentage of positivity in these, the positive samples of EF/EN were
used. EN as 100% (61 samples) to compare with positivity in saliva, being 80% with 49/61 of these saliva samples
positive for the virus (Table 1). In total, there were 49/61 paired samples which obtained a concordant result in the
detection of viral RNA, for the saliva and EF/EN samples, these concordant in their positivity in the N1 and N2
genes, respectively with the Ct values ranged between 16.2 and 30, because the patients were in the first days of
infection, containing high viral titers within their body. On the other hand, the samples that were positive only in the
swab (EF/EN), the Ct values were higher than 34 respectively, being 12 samples in which the viral RNA was
present in the EF/EN and not in the saliva, these results coincide and support the findings obtained at the United
States CDC, where encouraging results were not obtained for virus culture from upper respiratory samples, when
the values of the cycle of treshold (Ct) were greater than 34 [21]. It is important to emphasize that the failure to
identify SARS-CoV-2 in saliva samples is attributed to the absence of viruses present, as well as some unknown
problems during the release of genetic material, where it is believed that saliva could still contain some inhibitors
that could be affecting RT-qPCR, however some authors have described that the presence of proteinase K, presents
hydrolysis on Taq polymerase, being a fundamental component for PCR [22]. On the other hand, in the study
presented, it was detected that 9 saliva samples presented high viscosity, after the PCR they obtained lower Ct
values compared to that of the EF/EN, it is important to emphasize that authors have described the presence of
materials deep in the respiratory tract, which implies higher viral yields in saliva samples with higher viscosity
[23]. The EF/EN samples were slightly more efficient in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 at any time of the patient's
infective evolution (Fig.3), however, it should be taken into account that RNA purification and specialized
extraction kits are needed, coupled with the scarcity of medical supplies, saliva as a biosample has important
benefits, obtaining results with saliva is faster since it does not require a multi-step processing (viral RNA
extraction kit) as in samples of EF/EN. Simply, the virus is inactivated in the laboratory and goes directly to the
RT-qPCR test. It is important to emphasize that the virus continues to evolve genetically, different types of variants
of SARS-CoV-2 are currently known, with the Omicron variant some researchers have described that it lodges in
the upper airways, saliva being a diagnostic target in the first days of the patient's infection [24].
Table 1. Summary of the results obtained from patients with suspected COVID-19 from the paired tests of saliva
and pharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swabs
RT-qPCR n=90 RESULTS
EF/EN POSITIVE 61
NEGATIVE 29
SALIVA POSITIVE 49
NEGATIVE 41
6. Asian Journal of Basic Science & Research
Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 14-25, July-September 2022
ISSN: 2582-5267 www.ajbsr.net
19
Fig.3. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in paired EF/EN and saliva samples
Fig.4. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in paired EF/EN and saliva samples
3.2. Viral RNA Quantification
Copies of the viral genome in the swab (EF/EN) and saliva samples were quantified, statistical significance was
detected between both studies, with saliva samples having slightly lower values than the swab samples (p
<0.04281), in addition the highest viral copy numbers were obtained in the EF/EN samples (Figs.3-4). The change
in viral copy numbers among both matrices can be associated with a difference of approximately ±7 Ct units,
7. Asian Journal of Basic Science & Research
Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 14-25, July-September 2022
ISSN: 2582-5267 www.ajbsr.net
20
indicating that the techniques for obtaining genetic material from SARS-CoV-2 differ from each other, however, it
is important to emphasize that the presence of an infectious virus in saliva that causes COVID-19 is of the utmost
importance for health personnel to determine the relationship of the infectious particles of the virus on the copies of
the viral genome, in saliva these variables will play a important role in understanding the transmission dynamics of
COVID-19.
Fig.5. Viral titer detected in paired samples of saliva and EF/EN
Fig.6. RNase P Ct values in paired samples of saliva and EF/EN
Besides, the quantification of the viral load is essential, to evaluate the severity of the infection, its evolution and its
relapses, since in some studies it has been shown that a week after the onset of symptoms, the viral load gradually
declines [25],[26], due to that the dynamics of the number of viral copies is important for health personnel, it is
important its evaluation of the treatment that each patient will take [27].
On the correlating of the results obtained with respect to the literature, some authors have reported that
SARS-CoV-2 is more easily transmitted in the first days of infection and in patients without symptoms, which
8. Asian Journal of Basic Science & Research
Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 14-25, July-September 2022
ISSN: 2582-5267 www.ajbsr.net
21
indicates a low Ct in the PCR study, and a high viral load at this stage [9],[28],[29]. The difference among the
number of viral copies of each of one the studies is still not clear, however, some researchers have refered false
negatives in saliva samples derived from unknown problems during sampling, transport and storage [12].
An important parameter to verify that the quality of the sampling was optimal in the extraction and/or release of the
genetic material, as the case could be, is the use of human RNase P as a control, the difference among the mean RP
in the swab and saliva samples oscillates in 1.8 Ct values, indicating the lowest value in saliva samples (Figs.5-6),
so it is ensured that there is a higher number of cells in saliva, as it has been reported in the literature [30].
4. Conclusions
The results obtained in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 among the saliva and (EF/EN) swab samples were 80%
concordant, with the (EF/EN) swab samples serving as controls in this study. The study showed a statistically
significant differences among the methods (saliva versus (EF/EN) swab) of release and extraction of genetic
material followed by RT-qPCR, so that both matrices had differences in virus detection rates. The (EF/EN) swabs
had slightly earlier values than the saliva samples, this is correlated with the literature where it is stated that the
pharyngeal and nasopharyngeal exudate samples (swab) had a higher viral load compared to the samples of saliva
studied in other respiratory viruses [31],[32].
Pharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swabs, as well as saliva samples, can provide similar virus detection, the
prevalence of COVID-19 remains high in different countries, vaccination coverage has been slow despite having
approved and effective vaccines; that is why the priority is the timely detection of the virus, prioritizing massive
diagnostic tests that support decisions in epidemiology. In saliva, there is a high concentration of the SARS-CoV-2
virus, so its use for the diagnosis of COVID-19 has shown to have highly reliable results when is combined with the
RT-qPCR technique, the main attributes of the test consist of the saving of sampling materials, supplies for the
extraction of the viral genetic material, and the time that this process takes. In summary, our analysis showed that
the saliva samples treated with proteinase K and heat could be an simple alternative for the detection of
SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA, even so, it is necessary to carry out studies with a larger number of samples to be able to
really determine the efficiency of saliva as a biosample for COVID-19 using RT-qPCR.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Coahuila Health Services (SSC) for providing the facilities and materials used for monitoring
by RT-qPCR, in addition to thanking the health workers of the Coahuila State Public Health Laboratory, who
contributed greatly in the sampling, transport and analysis of the samples.
Declarations
Source of Funding
This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing Interests Statement
The authors declare no competing financial, professional, and personal interests.
9. Asian Journal of Basic Science & Research
Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 14-25, July-September 2022
ISSN: 2582-5267 www.ajbsr.net
22
Ethical Approval
Based on institutional guidelines.
Consent for publication
Authors declare that they consented for the publication of this research work.
Availability of data and material
Authors are willing to share the data and material according to relevant needs.
Authors’ Contributions
All authors equally contributed to data collection, research, and paper drafting.
References
[1] Corman, V. M., Landt, O., Kaiser, M., Molenkamp, R., Meijer, A., Chu, D. K., Bleicker, T., Brünink, S.,
Schneider, J., Schmidt, M. L., Mulders, D. G., Haagmans, B. L., van der Veer, B., van den Brink, S., Wijsman, L.,
Goderski, G., Romette, J. L., Ellis, J., Zambon, M., Drosten, C. (2020). Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus
(2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Eurosurveillance, 25(3).
[2] Humphrey, SP Williamson, RT. (2001). Una revisión de la saliva: composición, flujo y función normales.
Revista de odontología protésica , 85(2): 162–169.
[3] Baghizadeh Fini, M. (2020). Oral saliva and COVID-19. Oral Oncology, 108: 104821.
[4] Bjustrom-Kraft, J., Woodard, K., Giménez-Lirola, L., Rotolo, M., Wang, C., Sun, Y., Lasley, P., Zhang, J.,
Baum, D., Gauger, P., Main, R., & Zimmerman, J. (2016). Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) detection and
antibody response in commercial growing pigs. BMC Veterinary Research, 12(1).
[5] Niederwerder, M. C., Nietfeld, J. C., Bai, J., Peddireddi, L., Breazeale, B., Anderson, J., Kerrigan, M. A., An,
B., Oberst, R. D., Crawford, K., Lager, K. M., Madson, D. M., Rowland, R. R. R., Anderson, G. A., & Hesse, R. A.
(2016). Tissue localization, shedding, virus carriage, antibody response, and aerosol transmission of Porcine
epidemic diarrhea virus following inoculation of 4-week-old feeder pigs. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic
Investigation, 28(6): 671–678.
[6] Boppana, S. B., Ross, S. A., Shimamura, M., Palmer, A. L., Ahmed, A., Michaels, M. G., Sánchez, P. J.,
Bernstein, D. I., Tolan, R. W., Novak, Z., Chowdhury, N., Britt, W. J., & Fowler, K. B. (2011). Saliva
Polymerase-Chain-Reaction Assay for Cytomegalovirus Screening in Newborns. New England Journal of
Medicine, 364(22): 2111–2118.
[7] Khurshid, Z., Zafar, M., Khan, E., Mali, M., & Latif, M. (2019). Human saliva can be a diagnostic tool for Zika
virus detection. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 12(5): 601–604.
[8] To, K. K. W., Tsang, O. T. Y., Yip, C. C. Y., Chan, K. H., Wu, T. C., Chan, J. M. C., Leung, W. S., Chik, T. S.
H., Choi, C. Y. C., Kandamby, D. H., Lung, D. C., Tam, A. R., Poon, R. W. S., Fung, A. Y. F., Hung, I. F. N.,
10. Asian Journal of Basic Science & Research
Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 14-25, July-September 2022
ISSN: 2582-5267 www.ajbsr.net
23
Cheng, V. C. C., Chan, J. F. W., & Yuen, K. Y. (2020). Consistent Detection of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Saliva.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 71(15): 841–843. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa149.
[9] Azzi, L., Carcano, G., Gianfagna, F., Grossi, P., Gasperina, D. D., Genoni, A., Fasano, M., Sessa, F.,
Tettamanti, L., Carinci, F., Maurino, V., Rossi, A., Tagliabue, A., & Baj, A. (2020). Saliva is a reliable tool to
detect SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Infection, 81(1): e45-e50.
[10] Williams, E., Bond, K., Zhang, B., Putland, M., & Williamson, D. A. (2020). Saliva as a Noninvasive
Specimen for Detection of SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 58(8).
[11] Fan, J., Yu, F., Wang, X., Zou, Q., Lou, B., Xie, G., Yang, X., Chen, W., Wang, Q., Zhang, D., Wang, R.,
Feng, B., Dong, Y., Huang, L., Teng, Y., Deng, Z., Yu, L., Xu, K., Sheng, J., Chen, Y. (2020). Hock-a-loogie saliva
as a diagnostic specimen for SARS-CoV-2 by a PCR-based assay: A diagnostic validity study. Clinica Chimica
Acta, 511: 177–180.
[12] Moreno-Contreras, J., Espinoza, M. A., Sandoval-Jaime, C., Cantú-Cuevas, M. A., Barón-Olivares, H.,
Ortiz-Orozco, O. D., Muñoz-Rangel, A. V., Hernández-de La Cruz, M., Eroza-Osorio, C. M., Arias, C. F., &
López, S. (2020). Saliva Sampling and Its Direct Lysis, an Excellent Option To Increase the Number of
SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostic Tests in Settings with Supply Shortages. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 58(10).
[13] Azzi, L., Carcano, G., Gianfagna, F., Grossi, P., Gasperina, D. D., Genoni, A., Fasano, M., Sessa, F.,
Tettamanti, L., Carinci, F., Maurino, V., Rossi, A., Tagliabue, A., & Baj, A. (2020b). Saliva is a reliable tool to
detect SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Infection, 81(1): e45–e50.
[14] Pasomsub, E., Watcharananan, S. P., Boonyawat, K., Janchompoo, P., Wongtabtim, G., Suksuwan, W., &
Phuphuakrat, A. (2021). Saliva sample as a non-invasive specimen for the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019: a
cross-sectional study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 27(2): 285-e1.
[15] Vogels, C. B., Watkins, A. E., Harden, C. A., Brackney, D. E., Shafer, J., Wang, J., Caraballo, C., Kalinich, C.
C., Ott, I. M., Fauver, J. R., Kudo, E., Lu, P., Venkataraman, A., Tokuyama, M., Moore, A. J., Muenker, M. C.,
Casanovas-Massana, A., Fournier, J., Bermejo, S., Yang, Y. (2021b). SalivaDirect: A simplified and flexible
platform to enhance SARS-CoV-2 testing capacity. Med, 2(3): 263–280.e6.
[16] Administración de Drogas y Alimentos de los Estados Unidos. (2020). Actualización del coronavirus
(COVID-19): la FDA autoriza la primera prueba de diagnóstico utilizando la recolección de muestras de saliva en
el hogar. Publicado en mayo, 8.
[17] https://www.salivaclear.com.
[18] Centros de Control y Prevención de Enfermedades. (2020). División de Enfermedades Virales. Panel de
diagnóstico de RT-PCR en tiempo real de CDC 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) (Vol. 6). CDC-006-00019,
Revisión.
[19] Narayanan, K., Chen, C. J., Maeda, J., & Makino, S. (2003). Nucleocapsid-Independent Specific Viral RNA
Packaging via Viral Envelope Protein and Viral RNA Signal. Journal of Virology, 77(5): 2922–2927.
https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.5.2922-2927.2003.
11. Asian Journal of Basic Science & Research
Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 14-25, July-September 2022
ISSN: 2582-5267 www.ajbsr.net
24
[20] Liu, C., Kokuho, T., Kubota, T., Watanabe, S., Inumaru, S., Yokomizo, Y., & Onodera, T. (2001). DNA
mediated immunization with encoding the nucleoprotein gene of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Virus
Research, 80(1–2): 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1702(01)00333-1.
[21] Alexandersen, S., Chamings, A., & Bhatta, T. R. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 genomic and subgenomic RNAs in
diagnostic samples are not an indicator of active replication. MedRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.01.
20119750.
[22] Castro Gómez, J. C., Cobos Ruiz, M., Ramírez Saavedra, R., & Imán Correa, S. (2012). Aislamiento De Adn
Genómico De Myrciaria dubia (HBK) “CAMU CAMU” Apropiado Para Análisis Moleculares. Ciencia
Amazónica (Iquitos), 2(1): 7. https://doi.org/10.22386/ca.v2i1.19.
[23] Hung KF, Sun YC, Chen BH, Lo JF, Cheng CM, Chen CY, Wu CH, Kao SY. 2020. Nueva prueba COVID-19
basada en saliva: ¿qué tan buena es en comparación con la prueba actual de frotis nasofaríngeo o faríngeo? J Chin
Med Assoc., 83: 891–894.
[24] Fan, Y., Li, X., Zhang, L., Wan, S., Zhang, L., & Zhou, F. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: recent
progress and future perspectives. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/
s41392-022-00997-x.
[25] To, K. K. W., Tsang, O. T. Y., Leung, W. S., Tam, A. R., Wu, T. C., Lung, D. C., Yip, C. C. Y., Cai, J. P.,
Chan, J. M. C., Chik, T. S. H., Lau, D. P. L., Choi, C. Y. C., Chen, L. L., Chan, W. M., Chan, K. H., Ip, J. D., Ng, A.
C. K., Poon, R. W. S., Luo, C. T., Yuen, K. Y. (2020). Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal
saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study. The
Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(5): 565–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30196-1.
[26] To, K. K. W., Tsang, O. T. Y., Yip, C. C. Y., Chan, K. H., Wu, T. C., Chan, J. M. C., Leung, W. S., Chik, T. S.
H., Choi, C. Y. C., Kandamby, D. H., Lung, D. C., Tam, A. R., Poon, R. W. S., Fung, A. Y. F., Hung, I. F. N.,
Cheng, V. C. C., Chan, J. F. W., & Yuen, K. Y. (2020). Consistent Detection of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Saliva.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 71(15): 841–843. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa149.
[27] Liu, Y., Yan, L. M., Wan, L., Xiang, T. X., Le, A., Liu, J. M., Peiris, M., Poon, L. L. M., & Zhang, W. (2020).
Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(6): 656–657.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30232-2.
[28] Bai, Y., Yao, L., Wei, T., Tian, F., Jin, D. Y., Chen, L., & Wang, M. (2020). Presumed Asymptomatic Carrier
Transmission of COVID-19. JAMA, 323(14): 1406. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2565.
[29] Mizumoto, K., Kagaya, K., Zarebski, A., & Chowell, G. (2020). Estimating the asymptomatic proportion of
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases on board the Diamond Princess cruise ship, Yokohama, Japan, 2020.
Eurosurveillance, 25(10). https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.10.2000180.
[30] Herrera, L. A., Hidalgo-Miranda, A., Reynoso-Noverón, N., Meneses-García, A. A., Mendoza-Vargas, A.,
Reyes-Grajeda, J. P., Vadillo-Ortega, F., Cedro-Tanda, A., Peñaloza, F., Frías-Jimenez, E., Arriaga-Canon, C.,
Ruiz, R., Angulo, O., López-Villaseñor, I., Amador-Bedolla, C., Vilar-Compte, D., Cornejo, P.,
12. Asian Journal of Basic Science & Research
Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 14-25, July-September 2022
ISSN: 2582-5267 www.ajbsr.net
25
Cisneros-Villanueva, M., Hurtado-Cordova, E., Escobar-Escamilla, N. (2021). Saliva is a reliable and accessible
source for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 105: 83–90.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.009.
[31] To, K., Yip, C., Lai, C., Wong, C., Ho, D., Pang, P., Ng, A., Leung, K. H., Poon, R., Chan, K. H., Cheng, V.,
Hung, I., & Yuen, K. Y. (2019). Saliva as a diagnostic specimen for testing respiratory virus by a point-of-care
molecular assay: a diagnostic validity study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 25(3): 372–378.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.06.009.
[32] To, K. K., Lu, L., Yip, C. C., Poon, R. W., Fung, A. M., Cheng, A., Lui, D. H., Ho, D. T., Hung, I. F., Chan, K.
H., & Yuen, K. Y. (2017). Additional molecular testing of saliva specimens improves the detection of respiratory
viruses. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 6(1): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/emi.2017.35.