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Cluster Analysis of Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria from Clarias gariepinus an...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Fish is a major source of protein for humans, and it is patronized by many in the tropics – where fishes can either be cultivated in the farms domestically or caught from open water bodies such as rivers, ponds and streams. These various sources of fishes and their attendant diversity of microorganisms particularly the bacteria make fishes as potential sources of pathogens. The maintenance of the microbiological quality of food and water is important to prevent waterborne/foodborne diseases in any community, thus the need for this study. A total of 14 samples of water at different points (upstream, midstream and downstream) and 50 samples of live fishes were used for this study. Each of the fish sample was bacteriologically analyzed using the pour-plate and spread plate techniques on culture media plates. And the isolated bacteria were identified using standard microbiological identification techniques. The water samples were subjected to physicochemical analysis to determine the physical and chemical properties of the water. The relatedness of the isolated bacteria was established using cluster analysis/dendogram. The highest bacterial count was obtained from downstream water sample (5.6x10 cfu/ml), indicating a possible pollution of water at this point. Both aerobic heterotrophic Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria were isolated. The Gram positive bacteria isolated include Staphylococcus lugdunensis, S. hominis, S. cohnii, Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, Kocuria varians while the Gram negative bacteria include Raoutella ornithinolytica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aeromonas hydrophila, A. veronii, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia fonticola, and Enterobacter gergoriae. Cluster analysis using dendrogram showed some degree of similarity among the different clusters of isolated bacteria. The result of this study presumptively shows that the water sample is polluted; and this in turn affects fresh water fishes in the river. Therefore the microbiological examination of the water at this study site is necessary for monitoring and controlling the quality and safety of the water for usage by the locals.
Aquaculture products can harbor pathogenic bacteria which are part of the natural microflora of the environment. A study was conducted aiming at the isolation of human pathogenic bacteria in gills, intestines, mouth and the skin of apparently healthy fish, Tilapia rendali and Oreochromic mossambicus, from the Fletcher dam. Bacterial pathogens associated with fish can be transmitted to human beings from fish used as food or by handling the fish causing human diseases. Differentiation and characterization of various isolates was based on their growth characteristics on specific culture media (biochemical and gram staining reactions). The following human pathogenic bacteria were isolated Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella dysenteriae and Enterococcus faecalis. All the bacterial species which were isolated from the fish were also present in the initial water samples collected. The isolation of enteric bacteria in fish serves as indicator organisms of faecal contamination and or water pollution. Their presence also represents a potential hazard to humans. The mean bacterial load of the isolates was found to be markedly higher than the recommended public health and standard value of 5.0 x 106 CFU/ml which has been adopted by many countries.
Escherichia coli belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae, is a facultative anaerobic, non-spore forming, and gram-negative bacilli bacteria. The isolation and identification of E.coli O157:H7, and its antimicrobial susceptibility have been done in fi sh from skin and muscle samples taken from Lake Hawassa in Southern Ethiopia. A total of 343 healthy fish was randomly sampled (212 skin swab and 131 muscle swab) which comprise three species Nile tilapia, Africancatfi sh and Barbus (golden) fish. From a total of 343 fish samples, 80 (23.3%) E.coli was isolated, while 8 (2.3%) strain O157:H7 was isolated. In case of part of fish where swab samples were taken from a total of 212 skin swabs and 131 muscle swabs 69(32.54%) and 11(8.4%) E.coli was isolated, respectively. Similarly, from 212 skin
swabs and 131 muscle swabs, 7(3.3%) and 1(0.76%) pathogenic strain (O157:H7) of E.coli was isolated, respectively. The occurrence of E.coli from fish skin and muscle is statically significant with p-value (0.000). Therefore, E.coli was more prevalent in fish skin than muscle. However the occurrence of E.coli and its strain O157:H7 in Nile tilapia, African catfish and Barbus fish was not showing a Significance difference, where that p-value is greater than 0.05. E.coli O157:H7 isolates were tested with nine available antimicrobial drugs. All eight
isolates were 100% sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, trimethoprim, and Sulfamethoxazole. Whereas all of the isolates were 100% resistant to some antibiotics like ampicillin and cefoxitin. Isolates for tetracycline were 1(12.5%), 4(50%) and 3(37.5%) were resistant, intermediate and susceptible, respectively. And 3(37.5%) resistant, 1(12.5%) intermediate and 4(50%) isolates were susceptible for streptomycin. For doxycycline 5(62.5%), 2(25%) and 1(12.5%) were susceptible, intermediate and resistant, respectively. E.coli and
the starin O157:H7 are among the common microbial threats to the fishery practice. Indiscriminate uses of antibiotics to treat bacterial infection promote the development of drug-resistant bacteria. Further study should be conducted in the fi sh environment for assessment of water quality, isolation and identification of pathogenic microorganism that has great zoonosis importance like E.coli O157:H7.
Isolation of a Gram Negative Fish Pathogenfrom Moroccan Rainbow Trout Hatcher...IJAEMSJORNAL
Salmonidaquaculture represents one of the most important fish groups in the aquaculture industry (FAO, 2016). However, the success and sustainability of salmonid aquaculture largely depend on disease control. Although Rainbow trout is relatively sensitive to diseases, several bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases have been reported. However, only opportunistic pathogens whose infectivity is expressed by a decline in the fish conditions and of its natural defenses, linked to disturbances of the environment or livestock practices. Livestock is the most favorable context for the development of bacterial pathologies, that’s why we have too many bacterial pathogenic species for fish; the most serious infections in our latitudes are Aeromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Flavobacteriaceae (Noga 1996, Austin and Austin 1999, Woo and Bruno 1999). Moroccan aquaculture has undergone a rapid development and expansion over the last decade, to this end, Rainbow trout (OnchorhyncusMykiss) have been maintained at AinAghbal Fish farm – Azrou-Morocco; for production, livestock and transformation activity and also for commercialization. The most important bacterial freshwater pathogen affecting salmonid livestock in fish farms in Morocco is the cold-water disease as a result of affection by Flavobactriumpsychrophilum bacteria. Our study aimed on approving the presence of this bacterium and to characterize it biochemically, enzymatically and also physiologically.
Vibrio Species Isolated from Farmed Fish in Basra City in IraqDrNajimRKhamees
This study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of potentially pathogenic species of Vibrio in seven types of fish sampled from fish farms located in different districts in Basra governorate, Iraq. A total of 153 live fishes was collected from fish farms during the period January till May 2016. Bacteria were isolated using selective medium thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose salt agar. Presumptive Vibrio colonies were identified using the VITEK 2 system and selected biochemical tests. In the present study V. alginolyticus (24 of 60) was the predominant species, followed by V. cholerae (10 of 60), V. furnisii (10 of 60), V. diazotrophicus (7 of 60), V. gazogenes (5 of 60) and V. costicola (4 of 60). The signs of vibriosis appeared in three
types of fish, including Cyprinus carpio, Coptodon zillii and Planiliza subviridis in spite of the using Oxytetracycline in most fish farms. The results of the present study demonstrated the presence of pathogenic Vibrio species nearly in all fish farms. So the farm owners should be concerned about the presence of these pathogenic bacteria which also contributes to human health risk and should adopt best management practices for responsible aquaculture to ensure the quality of fish.
Isolation and Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistivity Pattern of Faecal Coliforms Bacteria Isolated From River Wudil Kano, Nigeria by Ali M in Advancements in Bioequivalence & Bioavailability
Water borne diseases has been a major public health concern in Nigeria. This study was conducted to identify and evaluate the antibiotic resistivity pattern of faecal coliforms bacteria isolated from River Wudil in Wudil Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria. Four (4) water samples from different part of the river were collected for the study. The bacteriological and physicochemical analyses performed were in accordance with standard procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the bacterial isolates were determined using modified Kirby Bauer method. The result of the study revealed that the physicochemical properties of the river are within the WHO and NIS standard.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/fulltext/ABB.000509.php
The quest for better food quality has invariably increased cases of food-borne infections which in turn contribute to the problem of antibiotic resistance as a result of drug abuse. This study is aimed at characterizing bacterial isolates from some seafood sold in Nembe, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. A total of 200 fresh seafood samples (crab, shrimp, oyster and periwinkle) were collected randomly from Nembe, Bayelsa State. Isolates were obtained using the conventional microbiological methods and the pure cultures were screened by gram staining and biochemical test for preliminary identification. Isolates were further characterized for 16SrRNA using Polymerase Chain Reaction and Sequencing. The most dominant species isolated were Staphylococcus gallinarum 27(22.5%), Vibrio rotiferanus 17(14.2%), Vibrio parahaemolyticus 48(40%), Klebsiella aerogenes 10(8.3%) and Klebsiella quasipneumoniae 18(15%). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) by single factor was done to determine the variation in colony counts of isolates from the different seafood samples and P value was > 0.05 indicating that there is no significant difference in colony counts among the different sea foods. The presence of these bacterial species in these seafood samples renders the food unsafe for consumption. Adequate handling as well as proper cooking of seafood before consumption is highly recommended so as to reduce the incidence of food-borne infections.
Cluster Analysis of Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria from Clarias gariepinus an...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Fish is a major source of protein for humans, and it is patronized by many in the tropics – where fishes can either be cultivated in the farms domestically or caught from open water bodies such as rivers, ponds and streams. These various sources of fishes and their attendant diversity of microorganisms particularly the bacteria make fishes as potential sources of pathogens. The maintenance of the microbiological quality of food and water is important to prevent waterborne/foodborne diseases in any community, thus the need for this study. A total of 14 samples of water at different points (upstream, midstream and downstream) and 50 samples of live fishes were used for this study. Each of the fish sample was bacteriologically analyzed using the pour-plate and spread plate techniques on culture media plates. And the isolated bacteria were identified using standard microbiological identification techniques. The water samples were subjected to physicochemical analysis to determine the physical and chemical properties of the water. The relatedness of the isolated bacteria was established using cluster analysis/dendogram. The highest bacterial count was obtained from downstream water sample (5.6x10 cfu/ml), indicating a possible pollution of water at this point. Both aerobic heterotrophic Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria were isolated. The Gram positive bacteria isolated include Staphylococcus lugdunensis, S. hominis, S. cohnii, Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, Kocuria varians while the Gram negative bacteria include Raoutella ornithinolytica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aeromonas hydrophila, A. veronii, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia fonticola, and Enterobacter gergoriae. Cluster analysis using dendrogram showed some degree of similarity among the different clusters of isolated bacteria. The result of this study presumptively shows that the water sample is polluted; and this in turn affects fresh water fishes in the river. Therefore the microbiological examination of the water at this study site is necessary for monitoring and controlling the quality and safety of the water for usage by the locals.
Aquaculture products can harbor pathogenic bacteria which are part of the natural microflora of the environment. A study was conducted aiming at the isolation of human pathogenic bacteria in gills, intestines, mouth and the skin of apparently healthy fish, Tilapia rendali and Oreochromic mossambicus, from the Fletcher dam. Bacterial pathogens associated with fish can be transmitted to human beings from fish used as food or by handling the fish causing human diseases. Differentiation and characterization of various isolates was based on their growth characteristics on specific culture media (biochemical and gram staining reactions). The following human pathogenic bacteria were isolated Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella dysenteriae and Enterococcus faecalis. All the bacterial species which were isolated from the fish were also present in the initial water samples collected. The isolation of enteric bacteria in fish serves as indicator organisms of faecal contamination and or water pollution. Their presence also represents a potential hazard to humans. The mean bacterial load of the isolates was found to be markedly higher than the recommended public health and standard value of 5.0 x 106 CFU/ml which has been adopted by many countries.
Escherichia coli belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae, is a facultative anaerobic, non-spore forming, and gram-negative bacilli bacteria. The isolation and identification of E.coli O157:H7, and its antimicrobial susceptibility have been done in fi sh from skin and muscle samples taken from Lake Hawassa in Southern Ethiopia. A total of 343 healthy fish was randomly sampled (212 skin swab and 131 muscle swab) which comprise three species Nile tilapia, Africancatfi sh and Barbus (golden) fish. From a total of 343 fish samples, 80 (23.3%) E.coli was isolated, while 8 (2.3%) strain O157:H7 was isolated. In case of part of fish where swab samples were taken from a total of 212 skin swabs and 131 muscle swabs 69(32.54%) and 11(8.4%) E.coli was isolated, respectively. Similarly, from 212 skin
swabs and 131 muscle swabs, 7(3.3%) and 1(0.76%) pathogenic strain (O157:H7) of E.coli was isolated, respectively. The occurrence of E.coli from fish skin and muscle is statically significant with p-value (0.000). Therefore, E.coli was more prevalent in fish skin than muscle. However the occurrence of E.coli and its strain O157:H7 in Nile tilapia, African catfish and Barbus fish was not showing a Significance difference, where that p-value is greater than 0.05. E.coli O157:H7 isolates were tested with nine available antimicrobial drugs. All eight
isolates were 100% sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, trimethoprim, and Sulfamethoxazole. Whereas all of the isolates were 100% resistant to some antibiotics like ampicillin and cefoxitin. Isolates for tetracycline were 1(12.5%), 4(50%) and 3(37.5%) were resistant, intermediate and susceptible, respectively. And 3(37.5%) resistant, 1(12.5%) intermediate and 4(50%) isolates were susceptible for streptomycin. For doxycycline 5(62.5%), 2(25%) and 1(12.5%) were susceptible, intermediate and resistant, respectively. E.coli and
the starin O157:H7 are among the common microbial threats to the fishery practice. Indiscriminate uses of antibiotics to treat bacterial infection promote the development of drug-resistant bacteria. Further study should be conducted in the fi sh environment for assessment of water quality, isolation and identification of pathogenic microorganism that has great zoonosis importance like E.coli O157:H7.
Isolation of a Gram Negative Fish Pathogenfrom Moroccan Rainbow Trout Hatcher...IJAEMSJORNAL
Salmonidaquaculture represents one of the most important fish groups in the aquaculture industry (FAO, 2016). However, the success and sustainability of salmonid aquaculture largely depend on disease control. Although Rainbow trout is relatively sensitive to diseases, several bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases have been reported. However, only opportunistic pathogens whose infectivity is expressed by a decline in the fish conditions and of its natural defenses, linked to disturbances of the environment or livestock practices. Livestock is the most favorable context for the development of bacterial pathologies, that’s why we have too many bacterial pathogenic species for fish; the most serious infections in our latitudes are Aeromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Flavobacteriaceae (Noga 1996, Austin and Austin 1999, Woo and Bruno 1999). Moroccan aquaculture has undergone a rapid development and expansion over the last decade, to this end, Rainbow trout (OnchorhyncusMykiss) have been maintained at AinAghbal Fish farm – Azrou-Morocco; for production, livestock and transformation activity and also for commercialization. The most important bacterial freshwater pathogen affecting salmonid livestock in fish farms in Morocco is the cold-water disease as a result of affection by Flavobactriumpsychrophilum bacteria. Our study aimed on approving the presence of this bacterium and to characterize it biochemically, enzymatically and also physiologically.
Vibrio Species Isolated from Farmed Fish in Basra City in IraqDrNajimRKhamees
This study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of potentially pathogenic species of Vibrio in seven types of fish sampled from fish farms located in different districts in Basra governorate, Iraq. A total of 153 live fishes was collected from fish farms during the period January till May 2016. Bacteria were isolated using selective medium thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose salt agar. Presumptive Vibrio colonies were identified using the VITEK 2 system and selected biochemical tests. In the present study V. alginolyticus (24 of 60) was the predominant species, followed by V. cholerae (10 of 60), V. furnisii (10 of 60), V. diazotrophicus (7 of 60), V. gazogenes (5 of 60) and V. costicola (4 of 60). The signs of vibriosis appeared in three
types of fish, including Cyprinus carpio, Coptodon zillii and Planiliza subviridis in spite of the using Oxytetracycline in most fish farms. The results of the present study demonstrated the presence of pathogenic Vibrio species nearly in all fish farms. So the farm owners should be concerned about the presence of these pathogenic bacteria which also contributes to human health risk and should adopt best management practices for responsible aquaculture to ensure the quality of fish.
Isolation and Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistivity Pattern of Faecal Coliforms Bacteria Isolated From River Wudil Kano, Nigeria by Ali M in Advancements in Bioequivalence & Bioavailability
Water borne diseases has been a major public health concern in Nigeria. This study was conducted to identify and evaluate the antibiotic resistivity pattern of faecal coliforms bacteria isolated from River Wudil in Wudil Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria. Four (4) water samples from different part of the river were collected for the study. The bacteriological and physicochemical analyses performed were in accordance with standard procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the bacterial isolates were determined using modified Kirby Bauer method. The result of the study revealed that the physicochemical properties of the river are within the WHO and NIS standard.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/fulltext/ABB.000509.php
The quest for better food quality has invariably increased cases of food-borne infections which in turn contribute to the problem of antibiotic resistance as a result of drug abuse. This study is aimed at characterizing bacterial isolates from some seafood sold in Nembe, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. A total of 200 fresh seafood samples (crab, shrimp, oyster and periwinkle) were collected randomly from Nembe, Bayelsa State. Isolates were obtained using the conventional microbiological methods and the pure cultures were screened by gram staining and biochemical test for preliminary identification. Isolates were further characterized for 16SrRNA using Polymerase Chain Reaction and Sequencing. The most dominant species isolated were Staphylococcus gallinarum 27(22.5%), Vibrio rotiferanus 17(14.2%), Vibrio parahaemolyticus 48(40%), Klebsiella aerogenes 10(8.3%) and Klebsiella quasipneumoniae 18(15%). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) by single factor was done to determine the variation in colony counts of isolates from the different seafood samples and P value was > 0.05 indicating that there is no significant difference in colony counts among the different sea foods. The presence of these bacterial species in these seafood samples renders the food unsafe for consumption. Adequate handling as well as proper cooking of seafood before consumption is highly recommended so as to reduce the incidence of food-borne infections.
Many Gram negative bacteria, especially Aeromonas hydrophila are notorious for their heightened capacity to acquire and exchange antibiotic resistance genes and consequently, are commonly targeted as indicator organism for monitoring antimicrobial resistance in aquatic milieus. This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence and drug resistance patterns of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from farm raised catfish at Epe fish farm, Lagos State, Nigeria. Swabs were aseptically taken from the kidney, intestine, liver, gills, and skin after dissecting the fish samples. The specimens were bacteriologically analyzed. After series of biochemical test, the isolated bacteria were identified presumptively according to Bergey’s Manual of determinative bacteriology, 7th Edition. Fifty-seven (57) Aeromonas hydrophila were recovered out of seventy-one (71) bacterial isolated from the 35 fish samples collected from the fish farms studied. The study reveals multiple antibiotics resistance pattern among the isolates as Aeromonas hydrophila were 100% resistant to Streptomycin, Oxytetracycline, Chloranphenicol, Pefloxacin, Ofloxacin and 70, 65 and 55% resistant to Gentamycin, Amoxycillin and Erythromycin respectively. However, all the isolates were 100% susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Cotrimoxazole only. The presence of multidrug-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila in fish could be a vehicle of horizontal gene transfer to previously susceptible bacteria and these could constitute a serious public health hazard to human and animal in the environment. Thus, the use of antibiotics in catfish production as growth promoter or disease prevention should be discouraged and some safer, biological alternatives strategies should suffice to mitigate bacteria drug resistance and its associated problems.
Identification of causative agent for fungal infection and effect of disinfec...AbdullaAlAsif1
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the commercially important and commonly cultured fish. In the hatchery intensive incubation leads to microbial overgrowth in C. carpio eggs that hamper egg development, hatchability and larval survivability. The aim of this study is to find out causes of mass mortality in C. carpio eggs during peak- breeding season between March to May 2015 at Mafatema fish hatchery, Chanchra, Jessore sadar upazilla. In the present study three disinfectants with three different concentrations in each such as methylene blue 1, 3 and 5mg/L., malachite green 1, 3 and 5mg/L., sodium chloride 1, 2 and 3g/L were used to observe the hatching rate of fertilized eggs and survival rate of larvae. Bacterial load of culture water was examined during the induced breeding of C. carpio with mycological examination of egg samples with different disinfectants. The total bacterial count fluctuated from 3.4 x 108 CFU/ml to 32.7 x 108 CFU/ml during the period of fertilization to 4days of hatching. The fertilized eggs infected by Saprolegnia spp. were appeared as tuft hairy like balls with a white cottony envelop. Among all the treatment 1mg/L methylene blue, 3mg/L malachite green and 1g/L sodium chloride showed significantly better (P<0.05) hatching rate 95·33±2·08, 88.00±2.64 and 92.33±4.04% respectively. The same concentration of methylene blue, malachite green and sodium chloride showed significantly better (P<0.05) better survival rate 95·00±4.35, 75.00±3.00 and 87.00±6.24% respectively. Finally among all the treatment 1mg/L of methylene blue showed significantly better (P<0.05) hatching and survival rate 95·33±2·08% and 95·00±4.35 % respectively. So 1mg/L of methylene blue is the best disinfectant for C. carpio fertilized egg treatment.
Multiple Use of Surface Water Resources and Bacteria Colonization of Water Bo...Editor IJCATR
Water samples collected along the water courses of surface water sources of domestic water supply in Ezinihite Mbaise were analyzed for bacterial species inventory and total viable count (TVC) using the multiple test tube technique and colony counters. The surface waters covered include Ariam River and other tributaries that constitute the bulk of surface water resources in the area. Eight species of bacteria including E-coli, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella, and fecal streptococci among others were identified. Total viable counts gave alarming growth levels when compared o the standards as set by the world health organization (WHO). The microbial population explosion in the river is attributable to the multiple activities within and around the river also the uses including wash off from abattoirs carrying abattoir wastes directly into the river, domestic wastes dumped along the recharge path, others include in stream fermentation of food stuff and general laundry point for any for clothes, automobiles. All these make sufficiently available to enhance microbial growth. Surface water use should be monitored to ensure sustainability and proper management of watershed will control this trend of colonization of public water supply sources and in turn control the trends in water borne infections.
Antibiotic resistance in Vibrio species is of critical importance. This study evaluates the antibiotic resistance of Vibrio species present in farmed shrimp. Shrimp samples were obtained from an aquaculture farm. The tissues of Shrimp were examined and a total of 29 Vibrio isolates were identified. Through the biochemical test, the Vibrio isolates were identified as V. alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. furnissii, V. mimicus, V.parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus. The Vibrio species were tested for their resistance to eighteen antibiotics that are frequently present in the aquatic environment. Out of the total isolates, 6 were selected as dominant species for antibiotic susceptibility test. In the present study, Vibrio cholerae isolated from fresh shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against seven antibiotics, V.vulnificus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against ten antibiotics and this was the only isolate to show maximum resistance against the selected antibiotics. V.mimicus and V.alginolyticus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance to against seven different antibiotics. V.parahaemolyticus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against eight antibiotics whereas V.furnissii isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against six antibiotics. In general, all samples showed an increased level of antibiotic resistance due to improper
The study was carried out to determine the effect of fungi contaminated feed on the growth and survival of catfish, Clarias gariepinus juveniles. This research was carried out for a period of twelve weeks. Forty catfish juveniles were stocked at a rate of twenty juveniles per plastic tank. Catfish juveniles in one tank were fed with moldy feed and the control was served with non -moldy feed and was observed for twelve weeks to determine and compare their growth and survival. Catfish juveniles fed with moldy feed had the highest mortality as well as slower growth as compared to the control fed with non-moldy feed. The survival rate of juveniles stocked was 55% and mortality rate was 45% and majority of mortality was from juveniles fed with moldy feed and majority of the survival rate was from juveniles fed with non-moldy feed. Some water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were also taken and no significant difference was observed. Moldy feed or feedstuff should not be used as this can cause great mortality and therefore loss to fish farmers.
Prevalence, Diversity of Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia Coli and Associated Risk ...Babatunde Odetoyin
Abstract
Background: Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) strains are common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Waterborne DEC could pose a health risk to humans through domestic use of contaminated water. However, epidemiological studies on DEC in well water are scarce in Nigeria. This study determined the prevalence, diversity and factors associated with the presence of DEC in well water in Ile-Ife, southwestern Nigeria.
Methods: We assessed 143 wells for safety and a questionnaire was administered. Contaminating isolates were identified as E. coli by amplifying their 16S rRNA gene. Five diarrhoeagenic E. coli pathotypes were sought using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (GTG)5 repetitive PCR and Shannon diversity index were used to determine isolates diversity. Multivariate analysis was used to reveal the factors associated with the presence of DEC in well water.
Results: Fifty-six (39.2%) wells were contaminated by diarrhoeagenic E. coli. Wells with dirty platforms, undercut by erosion and sited near septic tanks significantly harboured DEC (p < 0.05). There was a preponderance of Shiga-toxin producing E. coli among the isolates with 10 (17.9%) wells contaminated by multiple DEC. The DEC isolates showed 45 unique fingerprints and were divided into six clades, with an overall diversity index of 18.87.
Discussion: The presence of DEC in well water highlights the risk to human health associated with the use of untreated water. There was a high degree of genetic diversity among the isolates implying multiple sources of contamination. There is a need for periodic sanitation and inspection of wells for cracks to prevent seepages and possible outbreaks of waterborne diseases
Standard water quality requirements and management strategies for fish farmin...eSAT Journals
A study on standard water quality requirements and management strategies suitable for fish farming is presented. The water quality criteria studied based on physical, chemical and biological properties of water include temperature, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), nitrate- nitrogen, pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total hardness. Water samples from Otamiri River in Imo state, Nigeria, were analyzed based on the afore-mentioned criteria to assess its suitability as a source of water for fish farming. The results of the analysis compared with international standards revealed that the river temperature of 26.90C, nitrate-nitrogen value of 0.015 mg/l and total suspended solids of 18.60 mg/l fall within the acceptable range for fish farming. However, the pH of 5.82, total hardness of 5.8 mg/l, total dissolved solids of 13.60 mg/l and biochemical oxygen demand of 0.6 mg/l all differed slightly from the standard recommended values. This study will aid fish farmers on the necessary treatment needed to effectively use water from this source for fish farming.
Keywords: Water quality criteria, Otamiri River, biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended and total dissolved solids.
Biometric Assessment of Bacteriological Profile of Borehole Water in Relation...Premier Publishers
Borehole water is a major water source in some parts of the world and human health depends largely on the quality of water consumed. Hence, bacteriological assessment of borehole water in relation to distance and age of septic tanks in nine student’s hostels in Ikot Udota was investigated using standard scientific methods. The organisms isolated were: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Bacillus spp Pseudomonas spp, Streptococcus spp, Enterobacter spp, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, and Proteus vulgaris. The result revealed that the total bacteria counts of the samples ranged from 30cfu/ml in Ario house, 246 cfu/ml in Macdone. However, Macdone’s lodge had the highest faecal coliform count with 2 (66.6%), while Anthonys’ had the lowest faecal coliform count with 1 (33.3%). Correlation analysis signaled that there is a significant (p<0.05) likelihood that contaminants enrichment grossly emanated from a point source seeing that 72.2% of TBC and 73.5% of FCC were associated with short distances from septic tanks. Also, 28.5% of TBC and 15.4% of FCC were associated with borehole age. Conclusively, boreholes should be situated far from refuse/sewage disposal units and routine treatment of old borehole water sources is a necessity.
Detection Of Escherichia Coli, An Indicator Of Feacal Contamination, In Drink...IOSR Journals
The detection of Escherichia coli as an indicator of faucal contamination in drinking water sources in Amassoma town, a host Community of the Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, was carried out to determine their suitability for drinking. Result obtained showed mean total coliform bacterial counts of 2.05 x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 1.25x103 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x103 for pipe borne water. The mean count of faecal coliform was 2.1x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 4.5x10 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x10 cfu/ml for pipe borne water. The faecal coliform identified was Escherichia coli. Sources of contamination were found to be septic tanks, waste dump sites and periodic flooding of the area, being a typical wetland environment. It was concluded that water from the different sources studied in Amassoma did not meet the world health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. This study has therefore shown the need for continuous monitoring of our water supply systems.
Mobile phone has been source of microorganisms that cause diseases of public health concerns. In a study, one-fi fth of cellular phones examined were found to harbor pathogenic bacteria indicating that these devices may serve as vehicles of transmission. Swab samples were collected aseptically from the phones of different handlers like motor bike riders, food vendors, meat sellers and nursing mothers. Bacteria isolation and identifi cation were carried out using pour plating technique with distinctive morphological and biochemical characteristics.The pathogenicity of the bacterial isolates was investigated through oral inoculation into albino rats. Eighty-eight (88) bacteria were isolated and selected based on their resistance to antibiotics for pathological study. Loss in weight was observed in some albino rat. Along with reduction in the packed cell volume, hemoglobin but raised white blood cell. Animal inoculated with Bacillus cereus showed meningitis like symptom after the first week of inoculation. Also, there were short and stunted villi; low crystal depth with necrotic
debris in the lumen. It has been observed that cell phones may harbor pathogenic bacteria and can subsequently plays role as fomite in the disease transmission. Therefore, the need to educate community phone handlers in the rural area becomes imperative.
Physico-Chemical and Microbial Analysis of Drinking Water of Four Springs of ...IJEAB
Drinking water of good quality is essential for human physiology whose continual existence depends on the availability of water and any sort of contamination in water which is above the standard limits set by international water regulating agencies can lead to water related diseases. So, the present investigation was conducted to determine the physico-chemical and bacteriological contents of four springs i.e.Heshi spring 1, Heshi spring 2, Kitaab Roong, and Kooti spring and its distribution system such as water reservoir inlet, outlet, mid and end point of distribution systems, junction where it merge with glacier water. The temperature was in a range of 13oC - 22oC. The turbidity of water samples fluctuate from 0.02NTU-1.99NTU. The pH value was in a range of 6.2-7.1. Electrical conductivity range of minimum 122µS/cm to a maximum of 600µS/cm. The TDS of all water samples ranging from minimum of 164-513mg/l. The amount of reactive ortho phosphate was in a range of 26mg/l to 59mg/L. The amount of total phosphorous was in a range of minimum 23m/L to maximum of 120mg/L. The total bacterial count was in a range of 11CFU/100ml to 83 CFU/100ml.The findings showed there should be comprehensive standardization of drinking water of Danyore village according to guidelines of WHO water quality standards and make it safe for human consumption.
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
2 nd International Conference on Soft Computing, Data mining and Data Scienc...rinzindorjej
2
nd International Conference on Soft Computing, Data mining and Data Science (SCDD
2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in
theory, methodology and applications of Soft Computing, Data mining, and Data Science.
The Conference looks for significant contributions to all major fields of the Soft Computing,
Data mining, and Data Science in theoretical and practical aspects. The aim of the
Conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia
as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the Conference by submitting articles that illustrate
research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant
advances in the following areas, but are not limited to
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Many Gram negative bacteria, especially Aeromonas hydrophila are notorious for their heightened capacity to acquire and exchange antibiotic resistance genes and consequently, are commonly targeted as indicator organism for monitoring antimicrobial resistance in aquatic milieus. This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence and drug resistance patterns of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from farm raised catfish at Epe fish farm, Lagos State, Nigeria. Swabs were aseptically taken from the kidney, intestine, liver, gills, and skin after dissecting the fish samples. The specimens were bacteriologically analyzed. After series of biochemical test, the isolated bacteria were identified presumptively according to Bergey’s Manual of determinative bacteriology, 7th Edition. Fifty-seven (57) Aeromonas hydrophila were recovered out of seventy-one (71) bacterial isolated from the 35 fish samples collected from the fish farms studied. The study reveals multiple antibiotics resistance pattern among the isolates as Aeromonas hydrophila were 100% resistant to Streptomycin, Oxytetracycline, Chloranphenicol, Pefloxacin, Ofloxacin and 70, 65 and 55% resistant to Gentamycin, Amoxycillin and Erythromycin respectively. However, all the isolates were 100% susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Cotrimoxazole only. The presence of multidrug-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila in fish could be a vehicle of horizontal gene transfer to previously susceptible bacteria and these could constitute a serious public health hazard to human and animal in the environment. Thus, the use of antibiotics in catfish production as growth promoter or disease prevention should be discouraged and some safer, biological alternatives strategies should suffice to mitigate bacteria drug resistance and its associated problems.
Identification of causative agent for fungal infection and effect of disinfec...AbdullaAlAsif1
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the commercially important and commonly cultured fish. In the hatchery intensive incubation leads to microbial overgrowth in C. carpio eggs that hamper egg development, hatchability and larval survivability. The aim of this study is to find out causes of mass mortality in C. carpio eggs during peak- breeding season between March to May 2015 at Mafatema fish hatchery, Chanchra, Jessore sadar upazilla. In the present study three disinfectants with three different concentrations in each such as methylene blue 1, 3 and 5mg/L., malachite green 1, 3 and 5mg/L., sodium chloride 1, 2 and 3g/L were used to observe the hatching rate of fertilized eggs and survival rate of larvae. Bacterial load of culture water was examined during the induced breeding of C. carpio with mycological examination of egg samples with different disinfectants. The total bacterial count fluctuated from 3.4 x 108 CFU/ml to 32.7 x 108 CFU/ml during the period of fertilization to 4days of hatching. The fertilized eggs infected by Saprolegnia spp. were appeared as tuft hairy like balls with a white cottony envelop. Among all the treatment 1mg/L methylene blue, 3mg/L malachite green and 1g/L sodium chloride showed significantly better (P<0.05) hatching rate 95·33±2·08, 88.00±2.64 and 92.33±4.04% respectively. The same concentration of methylene blue, malachite green and sodium chloride showed significantly better (P<0.05) better survival rate 95·00±4.35, 75.00±3.00 and 87.00±6.24% respectively. Finally among all the treatment 1mg/L of methylene blue showed significantly better (P<0.05) hatching and survival rate 95·33±2·08% and 95·00±4.35 % respectively. So 1mg/L of methylene blue is the best disinfectant for C. carpio fertilized egg treatment.
Multiple Use of Surface Water Resources and Bacteria Colonization of Water Bo...Editor IJCATR
Water samples collected along the water courses of surface water sources of domestic water supply in Ezinihite Mbaise were analyzed for bacterial species inventory and total viable count (TVC) using the multiple test tube technique and colony counters. The surface waters covered include Ariam River and other tributaries that constitute the bulk of surface water resources in the area. Eight species of bacteria including E-coli, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella, and fecal streptococci among others were identified. Total viable counts gave alarming growth levels when compared o the standards as set by the world health organization (WHO). The microbial population explosion in the river is attributable to the multiple activities within and around the river also the uses including wash off from abattoirs carrying abattoir wastes directly into the river, domestic wastes dumped along the recharge path, others include in stream fermentation of food stuff and general laundry point for any for clothes, automobiles. All these make sufficiently available to enhance microbial growth. Surface water use should be monitored to ensure sustainability and proper management of watershed will control this trend of colonization of public water supply sources and in turn control the trends in water borne infections.
Antibiotic resistance in Vibrio species is of critical importance. This study evaluates the antibiotic resistance of Vibrio species present in farmed shrimp. Shrimp samples were obtained from an aquaculture farm. The tissues of Shrimp were examined and a total of 29 Vibrio isolates were identified. Through the biochemical test, the Vibrio isolates were identified as V. alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. furnissii, V. mimicus, V.parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus. The Vibrio species were tested for their resistance to eighteen antibiotics that are frequently present in the aquatic environment. Out of the total isolates, 6 were selected as dominant species for antibiotic susceptibility test. In the present study, Vibrio cholerae isolated from fresh shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against seven antibiotics, V.vulnificus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against ten antibiotics and this was the only isolate to show maximum resistance against the selected antibiotics. V.mimicus and V.alginolyticus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance to against seven different antibiotics. V.parahaemolyticus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against eight antibiotics whereas V.furnissii isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against six antibiotics. In general, all samples showed an increased level of antibiotic resistance due to improper
The study was carried out to determine the effect of fungi contaminated feed on the growth and survival of catfish, Clarias gariepinus juveniles. This research was carried out for a period of twelve weeks. Forty catfish juveniles were stocked at a rate of twenty juveniles per plastic tank. Catfish juveniles in one tank were fed with moldy feed and the control was served with non -moldy feed and was observed for twelve weeks to determine and compare their growth and survival. Catfish juveniles fed with moldy feed had the highest mortality as well as slower growth as compared to the control fed with non-moldy feed. The survival rate of juveniles stocked was 55% and mortality rate was 45% and majority of mortality was from juveniles fed with moldy feed and majority of the survival rate was from juveniles fed with non-moldy feed. Some water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were also taken and no significant difference was observed. Moldy feed or feedstuff should not be used as this can cause great mortality and therefore loss to fish farmers.
Prevalence, Diversity of Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia Coli and Associated Risk ...Babatunde Odetoyin
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Background: Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) strains are common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Waterborne DEC could pose a health risk to humans through domestic use of contaminated water. However, epidemiological studies on DEC in well water are scarce in Nigeria. This study determined the prevalence, diversity and factors associated with the presence of DEC in well water in Ile-Ife, southwestern Nigeria.
Methods: We assessed 143 wells for safety and a questionnaire was administered. Contaminating isolates were identified as E. coli by amplifying their 16S rRNA gene. Five diarrhoeagenic E. coli pathotypes were sought using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (GTG)5 repetitive PCR and Shannon diversity index were used to determine isolates diversity. Multivariate analysis was used to reveal the factors associated with the presence of DEC in well water.
Results: Fifty-six (39.2%) wells were contaminated by diarrhoeagenic E. coli. Wells with dirty platforms, undercut by erosion and sited near septic tanks significantly harboured DEC (p < 0.05). There was a preponderance of Shiga-toxin producing E. coli among the isolates with 10 (17.9%) wells contaminated by multiple DEC. The DEC isolates showed 45 unique fingerprints and were divided into six clades, with an overall diversity index of 18.87.
Discussion: The presence of DEC in well water highlights the risk to human health associated with the use of untreated water. There was a high degree of genetic diversity among the isolates implying multiple sources of contamination. There is a need for periodic sanitation and inspection of wells for cracks to prevent seepages and possible outbreaks of waterborne diseases
Standard water quality requirements and management strategies for fish farmin...eSAT Journals
A study on standard water quality requirements and management strategies suitable for fish farming is presented. The water quality criteria studied based on physical, chemical and biological properties of water include temperature, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), nitrate- nitrogen, pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total hardness. Water samples from Otamiri River in Imo state, Nigeria, were analyzed based on the afore-mentioned criteria to assess its suitability as a source of water for fish farming. The results of the analysis compared with international standards revealed that the river temperature of 26.90C, nitrate-nitrogen value of 0.015 mg/l and total suspended solids of 18.60 mg/l fall within the acceptable range for fish farming. However, the pH of 5.82, total hardness of 5.8 mg/l, total dissolved solids of 13.60 mg/l and biochemical oxygen demand of 0.6 mg/l all differed slightly from the standard recommended values. This study will aid fish farmers on the necessary treatment needed to effectively use water from this source for fish farming.
Keywords: Water quality criteria, Otamiri River, biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended and total dissolved solids.
Biometric Assessment of Bacteriological Profile of Borehole Water in Relation...Premier Publishers
Borehole water is a major water source in some parts of the world and human health depends largely on the quality of water consumed. Hence, bacteriological assessment of borehole water in relation to distance and age of septic tanks in nine student’s hostels in Ikot Udota was investigated using standard scientific methods. The organisms isolated were: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Bacillus spp Pseudomonas spp, Streptococcus spp, Enterobacter spp, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, and Proteus vulgaris. The result revealed that the total bacteria counts of the samples ranged from 30cfu/ml in Ario house, 246 cfu/ml in Macdone. However, Macdone’s lodge had the highest faecal coliform count with 2 (66.6%), while Anthonys’ had the lowest faecal coliform count with 1 (33.3%). Correlation analysis signaled that there is a significant (p<0.05) likelihood that contaminants enrichment grossly emanated from a point source seeing that 72.2% of TBC and 73.5% of FCC were associated with short distances from septic tanks. Also, 28.5% of TBC and 15.4% of FCC were associated with borehole age. Conclusively, boreholes should be situated far from refuse/sewage disposal units and routine treatment of old borehole water sources is a necessity.
Detection Of Escherichia Coli, An Indicator Of Feacal Contamination, In Drink...IOSR Journals
The detection of Escherichia coli as an indicator of faucal contamination in drinking water sources in Amassoma town, a host Community of the Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, was carried out to determine their suitability for drinking. Result obtained showed mean total coliform bacterial counts of 2.05 x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 1.25x103 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x103 for pipe borne water. The mean count of faecal coliform was 2.1x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 4.5x10 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x10 cfu/ml for pipe borne water. The faecal coliform identified was Escherichia coli. Sources of contamination were found to be septic tanks, waste dump sites and periodic flooding of the area, being a typical wetland environment. It was concluded that water from the different sources studied in Amassoma did not meet the world health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. This study has therefore shown the need for continuous monitoring of our water supply systems.
Mobile phone has been source of microorganisms that cause diseases of public health concerns. In a study, one-fi fth of cellular phones examined were found to harbor pathogenic bacteria indicating that these devices may serve as vehicles of transmission. Swab samples were collected aseptically from the phones of different handlers like motor bike riders, food vendors, meat sellers and nursing mothers. Bacteria isolation and identifi cation were carried out using pour plating technique with distinctive morphological and biochemical characteristics.The pathogenicity of the bacterial isolates was investigated through oral inoculation into albino rats. Eighty-eight (88) bacteria were isolated and selected based on their resistance to antibiotics for pathological study. Loss in weight was observed in some albino rat. Along with reduction in the packed cell volume, hemoglobin but raised white blood cell. Animal inoculated with Bacillus cereus showed meningitis like symptom after the first week of inoculation. Also, there were short and stunted villi; low crystal depth with necrotic
debris in the lumen. It has been observed that cell phones may harbor pathogenic bacteria and can subsequently plays role as fomite in the disease transmission. Therefore, the need to educate community phone handlers in the rural area becomes imperative.
Physico-Chemical and Microbial Analysis of Drinking Water of Four Springs of ...IJEAB
Drinking water of good quality is essential for human physiology whose continual existence depends on the availability of water and any sort of contamination in water which is above the standard limits set by international water regulating agencies can lead to water related diseases. So, the present investigation was conducted to determine the physico-chemical and bacteriological contents of four springs i.e.Heshi spring 1, Heshi spring 2, Kitaab Roong, and Kooti spring and its distribution system such as water reservoir inlet, outlet, mid and end point of distribution systems, junction where it merge with glacier water. The temperature was in a range of 13oC - 22oC. The turbidity of water samples fluctuate from 0.02NTU-1.99NTU. The pH value was in a range of 6.2-7.1. Electrical conductivity range of minimum 122µS/cm to a maximum of 600µS/cm. The TDS of all water samples ranging from minimum of 164-513mg/l. The amount of reactive ortho phosphate was in a range of 26mg/l to 59mg/L. The amount of total phosphorous was in a range of minimum 23m/L to maximum of 120mg/L. The total bacterial count was in a range of 11CFU/100ml to 83 CFU/100ml.The findings showed there should be comprehensive standardization of drinking water of Danyore village according to guidelines of WHO water quality standards and make it safe for human consumption.
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
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theory, methodology and applications of Soft Computing, Data mining, and Data Science.
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The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Co...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Co...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
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The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE)
1. The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering
(IJCSITCE) Vol.10, No.4, October 2023
DOI: 10.5121/ijcsitce.2023.10401 1
PREVALENCE OF SALMONELLA ENTERICA AND
SHIGELLA FLEXNERI IN FRESH FISH PRODUCTS
SOLD AT INFORMAL MARKET ALONG THE
SHORELINE OF SOME LAKES IN ETHIOPIA
Guta Dissasa and Brook Lemma
1
Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,
2
Department of Zoological Sciences, College of Natural and Computational Sciences,
Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
ABSTRACT
Food borne diseases are considered a major public health challenge worldwide due to their incidence,
associated mortality, and negative economic repercussions. Fish and fish products are one of the most
important sources of food borne disease and well known medium favoring growth of several bacterial
pathogens. This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the occurrence and prevalence of
Salmonella enterica and Shigella flexneri in fresh fish products of two common fish species - Nile tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) sold along the shoreline of two Ethiopian
rift-valley Lakes Hawassa and Ziway. Among the examined 60 samples collected from the study areas,
33(55%) were positive for S. enterica and S. flexneri. This has implications for the consumer health and
adherence to simple hygienic steps is advisable. Further, establishing a practice of regular inspection of
fish products and fish processing channels for bacterial pathogens and environmental sanitation is
necessary.
KEYWORDS
Fresh fish products; common carp (Cyprinus carpio), Nile tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus), Salmonella
enterica, Shigella flexneri
1. INTRODUCTION
Food borne diseases have been an issue for all societies since the beginning of humanity. Types,
severity and impacts of these illnesses have changed through the ages and are still diverse across
regions, countries and communities [1]. Only fractions of the people who become sick from food
they have eaten seek medical care and reported to public health authorities, and recorded in
official disease statistics. Certain chronic diseases, such as cancer, kidney or liver failure, that
result from contaminated food appear long after the ingestion of food and the causal link is never
made for each case[1, 2].
Microorganisms play a crucial and unique role in fish and fish products safety. The presences of
human bacterial pathogens make the control of pathogenic microorganisms critical for fish
products safety [2, 3]. Fish plays an important role in human diet; the production and
consumption of fish and fish products have increased worldwide over the years. However, fish
and fish products have been involved in various food borne outbreaks [3].Fish and fish products
are one of important sources of food borne disease and they are well known medium that favors
2. The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering
(IJCSITCE) Vol.10, No.4, October 2023
2
growth of several bacterial pathogens such as S. enterica and S. flexneri. Salmonella enteric are
responsible for non-typhoidal infection and the second leading cause of food borne illness which
can result in the patient’s death [2].
Foodstuff contamination may occur directly from infected food-producing animals or may result
from poor hygiene during production processes, or the retail and storage of food, since may also
harbor microorganisms [2, 4].Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica spp. infection from
contaminated food is an important cause of both sporadic gastroenteritis and outbreaks
internationally. A wide variety of foods can be contaminated with Shigella including fish
products. Shigella flexneri is the most prevalent species of Shigella associate with illness in
developing countries [5]. Salmonella enterica and S. flexneri are an important cause of food
borne illness, regularly causing high-profile outbreaks involving commercially-available foods
[4].
Salmonella is a leading cause of bacterial food borne illness in the world [6]. Although S.
enterica and S. flexneri are typically associated with foods of animal origin including Milk, Eggs
and egg-containing foods, aquatic foods, such as fish and fish products, are quickly gaining
recognition as an important vehicle of Salmonella and Shigella exposure. Reports on food borne
bacterial pathogens in fish products particularly S. enterica and S. flexneri are scant in Ethiopia.
Hence, this study was aimed to assess the occurrence and prevalence of S. enterica and S. flexneri
in fish products of two common fish species - Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and common
carp (Cyprinus carpio) sold at the informal market along the shoreline of two Ethiopian rift-
valley Lakes Hawassa and Ziway.
2. METHODS
2.1. The Study Area
The study was on two Ethiopian rift-valley lakes, Lake Ziway and Lake Hawassa, which are
well-known for their common fish catches and tourist destinations. These lakes are some 163and
275 km to the south Addis Ababa respectively (Fig. 1). The information sources were from
World Lake Database [7].
Fig. 1: The study area: (Lake Hawassa and Lake Ziway)
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(IJCSITCE) Vol.10, No.4, October 2023
3
2.2. Study design and sampling strategy
The study design was cross-sectional and its period was from June to December 2022. For
sampling, the two lakes were selected purposively that the lakes are known for their common fish
catches from which fish are continuously harvested for subsistence and fresh fish products were
sold informally along their shoreline for cash [8]. Fresh fish products samples caught from the
two lakes was collected from the informal Market around the shorelines of each lake. They were
packed in a sterile container with ice blocks to prevent sample deterioration on transit [9, 10] and
transferred to the laboratory for identification and biological assays.
2.3. Sample collection
A total of 60(30 from each lake with 30 fresh Nile tilapias fish and 30 fresh common carps fish)
samples of fresh fish products those caught from Lake Hawassa and Lake Ziway was bought
from the informal markets around the shorelines of each lake, between 8.00 a.m. and 9.00 a.m.
local time. They were separately packed in sterile plastic bags with ice blocks to prevent sample
deterioration on transit and transferred to the Addis Ababa University, Institute of Biotechnology,
Health Biotechnology laboratory for bacterial isolation and identification assays.
2.4. Bacterial Isolation and Identification
2.4.1. Sample preparation
All bacteriological experiments were performed following Society of American Bacteriologists
Manual of microbiological methods [11], Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology [12]
and the respective manufacturer's instructions under complete aseptic conditions. Using sterile
forceps, a piece of the body, muscles of the fishes were inoculated separately into McCartney
bottles containing selenite-f-broth and Gram-negative broth (HIMEDIA, India) for the isolation
of Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. respectively, and incubated aerobically at 37ºC for 24 hours.
A loop of the inoculated selenite-f-broth and Gram-negative broth was streaked on a plate of
MacConkey agar (HIMEDIA, India) and incubated aerobically at 37 ºC for 24 hours. Suspected
bacterial colonies were then further picked up with a sterile loop and spread on Desoxycholate
citrate agar medium (HIMEDIA, India) and incubated aerobically at 37ºC for 48 hours. These
colonies were further purified by repeated subculture on nutrient agar. Pure isolates were stored
at -20°C in 50% glycerol (Fine Chemical, Ethiopia) using 1.8ml cryovial (IMEC, China) for
biochemical identification.
2.5. Biochemical characterization
All the media used in the biochemical tests were from HIMEDIA, India. The tests began with
inoculating respective media with 24-hour-old pure culture colonies. All incubations were at
37°C for 24 hours and expected color changes confirmed test positivity. Briefly, indole
production was tested by inoculating 10ml of Dev tryptophan broth, incubating and adding 2-3
drops of indole reagent. Methyl red (MR) test was conducted by inoculating 10ml of MR Voges-
Proskauer (MR-VP) medium, incubating, and adding 2-3 drops of 0.05% MR. Voges-Proskauer
(VP) test was done by inoculating 10ml of MR-VP medium, incubating, and adding 2-3 drops of
5% α-nephtol followed by 40% of KOH and shaking and leaving it open for an hour.
For catalase enzyme test, a small amount of bacterial colony was transferred to a clean glass slide
using a sterile loop and a drop of hydrogen peroxide was added, and the formation of bubbles
was checked for. For citrate utilization test, Simmons citrate agar slant was inoculated and
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(IJCSITCE) Vol.10, No.4, October 2023
4
incubated. Hydrogen sulfide or triple sugar iron (TSI) test was done by inoculating TSI by first
stabbing through the center of the medium to the bottom of the tube and then streaking the
surface of the agar slant, and incubating. Similarly, urea production was tested using
Christensen’s Urea Agar slant. Sugar fermentation test was conducted using sugar broth medium
prepared by mixing 1g peptone, 0.3g meat extract, 0.5g table salt, 0.5g sugar and 0.008g phenol
indictor in 100ml distilled water. Three tubes having three different sugars (glucose, sucrose,
lactose) in the broth medium were inoculated, and incubated.
2.6. Molecular Characterization
The bacterial isolates that were biochemically characterized and identified as S. enterica and S.
flexneri were to further identify and confirms using molecular techniques. These involve
extracting their DNA using standards protocols, amplifying the DNA using PCR, and sequencing
the gene of interest using Sanger sequencing at Leiden, The Netherlands [13].
2.6.1. DNA Extraction
DNA was extracted using phenol chloroform standard method as described by Biggin et al. [14].
Bacteria cells each of 200μl was added in a 1.5ml micro centrifuge tube, 400μlof lysis buffer and
10μl of proteinase K was added to the 1.5ml tube. The tube was vortexed and placed on heat
block at 65℃ for 1 hour while vortexing at interval. Then 400μlof phenol was added and
vortexed, briefly after which it was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 13,000rpm to separate the
phases. The upper layer was carefully removed with a micro pipette. Chloroform (400μl) was
again added and vortexed, centrifuged for 5 minutes at 13,000rpm, the upper layer was then
carefully removed. Also 1000μl of 100% ethanol and 40μl of 3M sodium acetate was added and
mixed by inverting the tube several times.
The micro centrifuge tubes containing pure DNA were incubated at 20℃ over night. The tubes
were centrifuged for 5 minutes at 14,000rpm using centrifuge set at 4 o
C; the upper layer was
attentively discarded using micropipette. Then 400μl of 70% ethanol was added and the upper
layer was again carefully removed using micro pipette, the tubes were centrifuged for 5 minutes
at 14,000rpm using centrifuge set at 4o
C, the upper layer was carefully removed using micro
pipette in order to remove all traces of ethanol, the DNA was then allowed to dry by leaving the
tubes open for 20 minutes at room temperature and 50μlof sterile water was added to re-suspend
the DNA.
2.6.2. PCR Amplification
It was performed in a DNA thermal cycler (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany). PCR reactions were
performed in a final volume of 25μl containing 3μl of template DNA, 2μl of each primer (rD1
and fD1 ), 14μl of Double distilled water (ddH2o), 2.5μl of Buffer solution, 2μl of MgCl2 and
1.5μl of Hot Star Taq DNA polymerase and deoxynucleotide triphosphate mix (dNTPs). PCR
conditions were as follows: 95 °C for 15 min, 30 cycles at 95 °C for 45 s, 55 °C for 45 s, 72 °C
for 1 min, followed by a final elongation at 72 °C for 7 min. The PCR products (8 μl) were
analyzed by electrophoresis on 1.5% agarose gels stained with ethidium bromide using 1 μM
Tris-Acetate-EDTA buffer at 100v for 1 hour and were visualized by UV transillumination [13].
2.6.3. 16S Rrna Sequencing
Sequencing of the 16S rRNA was performed using the universal bacteria primers rD1 (5'
-
CCCGGGATCCAAGCTTAAGGAGGTGATCCAGCC-3'
) and fD1 (5'
-
CGAATTCGTCGACAACAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3'
) by Sanger sequencing at
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(IJCSITCE) Vol.10, No.4, October 2023
5
BaseClear DNA research laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands. For sequencing of amplified 16S
rRNA directly, four identical 100µl amplification reactions were performed on each sample, with
the resultant material being pooled and purified. A 500 ng amount of template (16S rRNA) was
combined with 10 ng of primer, 2µl of Sequence buffer, and 10µl water. This sample was held at
98°C for 7 min and cooled to room temperature for 1 min, and then the labeling reaction was
performed at 37°C for 5 min. Chain elongation was terminated with sample loading buffer, and
sequencing was performed on buffer-gradient gels [14].
2.6.4. Phylogenetic Analysis
The 16SrRNA gene sequences obtained were compared and aligned with sequences deposited in
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) GenBanks database using BLAST for
identification of bacteria [15]. Related sequences were obtained and aligned by Pairwise
sequence alignments in MEGA6 program using ClustalW algorithm and phylogenetic tree was
constructed by the neighbour-joining method program available online [16]. The 16S rRNA
sequences of isolated bacteria were used for constructing phylogenetic tree. A total of 500
bootstrapped values were sampled to determine a measure of support for each node on the
consensus tree.
2.7. Data Analysis
Bacterial infection status of the fresh fish products sample types of the two lakes was determined
and the proportion of infected samples was compared between various categories using the Chi-
squared test. Bacterial prevalence in the two different sample types was compared using one-way
analysis of variance (ANOVA). Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS software
version 26 (IBM, Chicago, USA) and p<0.05 was considered the level of statistical significance.
3. RESULTS
3.1. Collected Fresh Fish Products
A total of 60 (30 from each) fresh fish products samples were bought and obtained from the
informal market along the two lakes shoreline of which 33(55%) were positive for S. enterica and
S. flexneri pathogens. Among the 55% positive samples, 28.33% (16.67% Nile tilapia fish and
11.67% common carp fish) and 26.67% (13.33% common carp fish and 13.33% Nile tilapia fish)
of the fresh fish products were bought along the shoreline of Lake Hawassa and Lake Ziway
respectively.
3.2. Colony Morphology of the Isolates
Colonies of the isolated isolates were found to be different in their form, elevation, margin,
surface, colour and optical characteristics, and are Gram negative, rod-shaped, usually motile,
non-spore forming bacteria.
3.3. Biochemical Identification of Isolates
To further identify the morphologically identified isolates, a range of biochemical tests (Indole,
methyl red, Voges-Proskauer (VP), Citrate, H2S gas, Urease, sugar fermentation and catalase test)
were carried out. The results showed that thirty three (33) isolates of S. enterica (18) and S.
flexneri (15) were identified.
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3.4. Prevalence of Isolates Among the Examined Fresh Fish Products
Salmonella enterica (30%) was relatively more prevalent than S. flexneri (25%) in the examined
fresh fish products samples. The highest numbers of S. enterica (33.33%) were recovered from
the Lake Hawassa fresh fish products samples followed by Lake Ziway (21.2%).But, the highest
numbers of S. flexneri (27.3%) were recovered from the Lake Ziway fresh fish products samples
followed by Lake Hawassa (18.2%). However, even though highest numbers of both pathogens
were detected from fresh fish products of Nile tilapia than common carp samples (Table 1), their
prevalence showed statistically no significant difference in the samples source of the study lakes
(p<0.005).
Table 1: Frequency of S. enterica and S. flexneri among the examined Nile tilapia and common carp fish
products from Lakes Hawassa and Ziway (N = 33)
Bacteria
isolates
Lake Hawassa Lake Ziway Total P-
value
C. carp Nile tilapia C. carp Nile tilapia
S.
enterica
5(15.15%) 6(18.2%) 3(9.1%) 4(12.12%) 18(54.54%) 0.062
S.
flexneri
2(6.1%) 4(12.12%) 5(15.15%) 4(12.12%) 15(45.45%) 0.096
Sub-total 7(21.2%) 10(30.30%) 8(24.24%) 8(24.24%) 33(100) 0.056
Total 17(51.5%) 16(48.5%) 33(100) 0.192
Note: - C. carp=Common carp
3.5. Analysis of the 16S Rrna Gene
The results of the genomic DNA extraction and PCR amplifications of the samples on agarose gel
electrophoresis shows the amplified 16S rRNA gene with band size of 1490bp obtained from
fishes in two different informal markets location along the two lakes as depicted in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2: Agarose gel electrophoresis pattern showing PCR amplified products of 16s rRNA from S. enterica
and S. flexneri
1490bp
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3.6. Phylogenetic Analysis
This result represents the blast result of 16S rRNA gene sequences for isolated S. enterica and S.
flexneri. The 16S rRNA ribosomal PCR amplified products sizes were 1490bp. Comparison of
the S. enterica and S. flexneri isolates with known 16S rRNA sequences in the GenBank database
using the BLAST program showed that the isolates had an identity rate of up to 99% to those of
other members of S. enterica and S. flexneri. The phylogenetic relationship of this isolates was
studied using the 16S rRNA gene with the respective S. enterica and S. flexneri strains that were
downloaded from NCBI for phylogenetic analysis (Fig.3).
Fig. 3: The phylogenetic relationships based on 16S rRNA gene sequences of S. enterica and S. flexneri
strains constructed by the neighbor-joining method showing homology with different sources of S. enterica
and S. flexneri. Numerals at nodes indicate bootstrap percentages derived from 500 replications and
original isolates were indicated by bold dot.
4. DISCUSSION
Assessing the occurrence of prevalent etiological agents in fish products is necessary to control
food-borne diseases of fish origins. The result of this study confirms the contamination of fresh
fish products by S. enterica and S. flexneri pathogens. Results obtained revealed the prevalence of
S. enterica and S. flexneri in fresh fish products bought from the informal market along the
shorelines of the two lakes. The results showed that 18 isolates of S. enterica and 15 isolates of S.
flexneri were isolated and identified from the body, muscles of both common carp and Nile
tilapia fish. Similarly, Coulombe and Tamber [17] isolated S. enterica from fish and fish
products. The some authors indicated that, fish and fish products are an important vehicle for
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food borne S. enterica and as this pathogen is the second leading food borne diseases in the
world. Kousar et al. [18] and Onyango et al. [19] on the other hands reported the isolation of S.
flexneri from different organs of apparently healthy and naturally infected fish of different
species including Common carp and Nile tilapia.
Hidayah et al. [20] recorded Salmonella and Shigella from fresh fish product and smoked fish.
The some authors suggested that fish products are among the foodstuffs that are prone to
pathogenic microbial contamination which can cause food poisoning and disease in consumers.
This result also agrees with the results of Ucak and Afreen [21] that showed the contamination of
aquaculture products with salmonella spp., and Shigella spp., and as salmonella and Shigella are
the main causing agents of infection in fish. Nisa et al. [22] also documented the isolation of S.
flexneri from water, milk and fish products, and their association with an increased human risk
to food-borne shigellosis.
Hazarika et al. [23] described as the consumption of food of animal origin including fish products
are considered to be the primary source of human salmonellosis and shigellosis serving as the
principal vehicles of human food borne salmonella and Shigella. The some authors suggested the
prevalence of salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. in different sectors of the global food chain. Non-
typhoidal Salmonella accounted for more than 60% of the food borne disease burden[24]. Dissasa
et al. [25] also indicated the prevalence of salmonella spp., and Shigella spp. in fish, fish products
and the natural source habitat.
Shigella spp. and Salmonella spp. are pathogenic bacteria found in animal, human or
environmental reservoir. Although contamination of fish products with these bacteria is
commonly from the environment, their incidence in ready-to-eat fish products due to unhygienic
handling cannot be ruled out [26]. The presence of Salmonella and Shigella in fish could be due
to microbiological pollution of rivers, including runoff and storm-water that contain deposits
from wildlife, agriculture, urban, forestry and rural settlements which is a potential health hazard
to human; another possibility includes contamination during a multistep handling process from
harvest areas to the fish market resulting in deterioration of the quality of fish available for
human consumption in the local fish markets [27].
Sources of S. enterica and S. flexneri infection can vary by environment and include animal and
plant-based foods, as well as environmental reservoirs. Several studies have recognized the
importance of increased ambient temperature and precipitation in the spread and persistence of
Salmonella in soil and food [28]. Primary production of food animals remains the most important
reservoir of salmonellae and Shigella entering the human food chain, since salmonellae and
Shigella-free production system cannot be achieved in all animal species. Controls at slaughter
and dressing are often not sufficient to prevent salmonella and Shigella entering the food chain.
The prevalence of Salmonella in fish captured from aquaculture is relatively lower than in
freshwater captured fish, due to possible exposure to untreated sewage, but overall, and in
comparison with other food commodities, both remain low risk [29].
5. CONCLUSION
Fish are considered as a nutritious food that is widely produced, marketed, and consumed around
the world. Nile tilapia and common carp are among the fish with the highest production, destined
for human consumption. Fish are highly susceptible to contamination and deterioration along the
food chain by different microorganisms, such as Salmonella enterica and Shigella flexneri, which
is a causal agent of disease in fish, such as Nile tilapia and common carp, and humans negatively
affecting primary production and food safety. The issue of Salmonella and Shigella in fish and
fish products is one of the global concerns. The difficulty in eliminating S. enterica and S.
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9
flexneri to safe levels in fish products underscores the importance of preventing contamination.
For S. enterica and S. flexneri, which are common in natural water systems and is considered as
part of the microbiota of freshwater fish such as Nile tilapia and common carp, the
implementation of good hygiene practices in production, processing and preservation, and
sanitary surveillance of regulatory authorities and the food industry, as well as the promotion of
hygiene education in the handling and final preparation of these foods for consumption, can
reduce the risk of contamination and related outbreaks of food borne diseases.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are grateful to the fishermen selling fresh fish products along the shoreline of the two
study Lakes for their technical assistance during sample collection.
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[4] Ford L, Moffatt CRM, Fearnley E, Miller M, Gregory J, Sloan-Gardner TS, Polkinghorne BG, Bell
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[5] CDC). National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS), 2018. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/norsdashboard/.
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