The document discusses key concepts related to the semantic web including XML, RDF, ontologies, and OWL. It explains how these technologies provide structured data and meaningful links between resources to enable computers and humans to better collaborate. The document also categorizes different types of educational activities that can be supported by web 2.0 technologies, such as media sharing, social networking, and wikis.

1. Co-funded by the European Union , through the Comenius Programme Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

2. Structure Semantic Web XML RDF Ontologies OWL Educational Web 2.0 Activity Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

3. What is Web 2.0? Web 2.0 is a set of internet services and practices that give a voice to individual users It implies a step-change in the structure of a whole environment of computer activity – namely, the World Wide Web * Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education * Becta (2008) . Web 2.0 technologies for learning: The current landscape – opportunities, challenges and tensions

4. Semantic Web A collaborative effort led by W3C B ased on the Resource Description Framework (RDF), which integrates a variety of applications using XML for syntax and URIs for naming P roposed by World Wide Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education * http://www.uen.org/core/edtech/glossary.shtml

5. Definition “ The Semantic Web is an extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation.” * Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education *Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler, Ora Lassila The Semantic Web, Scientific American, May 17, 2001

6. Scope The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries * Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education * http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/

7. Semantic Web The Semantic Web is about two things : C ommon formats for integration and combination of data drawn from diverse sources L anguage for recording how the data relates to real world objects Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

8. Old Web Downloadable Resources: identified by URL's Links: href, src, ... limited, non-descriptive User: Exciting world semantics of the resource, however, gleaned from content Machine processable: Very little information available significance of the links only evident from the context around the anchor. Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education Eric Miller. Weaving Meaning : An Overview of The Semantic Web . 2003

9. Semantic Web Resources (any resource): Globally Identified by URI's Extensible & Relational Links: Identified by URI's Extensible & Relational User: Even more exciting world, richer user experience Machine: More processable information is available (Data Web) Computers and people: Work, learn and exchange knowledge effectively Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education Eric Miller. Weaving Meaning : An Overview of The Semantic Web . 2003

10. Semantics… “Now, that should clear up a few things around here…” http://carpentier.files.wordpress.com/2007/08/semanticweb.jpg Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

11. Semantic Web Layer “Cake” http://www.w3c.org Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

12. URI Every resource available on the Web has an address that may be encoded by a Uniform Resource Identifier , or “URI” Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

13. What is XML? ” A set of rules for defining and representing information as structured documents for applications on the Internet” * Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

14. e X tensible M arkup L anguage Extensible : User tags can be defined Supports a variety of applications Markup : The user can “markup”: Elements , Attributes , Comments and Processing instructions Meta Language : Gives the rules for other languages to be implemented Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

15. E-mail in XML <message> <to> [email_address] </to> <from> [email_address] </from> <text> Is XML easy? I am giving a presentation... </text> </message> Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

16. What is RDF? “ A framework for constructing logical languages that can work together in the Semantic Web. A way of using XML for data rather than just documents ” * RDF extends XML by introducing subject – predicate – object expressions Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education http://www.w3c.org

17. RDF A general method for conceptual description or modeling of information that is implemented in web resources Describes documents, images, videos, etc. Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

18. RDF Schema “ Extensible knowledge representation language, providing basic elements for the description of ontologies” Extends RDF offering ontology building capacity Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

19. Ontologies “ An ontology is an explicit specification of a conceptualization ” * The term is borrowed from philosophy, where an ontology is a systematic account of Existence Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education * Thomas Gruber, 1993

20. Conceptualization “ A conceptualization is an abstract, simplified view of the world that we wish to represent for some purpose” * Ontologies provide controlled , consistent vocabularies to describe concepts and relationships Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education * Thomas Gruber, 1993

21. Ontology Constructs Class Human is a class, Man is a subclass of human Attribute Height & weight are attributes Relationship “ isrelatedto ” can indicate relationships between men Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education *Gruber, Encyclopedia of Database Systems , 2008

22. Sample Ontology Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education Human Man Woman George Mary ismarriedto class subclass subclass relationship Height: 1,90m Weight: 95kg attributes

23. OWL A family of knowledge representation languages for authoring ontologies C ompatible with the architecture of the World Wide Web in general, and the Semantic Web in particular Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education * www.w3c.org

24. OWL extends RDF A dds more vocabulary for describing properties and classes . For example: R elations between classes , C ardinality , E quality, Properties (and their characteristics) Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education * www.w3c.org

25. Why OWL? OWL has more facilities for expressing meaning and semantics than : XML RDF RDF-S Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education * www.w3c.org

26. Versions of OWL OWL Lite (decidable) OWL DL (Description Logic) (Decidable) OWL Full (Allows classes as instances) From OWL Lite to OWL Full expressiveness and logical complexity increases Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

27. OWL Constructs Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education * Introduction to Ontologies, Nick Drummond Person Country Class (concept) Animal Individual (instance) Belgium Greece Spain Italy Nick Tom Alex Kylie Kelly Cat Dog lives_in lives_in lives_in has_pet has_pet arrow = relationship label = Property has_pet

28. Classes E.g. Person, Animal, Job Classes are sets of Individuals Membership of a Class is dependent on its logical description , not its name Classes do not have to be named (they can be logical expressions ) Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

29. Properties E.g. hasPart, isMemberOf, owns Properties are used to relate Individuals We often say that Individuals are related along a given property Subject – Predicate – Object E.g.: Nikos – hasPet – Cat Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

30. Individuals E.g. Nikos, me, this room, this cat Individuals are the objects (aka instances) in our domain of interest Individuals can be members of multiple Classes Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

31. How are they linked? HTML and XML HTML uses predefined tags to tell a web browser how to display a web page XML uses not-predefined tags to describe data in order to carry and not to display them Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

32. How are they linked? XML – RDF RDF also describes resources and is based on XML providing a model for data, and a syntax so that independent parties can exchange data Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

33. How are they linked? RDF – OWL OWL is built on RDF and is based on XML In a way, it extends RDF by allowing to create logical dependencies between structures Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

34. Are these linked to education? Semantic Web  Links learning objects (LOs)  Links them to the real world XML  Send around documents RDF  Send more than docs (LOs) Ontologies  Relationships between LOs OWL  Defines relationships between LOs and is compatible with the Semantic Web Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

35. Categories of educational Web 2.0 activity* Media Sharing Media Manipulation Conversational Areas Online games and virtual worlds Social Networking Blogging Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education * Becta (2008) . Web 2.0 technologies for learning: The current landscape – opportunities, challenges and tensions

36. Categories of educational Web 2.0 activity Social Bookmarking Recommender Systems Collaborative Editing Wikis Syndication Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

37. Media Sharing Synchronize slides with video http://www.zentation.com/ Storing and Sharing Class Notes http://www.notecentric.com/ Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

38. Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

39. Media Manipulation Online Diagram Software http://www.gliffy.com/ Linking literature to geography http://www.googlelittrips.com / Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

40. Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

41. Conversational Areas Educational conversations http://vyew.com/site/ International conversations http://www.thinkquest.org/ Conversations for young learners http://b.whyville.net/smmk/nice Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

42. Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

43. Social Networking & Blogging Casual talks around school interests http://www.goldstarcafe.net/ Educational Blogs http://edublogs.org/ Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

44. Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

45. Wikis School Wiki http://school20.wikispaces.com/ Educational Wikis http://wikisineducation.wetpaint.com/ Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

46. Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education

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48. Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education Informatics Laboratory Agricultural University of Athens http://infolab-dev.aua.gr/ Web 2.0 Technologies & Tools in Education