The document provides an introduction to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching. It defines metadata as structured information that describes resources to make them easier to retrieve. It discusses different types of metadata like descriptive, administrative, technical, and structural metadata. It also covers metadata schemas, specifications, standards and application profiles. Specific metadata standards like Dublin Core and IEEE LOM are explained in detail including their elements, categories, and examples of application profiles. Learning objects and learning object repositories are also introduced.

1. Co-funded by the European Union , through the Comenius Programme Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

2. Metadata

3. Structure Definition of Metadata & Examples Metadata Types Schemas Specifications Standards Application Profiles Dublin Core & IEEE LTSC LOM / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

4. Definition “ Metadata is structured information that describes, explains, locates, or otherwise makes it easier to retrieve, use, or manage an information resource” * / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching * NISO (2004) Understanding Metadata. Bethesda, NISO Press

5. Example E.g. Books Title Author Year Subject (Math, History, etc) No of pages … / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

6. Example / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching Title Abstract Keywords

7. Metadata is everywhere We can have metadata on: HTML documents, digital images, books, museum objects, metadata themselves Collections, services, physical places, people, institutions, abstract “works”, concepts, events And more… / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

8. Metadata Types (1/2) Descriptive : Facilitates discovery and describes intellectual content Administrative : Facilitates management of digital and analog resources Technical : Describes the technical aspects of the digital object / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching http://www.lib.umd.edu/dcr/publications/best_practice.pdf

9. Metadata Types (2/2) Structural : Describes the relationships within a digital object Preservation : Supports long-term retention of the digital object and may overlap with technical, administrative, and structural metadata / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching http://www.lib.umd.edu/dcr/publications/best_practice.pdf

10. Purpose R esource discovery, O rganize electronic resources , F acilitate interoperability & legacy , resource integration , P rovide digital identification , S upport archiving & preservation / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching * NISO (2004) Understanding Metadata. Bethesda, NISO Press

11. Metadata Elements Each information resource is described by using specific data items These data items are called Elements / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

12. Metadata Schemas “ A metadata scheme is a sets of metadata elements designed for a specific purpose, such as describing a particular type of information resource” * / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching * NISO (2004) Understanding Metadata. Bethesda, NISO Press

13. Metadata Specifications Stable and widely adopted Metadata Schemas can evolve into Metadata Specifications The majority of implementers in a particular domain or industry adopts them / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

14. Metadata Standards If a standardization organization recognizes a Metadata Specification , then it may become a Metadata Standard Dublic Core for Educational resources (DC-ed) and IEEE LOM are dominant examples for educational purposes / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

15. Application Profiles Metadata Standards or Specifications can be adapted or “profiled” to meet community context-specific needs Then, they are called Metadata Application Profiles / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

16. Adaptation By imposing restrictions and modifying vocabularies, definitions or elements of the original (base) standard Aim : Increase interoperability with base standard and not to break interoperability with existing applications / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

17. Evolution / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching element element element element element Metadata Scheme Used by one publishing house Used by many publishing houses Metadata Specification Metadata Standard Adopted by Standards’ Organization

18. Evolution / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching Profiled Refined Adapted Used in specific community E.g. Publishing houses of medical books Metadata Application Profile Metadata Standard Metadata Specification

19. Application Domains Libraries Agriculture Museums Education Environment … / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

20. Dublin Core Initiative to improve resource discovery on Web Develop s and maintain s international standards for describing resources Support s a worldwide community of users and developers Promot es widespread use of Dublin Core solution s / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

21. Element Set 15 elements All elements are optional and repeatable Elements can be refined using qualifiers Any syntax may be used to record the metadata Favours text-based resources / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

22. / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching Type Format Identifier Source Language Relation Coverage Title Subject Creator Description Publisher Date Contributor Rights Dublin Core Element Set

23. Application Profiles (Dublin Core) DC Government AP Metadata for governmental resources FAO DC AP Developed by FAO to describe learning resources SWAP DC AP Describing scholarly works / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

24. IEEE LTSC LOM Tries to define the attributes required to fully/adequately describe a Learning Object Learning Objects are defined as any entity, digital or non-digital, which can be used, re-used or referenced during technology supported learning / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching * http://ltsc.ieee.org/wg12/

25. Element Set 9 categories of elements E lements may be repeated either individually or as a group V alue space and D atatype is defined for each element Can be profiled to meet context-specific needs / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

26. Value Spaces & Datatypes Value space : Restrictions on elements E.g. Unicode or controlled vocabularies Datatypes : LangString Vocabulary DateTime Duration / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

27. / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching IEEE LOM Categories Life Cycle Meta-metadata Technical Educational Rights Relation Annotation General Classification

28. Application Profiles (IEEE LOM) UK LOM Core Further and Higher Education in UK ANZ-LOM Education in Australia and New Zealand NORLOM Norwegian LOM Application Profile / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

29. Application Profiles (IEEE LOM) ISRACore Israeli LOM Application Profile Vetadata Australian Vocational Training and Education Sector Organic.Edunet Application Profile Learning resources on Organic Agriculture and Agroecology / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

30. Application Profiles (IEEE LOM) CG LOM Core Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research TW LOM Education in Taiwan / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

31. Learning Objects

32. Structure Definition of Learning Objects Examples Granularity of LOs Quality of LOs Reusable LOs Online Sources / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

33. Learning Object “ E ducational resources that can be employed in technology supported learning ” 1 “ Any entity, digital or non-digital, which can be used, re-used and referenced during technology-supported learning” 2 / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching 1 Learning Objects: A Practical Definition, Rory McGreal 2 http://ltsc.ieee.org/wg12/s_p.html

34. Learning Object With appropriate metadata descriptions, they can be modular units that can be assembled together to form lessons and courses / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching Learning Objects: A Practical Definition, Rory McGreal Lesson that is compiled from audio, video, text, images, etc

35. Learning Object A LO can be based on : E lectronic text , Web site , I mage, M ovie , Java applets / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching Learning Objects: A Practical Definition, Rory McGreal

36. Video Video of a presentation on economics / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching Screenshot from Youtube

37. Text To be used when talking about learning objects / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching Learning Objects: A Practical Definition, Rory McGreal

38. Image To be used in teaching of food chains in nature / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching www.srd.gov.ab.ca

39. Granularity Levels C ontent, information or knowledge object Lesson Contains many objects Module Contains many lessons Course Contains many modules / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

40. Granularity Levels / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching Course Module 1 Module 2 Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Objects

41. LO Sources MERLOT - Multimedia Educational Resource for Online Learning and Teaching ( www.merlot.org ) Maricopa Center for Learning and Instruction ( http://www.mcli.dist.maricopa.edu/ ) Careo - Campus Alberta Repository of Educational Objects ( http://www.careo.org/ ) / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

42. LO Sources Education Network Australia - http:// edna.edu.au WISC Online Resource Center - www.wisc-online.com/ EcoLearnIT - http://ecolearnit.ifas.ufl.edu/ LeMill - http://lemill.net/ Connexions - http://cnx.org/ / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

43. LO Sources MIT Opencourseware - http://ocw.mit.edu/ Open Learning Initiative - http://oli.web.cmu.edu/openlearning/ Gateway to Educational Materials (GEM) - http://www.thegateway.org/ / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

44. LO Reuse Open Archives Initiative Object Reuse and Exchange (OAI-ORE) defines standards for the description and exchange of aggregations of Web resources In this way, the reuse of LOs is facilitated / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

45. LO Reuse Learning objects, may combine resources with media types such as text, images and video OAI-ORE standards expose the se combinations to applications that support authoring, deposit, exchange, visualization, reuse, and preservation of learning objects / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

46. Learning Repositories

47. Structure Learning Object Repository Examples Types of Repositories Functionalities Legal Issues / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

48. Learning Object Repository (LOR) “ A collection of digital assets and/or meta-data accessible without prior knowledge of the repository’s structure through a interoperable functions via a network” * / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching *IMS Digital Repositories Interoperability Specification

49. Learning Object Repository (LOR) “ LORs are databases used for storing and/or enabling the interoperability of LOs” * Do LORs store LOs or simply the metadata describing them with associated links? / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching *R. McGreal, A Typology of Learning Object Repositories , 2007

50. Content repositories ( Type 1 ); MIT Open Courseware , SOFIA Linking or metadata repositories ( Type 2 ); MERLOT, CITIDEL Hybrid repositories ( Type 3 ) ARIADNE, COLLOR / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching Type 3 LORs Links to LOs & locally stored content Type 1 LORs Only locally stored content Type 2 LORs Only links to LOs

51. Examples / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

52. / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

53. Digital Repositories Institutional educational or research parent body controlled Discipline-Base d Aka Subject or Research repositor ies B ased around a specific discipline / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching *Digital Repositories: Issues and Challenges, a Literature Review, A. Luarte Rmit, 2006

54. Digital Repositories Consortia Repositories Founded by a consortium of institutions Learning Objects Repository with learning objects used in teaching and training / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching *Digital Repositories: Issues and Challenges, a Literature Review, A. Luarte Rmit, 2006

55. The Australian Way See the object without contractual obligations; Simple, non-intimidating design and structure; Being able to get the object straight away; Being able to store the object On your own computer or On personal online space (protected with login) Simple versus advanced / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching Flexible Learning Advisory Group, 2003

56. LOR Functionalities search/find the ability to locate an appropriate learning object quality control ensure that learning objects meet technical, educational and metadata requirements request a learning object that has been located in the database / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching *Higgs, 2003

57. LOR Functionalities maintain appropriate version control retrieve receive an object that has been requested submit provide an object to a repository for storage publish provide metadata to other repositories / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching *Higgs, 2003

58. LOR Functionalities store place a submitted object into a data store with unique, registered identifiers that allow it to be located gather (push/pull) obtain metadata about objects in other repositories for wider searches and information via a clearing house function / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching *Higgs, 2003

59. Interoperability Supported and promoted by the Open Archive Initiative , Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) E nables the sharing of metadata between services / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

60. OAI – PMH The Open Archives Initiative develops and promotes interoperability standards to facilitate the efficient dissemination of content OAI has its roots in the open access movements P romote s broad access to resources for eScholarship, eLearning, and eScience / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

61. Dear user, please take the time (5 minutes) to help us improve METASCHOOL modules! Find the Module Questionnaire here: METASCHOOL Portal: http://lreforschools.eun.org/metaschool Find present module (ask your workshop leader, if you are unsure) Scroll to the end of the module description Fill in the Module Questionnaire If you took part in a METASCHOOL Workshop and this is the last module of your workshop, please ALSO help us improve our METASCHOOL Workshops by completing the Workshop Questionnaire (10 minutes): METASCHOOL Portal: http://lreforschools.eun.org/metaschool  Click on a language: Evaluation

62. Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching Informatics Laboratory Agricultural University of Athens http://infolab-dev.aua.gr/