This document presents a study that aims to numerically model and predict the compression index of clay soils based on soil index properties. Twenty clay soil samples were collected from various locations in Coimbatore, India and tested in the laboratory to determine their liquid limit, plastic limit, compression index and other properties. Correlations between compression index and liquid limit and plasticity index were developed using regression analysis and artificial neural network modeling. The artificial neural network approach produced a higher accuracy correlation compared to regression analysis. This correlation could help geotechnical engineers predict compression index from common soil index tests and reduce the need for time-consuming consolidation testing.
Statistical evaluation of compression index equationsIAEME Publication
This document discusses statistical evaluation of equations for predicting the compression index (Cc) of soils. Twelve commonly used equations that predict Cc based on parameters like liquid limit, plasticity index, dry density, and void ratio are considered. Statistical analysis is performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the equations. One-way and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests are conducted using a database of 178 soil samples to compare predicted and observed Cc values. The tests indicate that soil classification and prediction method have a significant influence on the deviation between predicted and observed Cc. Certain models are found to be applicable only to some soil classification groups. The best models for different soil groups and for all soil types are identified using statistical tests.
Fixity depth of offshore piles in elastoplastic soft clay under dynamic loadeSAT Journals
Abstract
This work represents study of dynamic behavior of offshore piles embedded in elastoplastic soft clay, and estimating the fixity depth of pile. ABAQUS finite element program which used to simulate the problem. The soil was modeled in two case elastic state model and elastoplastic state model represented by cam-clay model, three dimension element used to represent the interaction between pile and soil, and laboratory tests used to getting the real properties of clayey soil and to descried interface. The results obtained developed two empirical equations used to calculate depth of pile fixity for pile embedded in elastic and elastoplastic soil respectively. Also, show the depth of pile fixity is increase about (40 %) due to change soil model from elastic to plastic, when pile embedded in elastoplastic soil its dependent on soil strength, interface properties and pile rigidity. The pile head displacement is increase about 90 % while the bending moment is decease 10 % at pile head.
The impact of the diameter to height ratio on the compressibility parameters ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Compressibility parameters of fine-grained soils are mainly influenced by soil mineralogy, moisture content and soil diameter to height ratio (D/H). The British and American standards suggested that to obtain accurate engineering properties; it is necessary to use D/H ratio of 4 and 2.5 respectively to eliminate friction between the soil and the structure. In the current study, various D/H ratios were adopted ranging from 0.5 to 11. The D/H ratios effect on some compressibility parameters such as coefficient of consolidation (cv), compression index (cc) and coefficient of volume compressibility (mv) were analysed. Additionally, the impact of the D/H ratio on the acquire cv values were also presented where three methods were used namely: Casagrande, Taylor and Inflection method. The scaling effects based on cv ratio [cv (√t) / cv (log t)] from Oedometer tests using different D/H ratios are also presented. The results showed that Taylor’s method is the most appropriate way to achieve an accurate cv and an increase in pressure leads to a reduction in cc and a gradual decrease in mv. The validation of the experimental results on a finite element software package PLAXIS was completed. Keywords: Compressibility, D/H ratio, Fine-grained soil, Friction
Performance of Soft Soil Stabilized by Fly Ash with Natural Fiber Reinforceme...AM Publications
The use of clay as a landfill cover system is a choice of alternative materials that are widely used in almost all the existing landfill system in Indonesia and in the world. In addition to the relatively low cost of procurement is also available in almost all regions in Indonesia. However, alternative reliable overburden landfills has not been much discussed and researched. The purpose of this study is to design an ideal final cover layer landfill technically and mechanically. The results showed that the addition of fly ash and palm oil fiber (POF) between 10% of fly ash and 0.5% of POF can enhance the mechanical value of soils. the compressive strength of soils increase from 39.4 kPa to 89.0 kPa or rose by 129%, decreasing the value of soil hydraulic conductivity is to be 1,2x10-7 from the initial value of 1,17x10-6 or decreased by 850.4%, increase in soil friction angle of 8.55° to 24 °, and lowering the soil liquid limit of 33.48% to 24.5%, decreasing of swelling potential of 8 % to only 1.5% at the end of the wetting cycle, reduce the cracking intensity factor (CIF) from 1.96% to zero cracks. Mechanical behavior is heavily influenced by the nature of fly ash which has of a small water absorption and change the water in the soil for the pozzolanic reaction and produce calcium hydrate silica (CSH), in which the reaction is to form granules (binder) in the soil so that the soil becomes dense and hard, while palm oil fiber have cellulose and lignin as dominant compounds that tend to have high water absorption but serves to strengthen the fiber tensile force between the fibers and the soils surface due to adhesion forces so that the soil is not easily collapse and reduce the potential shrinkages and cracking of the soils.
Dynamics Behaviour of Multi Storeys Framed Structures by of Iterative Method AM Publications
Dynamics refers to the branch of mechanics that deals with the movement of objects and the forces that drive that movement. Structural analysis which covers the behaviour of structures subjected to dynamic (actions having high acceleration) loading. Dynamic loads include people, wind, waves, traffic, earthquakes, and blasts. Any structure can be subjected to dynamic loading. Dynamic analysis can be used to find dynamic displacements, time history, and the frequency content of the load. One analysis technique for calculating the linear response of structures to dynamic loading is a modal analysis. In modal analysis, we decompose the response of the structure into several vibration modes. A mode is defined by its frequency and shape. Structural engineers call the mode with the shortest frequency (the longest period) the fundamental mode. This paper presents a study on mode shape, inertia force, spring force and deflection of multi storied framed structures by comparison of stodola’s and Holzer method. This study involves in examination of theoretical investigations of multi storied framed structures. Overall four storey multi storied framed structures and two methods were analysed & comparison of all the mode shape, inertia force, spring force and deflection at the critical cross-section with same configuration loading by keeping all other parameters constant. The theoretical data are calculated using code IS 1893, IS 4326, IS 13920. The all storey mass and stiffens are analysed under the cantilever condition. The research project aims to provide which method is most accuracy to find the mode shape, spring force deflection and inertia force. The studies reveal that the theoretical investigations Stodola’s method is most accuracy compare to the Holzer method. The maximum mode shape, spring force, spring deflection and inertia force is 87.29%, 80 %, 89% and 72% is higher the Stodola’s method compare than Holzer method in same configuration.
The Geotechnical Properties of Jamshoro Soil (Shale) With CementIJMREMJournal
The geology of Jamshoro soil is nearly consist of multilayers in alternative form. The alternative layer of
Jamshoro soil occur in the form of lime stone and shale or vice versa. The basic aim of this research is to improve
the geotechnical properties of Jamshoro soil (shale) by using the cement as the stabilized material. This paper
reports the effect of cement on the geotechnical characteristic of the cohesive soil and swelling potential of the
Jamshoro soil. The soil sample used for testing purpose are thoroughly mixed to obtain the homogeneity. After
that thoroughly mixed was dried in the oven. Oven dried sample was mixed with cement at different proportion
that was 5% ,10%, 15% and 20% by the soil weight. Water content used in the mixture to form the specimens at
optimum moisture contents of the soil. The compacted this prepared soil specimen was done by followed the
procedure of standard proctor test. Compacted specimens were cured for the period of 1, 7, 14 and 28 days. After
the completion of curing duration of specimen direct shear test was done. On the base of experimental result, it
was concluded that the cement showed an appreciable improvement of the cohesion with the curing period.
Background/Objectives: The Effect of Bottom Ash over the Soil is carried out by conducting Suitable Soil Experiments.
Methods/Statistical Analysis:
Experiments such as Standard Proctor Test (SPT), Unconfined Compressive strength (UCS) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) repeatedly over the soil for different percentages of bottom as such as 8%, 12% and 16% by weights and the results are analyzed with respective to the results obtained for the natural soil. The experiments are conducted as per Indian standards of light compaction.
Findings: The results show the increasing values of maximum dry density and the UCS values for treated sample and there is a decrease of CBR value with the addition of bottom ash. The maximum dry densities obtained for natural soil, treated soil sample with 8%, 12% and 16% of bottom ash are 17KN/m3, 21 KN/m3, 22 KN/m3 and 20 KN/m3 respectively and thus a maximum of 22 KN/m3 for 12% addition of bottom ash.
Improvements/Applications: Thus, the Optimum Moisture Content of 16% for natural soil and 11.5%, 11% and 13% for the 8%, 12% and 16% of treated soil. Similarly, the UCS values for the Natural soil, treated soil for 8%, 12% and 16% as 270 KN/m2, 265 KN/m2, 350 KN/m2 and 230 KN/m2, thus having maximum for 12% of treated soil. But the CBR values are shown poor results as 3.66% for natural soil and 2.18%, 2.35% and 1.98% for respective percentages of treated soil for 8%, 12% and 16% of bottom ash.
This document investigates the effect of cyclic wetting and drying on expansive soils through laboratory experiments. It discusses how swelling and shrinkage cycles impact soil cracking behaviour, structure, and plasticity characteristics. Specimens of Romainville clay were subjected to 5 wet-dry cycles while monitoring cracking patterns, shrinkage, and other properties. Results showed cracking behaviour reached equilibrium after 3 cycles, with crack patterns stabilizing thereafter. Cyclic wetting and drying was found to influence soil structure and plasticity.
Statistical evaluation of compression index equationsIAEME Publication
This document discusses statistical evaluation of equations for predicting the compression index (Cc) of soils. Twelve commonly used equations that predict Cc based on parameters like liquid limit, plasticity index, dry density, and void ratio are considered. Statistical analysis is performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the equations. One-way and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests are conducted using a database of 178 soil samples to compare predicted and observed Cc values. The tests indicate that soil classification and prediction method have a significant influence on the deviation between predicted and observed Cc. Certain models are found to be applicable only to some soil classification groups. The best models for different soil groups and for all soil types are identified using statistical tests.
Fixity depth of offshore piles in elastoplastic soft clay under dynamic loadeSAT Journals
Abstract
This work represents study of dynamic behavior of offshore piles embedded in elastoplastic soft clay, and estimating the fixity depth of pile. ABAQUS finite element program which used to simulate the problem. The soil was modeled in two case elastic state model and elastoplastic state model represented by cam-clay model, three dimension element used to represent the interaction between pile and soil, and laboratory tests used to getting the real properties of clayey soil and to descried interface. The results obtained developed two empirical equations used to calculate depth of pile fixity for pile embedded in elastic and elastoplastic soil respectively. Also, show the depth of pile fixity is increase about (40 %) due to change soil model from elastic to plastic, when pile embedded in elastoplastic soil its dependent on soil strength, interface properties and pile rigidity. The pile head displacement is increase about 90 % while the bending moment is decease 10 % at pile head.
The impact of the diameter to height ratio on the compressibility parameters ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Compressibility parameters of fine-grained soils are mainly influenced by soil mineralogy, moisture content and soil diameter to height ratio (D/H). The British and American standards suggested that to obtain accurate engineering properties; it is necessary to use D/H ratio of 4 and 2.5 respectively to eliminate friction between the soil and the structure. In the current study, various D/H ratios were adopted ranging from 0.5 to 11. The D/H ratios effect on some compressibility parameters such as coefficient of consolidation (cv), compression index (cc) and coefficient of volume compressibility (mv) were analysed. Additionally, the impact of the D/H ratio on the acquire cv values were also presented where three methods were used namely: Casagrande, Taylor and Inflection method. The scaling effects based on cv ratio [cv (√t) / cv (log t)] from Oedometer tests using different D/H ratios are also presented. The results showed that Taylor’s method is the most appropriate way to achieve an accurate cv and an increase in pressure leads to a reduction in cc and a gradual decrease in mv. The validation of the experimental results on a finite element software package PLAXIS was completed. Keywords: Compressibility, D/H ratio, Fine-grained soil, Friction
Performance of Soft Soil Stabilized by Fly Ash with Natural Fiber Reinforceme...AM Publications
The use of clay as a landfill cover system is a choice of alternative materials that are widely used in almost all the existing landfill system in Indonesia and in the world. In addition to the relatively low cost of procurement is also available in almost all regions in Indonesia. However, alternative reliable overburden landfills has not been much discussed and researched. The purpose of this study is to design an ideal final cover layer landfill technically and mechanically. The results showed that the addition of fly ash and palm oil fiber (POF) between 10% of fly ash and 0.5% of POF can enhance the mechanical value of soils. the compressive strength of soils increase from 39.4 kPa to 89.0 kPa or rose by 129%, decreasing the value of soil hydraulic conductivity is to be 1,2x10-7 from the initial value of 1,17x10-6 or decreased by 850.4%, increase in soil friction angle of 8.55° to 24 °, and lowering the soil liquid limit of 33.48% to 24.5%, decreasing of swelling potential of 8 % to only 1.5% at the end of the wetting cycle, reduce the cracking intensity factor (CIF) from 1.96% to zero cracks. Mechanical behavior is heavily influenced by the nature of fly ash which has of a small water absorption and change the water in the soil for the pozzolanic reaction and produce calcium hydrate silica (CSH), in which the reaction is to form granules (binder) in the soil so that the soil becomes dense and hard, while palm oil fiber have cellulose and lignin as dominant compounds that tend to have high water absorption but serves to strengthen the fiber tensile force between the fibers and the soils surface due to adhesion forces so that the soil is not easily collapse and reduce the potential shrinkages and cracking of the soils.
Dynamics Behaviour of Multi Storeys Framed Structures by of Iterative Method AM Publications
Dynamics refers to the branch of mechanics that deals with the movement of objects and the forces that drive that movement. Structural analysis which covers the behaviour of structures subjected to dynamic (actions having high acceleration) loading. Dynamic loads include people, wind, waves, traffic, earthquakes, and blasts. Any structure can be subjected to dynamic loading. Dynamic analysis can be used to find dynamic displacements, time history, and the frequency content of the load. One analysis technique for calculating the linear response of structures to dynamic loading is a modal analysis. In modal analysis, we decompose the response of the structure into several vibration modes. A mode is defined by its frequency and shape. Structural engineers call the mode with the shortest frequency (the longest period) the fundamental mode. This paper presents a study on mode shape, inertia force, spring force and deflection of multi storied framed structures by comparison of stodola’s and Holzer method. This study involves in examination of theoretical investigations of multi storied framed structures. Overall four storey multi storied framed structures and two methods were analysed & comparison of all the mode shape, inertia force, spring force and deflection at the critical cross-section with same configuration loading by keeping all other parameters constant. The theoretical data are calculated using code IS 1893, IS 4326, IS 13920. The all storey mass and stiffens are analysed under the cantilever condition. The research project aims to provide which method is most accuracy to find the mode shape, spring force deflection and inertia force. The studies reveal that the theoretical investigations Stodola’s method is most accuracy compare to the Holzer method. The maximum mode shape, spring force, spring deflection and inertia force is 87.29%, 80 %, 89% and 72% is higher the Stodola’s method compare than Holzer method in same configuration.
The Geotechnical Properties of Jamshoro Soil (Shale) With CementIJMREMJournal
The geology of Jamshoro soil is nearly consist of multilayers in alternative form. The alternative layer of
Jamshoro soil occur in the form of lime stone and shale or vice versa. The basic aim of this research is to improve
the geotechnical properties of Jamshoro soil (shale) by using the cement as the stabilized material. This paper
reports the effect of cement on the geotechnical characteristic of the cohesive soil and swelling potential of the
Jamshoro soil. The soil sample used for testing purpose are thoroughly mixed to obtain the homogeneity. After
that thoroughly mixed was dried in the oven. Oven dried sample was mixed with cement at different proportion
that was 5% ,10%, 15% and 20% by the soil weight. Water content used in the mixture to form the specimens at
optimum moisture contents of the soil. The compacted this prepared soil specimen was done by followed the
procedure of standard proctor test. Compacted specimens were cured for the period of 1, 7, 14 and 28 days. After
the completion of curing duration of specimen direct shear test was done. On the base of experimental result, it
was concluded that the cement showed an appreciable improvement of the cohesion with the curing period.
Background/Objectives: The Effect of Bottom Ash over the Soil is carried out by conducting Suitable Soil Experiments.
Methods/Statistical Analysis:
Experiments such as Standard Proctor Test (SPT), Unconfined Compressive strength (UCS) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) repeatedly over the soil for different percentages of bottom as such as 8%, 12% and 16% by weights and the results are analyzed with respective to the results obtained for the natural soil. The experiments are conducted as per Indian standards of light compaction.
Findings: The results show the increasing values of maximum dry density and the UCS values for treated sample and there is a decrease of CBR value with the addition of bottom ash. The maximum dry densities obtained for natural soil, treated soil sample with 8%, 12% and 16% of bottom ash are 17KN/m3, 21 KN/m3, 22 KN/m3 and 20 KN/m3 respectively and thus a maximum of 22 KN/m3 for 12% addition of bottom ash.
Improvements/Applications: Thus, the Optimum Moisture Content of 16% for natural soil and 11.5%, 11% and 13% for the 8%, 12% and 16% of treated soil. Similarly, the UCS values for the Natural soil, treated soil for 8%, 12% and 16% as 270 KN/m2, 265 KN/m2, 350 KN/m2 and 230 KN/m2, thus having maximum for 12% of treated soil. But the CBR values are shown poor results as 3.66% for natural soil and 2.18%, 2.35% and 1.98% for respective percentages of treated soil for 8%, 12% and 16% of bottom ash.
This document investigates the effect of cyclic wetting and drying on expansive soils through laboratory experiments. It discusses how swelling and shrinkage cycles impact soil cracking behaviour, structure, and plasticity characteristics. Specimens of Romainville clay were subjected to 5 wet-dry cycles while monitoring cracking patterns, shrinkage, and other properties. Results showed cracking behaviour reached equilibrium after 3 cycles, with crack patterns stabilizing thereafter. Cyclic wetting and drying was found to influence soil structure and plasticity.
This document discusses using acoustic emission (AE) techniques to non-destructively evaluate the properties of concrete and mortar, including compressive strength, flexural strength, and moisture content. Tests were conducted on concrete cubes and mortar cubes and beams with varying water-to-cement ratios. Results showed that the AE amplitude attenuated with increasing distance from the source, and that the attenuation factor correlated strongly with compressive strength, flexural strength, and moisture content - providing a way to predict these properties using a non-destructive AE method.
Prediction of swelling pressure of expansive soils using compositional andIAEME Publication
The document discusses predicting swelling pressure of expansive soils using compositional and environmental factors. Expansive soils exhibit significant volume changes with moisture content variations, which can damage foundations. Directly determining swelling characteristics is expensive. The paper investigates how soil state (reflected by initial moisture content, dry density, and surcharge pressure) and soil type (reflected by liquid limit and plasticity index) influence predicted swelling pressure. 46 free swell oedometer tests were conducted on 4 soils, varying one factor at a time over practical ranges. Results show swelling pressure is associated with both compositional and environmental factors.
Triaxial test on soil important insights -formatted paperSamirsinh Parmar
This document discusses triaxial testing of soils under stress-controlled and strain-controlled loading modes. It provides a brief history of triaxial testing and describes key aspects of the test including the apparatus, sample preparation, procedures, and analysis of results. It explains that triaxial tests are useful for determining soil shear strength parameters and simulating three-dimensional stress conditions in the field. The document also summarizes important insights from previous studies comparing results of stress-controlled and strain-controlled triaxial tests.
Correlation Of Cbr Value With Properties Of Red SoilIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that aimed to establish relationships between the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value and index properties of red soil, a type of soil locally available in Kerala, India. Three soil samples were collected from different locations and tested to determine their geotechnical properties, including CBR value, maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were used to develop correlations between CBR value and the index properties. The results showed that CBR had the highest correlation with optimum moisture content. Validation of the regression models found that predicted CBR values closely matched actual values, indicating a good relationship between CBR and soil properties for red soil
The document is a laboratory manual for introductory geotechnical engineering and environmental engineering applications. It outlines 20 standard laboratory experiments and tests for characterizing soils, including procedures for site investigation, moisture content, organic content, specific gravity, sieve analysis, Atterberg limits, soil classification, consolidation, compaction, permeability, and shear strength. The suggested schedule provides recommendations for which tests civil engineering and environmental engineering majors should focus on each week to complete all experiments over a 13-week semester.
Settlement prediction research on the gravel pile in soft soil subgradeIJERA Editor
Settlement prediction methods of soft subgrade based on the soil mechanical theories and mathematical statistics emerges in endlessly, but together with its limitations; the single theoretical calculation method maybe sometimes good, sometimes bad without the capacity to consider the change of the load; however the study of the theory of the combined forecast method is far from perfect. Under this situation, in view of the engineering practice in soft soil subgrade deformation law research in order to put forward a reasonable settlement prediction method, which is a problem urgently to be solved at present. Relying on gravel pile in soft soil subgrade construction in the highway K9+420-K9+550 section, and analyzing the data measured according to the soft soil foundation in the loading and constant loading period, taking classification of embankment load into account, and based on the related parameters of soil at the same time using the numerical analysis of saturated soft soil subgrade deformation-seepage coupling calculation, comparing the measured data with the finite element results and checking the fit, based on detailed sedimentation data by using curve-fitting method for calculating ultimate settlement value and compared with the finite element method settlement value for several years under broaden embankment. The two values differ by 1.5cm, which is in a controllable range for soft soil. Then thus the results are true and reliable in order to have implications for similar projects.
Modification of the casagrandes equation of phreatic lineIAEME Publication
The document presents an experimental study to modify Casagrande's equation for determining the phreatic line in an earthen dam. A physical model of an earth-fill dam was constructed using sandy silt soil. Phreatic lines were traced for the model with and without a horizontal filter. The experimental results were compared to Casagrande's analytical solution. Regression modeling was then used to derive a new, more accurate equation to determine the phreatic line position based on the experimental data for dams with sandy silt soils. The modified equation was found to estimate the phreatic line location more precisely than Casagrande's original equation.
MODERNIZATION OF THE CLASSICAL SCHEME OF THE HANDICRAFT MANUFACTURE OF SOIL P...IAEME Publication
This document discusses the modernization of handicraft soil pressure sensors. Traditional sensors often failed due to contact breakdown, depressurization, or short circuits. The authors propose upgrades to minimize failure, including fiberglass boards, two-stage sealing with epoxy resin, stronger titanium bodies, and different adhesives and cables. Laboratory tests of upgraded sensors in soil samples showed no failures and measurement errors below 10%. However, attempts to create handicraft pore pressure sensors resulted in failures when soil entered through holes in the sensor body.
The document discusses the compression behavior of natural soils from Tirupati, India. One-dimensional compression tests were conducted on soil samples from 8 locations to analyze their compression index before and after yield. The results show that natural soils initially exhibit stiff behavior up to a yield stress value, after which greater compression occurs. When void ratio is plotted against log pressure, the compression behavior of natural soils is located on the left of the normal compression line, similar to overconsolidated soils, and merges with the line at higher stresses. This indicates that the normal compression line represents the state boundary for natural soils. Analysis of compression indices before and after yield can help understand soil settlement behavior under loading.
IRJET- Prediction of CBR Value by using Index Properties of SoilIRJET Journal
The document presents a study that aimed to correlate California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values with index properties of soil to provide an alternative method for estimating CBR. Soil samples were collected from various locations and tested for CBR, liquid limit, plastic limit, optimum moisture content, and maximum dry density. Simple linear regression analysis was used to develop relationships between CBR and individual index properties. Strong correlations were found between CBR and liquid limit (R2=0.955), plasticity index (R2=0.866), optimum moisture content (R2=0.924), and maximum dry density (R2=0.967). Predictive equations were developed for each property. The study provides a faster
This document summarizes a study on using ultrasonic pulse velocity testing to evaluate cement-stabilized clayey soil. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the compaction properties of clayey soil mixed with varying percentages of cement (0-10%). Specimens were compacted and their maximum dry density, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and transmission time were measured. The results showed that adding cement increased the soil's maximum dry density, ultrasonic pulse velocity, durability, and reduced volume changes. Graphs of the data indicated velocity and density increased with higher cement content. The researchers concluded that ultrasonic pulse velocity testing can be used as an alternative to conventional field testing methods for evaluating the compaction of cement-stabilized soils.
Evaluation of topsoil iron oxide from visible spectroscopyeSAT Journals
Abstract Conventional methods of soil iron oxide estimation are laborious and costly. Reflectance spectroscopy provides a good alternative that may be used to replace conventional methods of soil analysis. Most of the studies are concentrated on near infrared region of the spectrum. But in developing countries like India affording for wider range spectroscopy is a costly affair. Hence this study was conducted to establish relationship between topsoil iron oxide and their visible reflectance spectra in lateritic type of soils. Visible reflectance spectra of the soil samples were measured by a spectroradiometer in the range of 325 to 1100nm with a 1nm increment. Multivariate PLSR method was used to predict iron oxide from reflectance which resulted in moderate prediction of R2 0.71 and 0.62 for calibration and validation respectively. It can be inferred that visible spectroscopy can be effectively used for topsoil iron oxide prediction with an acceptable level of accuracy. Keywords: Topsoil, iron oxide, visible spectrum, Partial Least Square Regression.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Numerical study of natural convection in an enclosed square cavity using cons...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a numerical study of natural convection in an enclosed square cavity using the Constrained Interpolated Profile (CIP) method. The CIP method was used to simulate the natural convection heat transfer and fluid flow in a square cavity with differentially heated side walls. The streamlines and isotherms obtained for Rayleigh numbers of 103, 104, and 105 were compared to published literature and found to be in good agreement. The CIP method solves the advection phase equation using CIP and the non-advection phase using finite difference methods. Governing equations for the vorticity transport and energy equations are presented and discretized for solution using the CIPNSE method.
Effect of fly ash on geotechnical properties of local soil fly ash mixed sampleseSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on the effect of fly ash on the geotechnical properties of soil-fly ash mixtures. Fly ash was collected from a thermal power plant in India and mixed with local silty clay soil at percentages ranging from 10-30% by dry weight. A series of laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate properties such as specific gravity, plasticity, compaction characteristics, hydraulic conductivity, strength and volume change. The results showed that with increasing fly ash content, the specific gravity, plasticity, maximum dry density and other properties decreased while optimum moisture content and initial void ratio increased. Hydraulic conductivity initially increased with fly ash content but decreased over time due to pozzolanic reactions. The study aims to
In the present paper a series of California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests has been performed in
both soaked and unsoaked condition on field samples collected from road subgrade. Four rural
roads in West Bengal, India have been considered for collection of field CBR sample. From the
experimental data it is found that with time the values of CBR in soaked and unsoaked condition
increases irrespective of types of road subgrade. Based on the present experimental data a
nonlinear power model has been developed to predict field soaked CBR value with time (CBRfst), in
terms of field soaked CBR value at 0 days (CBRfs0 ) and time ‘t’.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF SUB SOIL PROFILE USING GIS IAEME Publication
In this paper, GIS technology integrates common database operation such as query and statistical analysis benefits offered by maps. This ability distinguish GIS from other information system and makes it valuable to a wide range of public and private enterprises for explaining events, predicting outcome and planning strategies. The soils at various places of the particular area are collected at the closest distance. QGIS open source software is used for mapping. We have collected samples from four places. From each place 6 KG of soil is collected. The current latitude and longitude position from where the samples are taken are located using GPS and are noted down. The Test was Carried on the Shear strength of the Soil are found by the Direct Shear Test, Bearing capacity of the Soil are found by the CBR(California Bearing Ratio, Permeability of the Soil are found by the Falling Head Flow Method for the Different Location.
Experimental estimate of ultimate bearing capacity and settlement for rectangIAEME Publication
The document summarizes experimental tests conducted to estimate the ultimate bearing capacity and settlement of rectangular footings on sand. Laboratory model tests were performed on footings with varying sizes (100mm x 125mm, 100mm x 150mm, etc.) and a constant depth of sand cushion below the footing of 900mm. The tests measured how loading intensity affected settlement. Log-load vs log-settlement curves were plotted from the results, and the point of intersection was used to determine ultimate bearing capacity and corresponding settlement. Bearing capacity factors were computed and compared to theoretical values. The tests found that as footing size increased, ultimate bearing capacity and settlement values also increased, while the bearing capacity factor decreased.
This document summarizes a research paper analyzing the sustainability opportunities and challenges of the biofuels industry in India. The paper aims to answer three questions: 1) What are some significant sustainability opportunities and challenges of the biofuels industry? 2) What is the current state of biofuel operations in India? 3) What initial steps can be taken toward sustainable biofuel development? The response analyzes strategic sustainable development approaches and tools like the Natural Step Framework. Key points discussed include economic, environmental and social sustainability assessments of biomass and biofuels, including issues of profitability, efficiency, equity, energy balance, greenhouse gas emissions and life cycle assessments. Challenges in implementing ethanol blending programs in India like taxation and availability of
The document investigates the effect of dielectric superstrates on the bandwidth, gain, and resonant frequency of a U-slot microstrip patch antenna. It is found that placing a superstrate directly on the patch degrades performance by lowering the resonant frequency, decreasing bandwidth, and reducing gain. However, positioning the superstrate at an optimal height above the patch (Hopt) improves performance such that the gain and bandwidth approach levels achieved without a superstrate. Both simulated and experimental results show that superstrate height is a key parameter, and performance degradation can be mitigated by setting the height to Hopt.
A optimized process for the synthesis of a key starting material for etodolac...IOSR Journals
This document describes an optimized process for synthesizing 7-ethyltryptophol, a key starting material for the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug etodolac. The process involves reacting 2-ethylphenyl hydrazine hydrochloride with 2,3-dihydrofuran in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst in a water/dimethylacetamide solvent system. This method yields 7-ethyltryptophol in 75% yield with high purity in an easy, inexpensive, and operationally simple process without the need for purification. Testing different acid catalysts and solvent systems showed concentrated sulfuric acid and a water/dimethylacetamide mixture provided the best conversion and yield.
Gc-Ms Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil of Senecio Peduncu...IOSR Journals
The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the leaves of Senecio pedunculatus collected from the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand, was analyzed by GC-MS. The major constituent was found out to be caryophyllene oxide (23.28%). The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the oil was determined by disc diffusion method. Results showed that the oil exhibited mild antimicrobial activity.
This document discusses using acoustic emission (AE) techniques to non-destructively evaluate the properties of concrete and mortar, including compressive strength, flexural strength, and moisture content. Tests were conducted on concrete cubes and mortar cubes and beams with varying water-to-cement ratios. Results showed that the AE amplitude attenuated with increasing distance from the source, and that the attenuation factor correlated strongly with compressive strength, flexural strength, and moisture content - providing a way to predict these properties using a non-destructive AE method.
Prediction of swelling pressure of expansive soils using compositional andIAEME Publication
The document discusses predicting swelling pressure of expansive soils using compositional and environmental factors. Expansive soils exhibit significant volume changes with moisture content variations, which can damage foundations. Directly determining swelling characteristics is expensive. The paper investigates how soil state (reflected by initial moisture content, dry density, and surcharge pressure) and soil type (reflected by liquid limit and plasticity index) influence predicted swelling pressure. 46 free swell oedometer tests were conducted on 4 soils, varying one factor at a time over practical ranges. Results show swelling pressure is associated with both compositional and environmental factors.
Triaxial test on soil important insights -formatted paperSamirsinh Parmar
This document discusses triaxial testing of soils under stress-controlled and strain-controlled loading modes. It provides a brief history of triaxial testing and describes key aspects of the test including the apparatus, sample preparation, procedures, and analysis of results. It explains that triaxial tests are useful for determining soil shear strength parameters and simulating three-dimensional stress conditions in the field. The document also summarizes important insights from previous studies comparing results of stress-controlled and strain-controlled triaxial tests.
Correlation Of Cbr Value With Properties Of Red SoilIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that aimed to establish relationships between the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value and index properties of red soil, a type of soil locally available in Kerala, India. Three soil samples were collected from different locations and tested to determine their geotechnical properties, including CBR value, maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were used to develop correlations between CBR value and the index properties. The results showed that CBR had the highest correlation with optimum moisture content. Validation of the regression models found that predicted CBR values closely matched actual values, indicating a good relationship between CBR and soil properties for red soil
The document is a laboratory manual for introductory geotechnical engineering and environmental engineering applications. It outlines 20 standard laboratory experiments and tests for characterizing soils, including procedures for site investigation, moisture content, organic content, specific gravity, sieve analysis, Atterberg limits, soil classification, consolidation, compaction, permeability, and shear strength. The suggested schedule provides recommendations for which tests civil engineering and environmental engineering majors should focus on each week to complete all experiments over a 13-week semester.
Settlement prediction research on the gravel pile in soft soil subgradeIJERA Editor
Settlement prediction methods of soft subgrade based on the soil mechanical theories and mathematical statistics emerges in endlessly, but together with its limitations; the single theoretical calculation method maybe sometimes good, sometimes bad without the capacity to consider the change of the load; however the study of the theory of the combined forecast method is far from perfect. Under this situation, in view of the engineering practice in soft soil subgrade deformation law research in order to put forward a reasonable settlement prediction method, which is a problem urgently to be solved at present. Relying on gravel pile in soft soil subgrade construction in the highway K9+420-K9+550 section, and analyzing the data measured according to the soft soil foundation in the loading and constant loading period, taking classification of embankment load into account, and based on the related parameters of soil at the same time using the numerical analysis of saturated soft soil subgrade deformation-seepage coupling calculation, comparing the measured data with the finite element results and checking the fit, based on detailed sedimentation data by using curve-fitting method for calculating ultimate settlement value and compared with the finite element method settlement value for several years under broaden embankment. The two values differ by 1.5cm, which is in a controllable range for soft soil. Then thus the results are true and reliable in order to have implications for similar projects.
Modification of the casagrandes equation of phreatic lineIAEME Publication
The document presents an experimental study to modify Casagrande's equation for determining the phreatic line in an earthen dam. A physical model of an earth-fill dam was constructed using sandy silt soil. Phreatic lines were traced for the model with and without a horizontal filter. The experimental results were compared to Casagrande's analytical solution. Regression modeling was then used to derive a new, more accurate equation to determine the phreatic line position based on the experimental data for dams with sandy silt soils. The modified equation was found to estimate the phreatic line location more precisely than Casagrande's original equation.
MODERNIZATION OF THE CLASSICAL SCHEME OF THE HANDICRAFT MANUFACTURE OF SOIL P...IAEME Publication
This document discusses the modernization of handicraft soil pressure sensors. Traditional sensors often failed due to contact breakdown, depressurization, or short circuits. The authors propose upgrades to minimize failure, including fiberglass boards, two-stage sealing with epoxy resin, stronger titanium bodies, and different adhesives and cables. Laboratory tests of upgraded sensors in soil samples showed no failures and measurement errors below 10%. However, attempts to create handicraft pore pressure sensors resulted in failures when soil entered through holes in the sensor body.
The document discusses the compression behavior of natural soils from Tirupati, India. One-dimensional compression tests were conducted on soil samples from 8 locations to analyze their compression index before and after yield. The results show that natural soils initially exhibit stiff behavior up to a yield stress value, after which greater compression occurs. When void ratio is plotted against log pressure, the compression behavior of natural soils is located on the left of the normal compression line, similar to overconsolidated soils, and merges with the line at higher stresses. This indicates that the normal compression line represents the state boundary for natural soils. Analysis of compression indices before and after yield can help understand soil settlement behavior under loading.
IRJET- Prediction of CBR Value by using Index Properties of SoilIRJET Journal
The document presents a study that aimed to correlate California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values with index properties of soil to provide an alternative method for estimating CBR. Soil samples were collected from various locations and tested for CBR, liquid limit, plastic limit, optimum moisture content, and maximum dry density. Simple linear regression analysis was used to develop relationships between CBR and individual index properties. Strong correlations were found between CBR and liquid limit (R2=0.955), plasticity index (R2=0.866), optimum moisture content (R2=0.924), and maximum dry density (R2=0.967). Predictive equations were developed for each property. The study provides a faster
This document summarizes a study on using ultrasonic pulse velocity testing to evaluate cement-stabilized clayey soil. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the compaction properties of clayey soil mixed with varying percentages of cement (0-10%). Specimens were compacted and their maximum dry density, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and transmission time were measured. The results showed that adding cement increased the soil's maximum dry density, ultrasonic pulse velocity, durability, and reduced volume changes. Graphs of the data indicated velocity and density increased with higher cement content. The researchers concluded that ultrasonic pulse velocity testing can be used as an alternative to conventional field testing methods for evaluating the compaction of cement-stabilized soils.
Evaluation of topsoil iron oxide from visible spectroscopyeSAT Journals
Abstract Conventional methods of soil iron oxide estimation are laborious and costly. Reflectance spectroscopy provides a good alternative that may be used to replace conventional methods of soil analysis. Most of the studies are concentrated on near infrared region of the spectrum. But in developing countries like India affording for wider range spectroscopy is a costly affair. Hence this study was conducted to establish relationship between topsoil iron oxide and their visible reflectance spectra in lateritic type of soils. Visible reflectance spectra of the soil samples were measured by a spectroradiometer in the range of 325 to 1100nm with a 1nm increment. Multivariate PLSR method was used to predict iron oxide from reflectance which resulted in moderate prediction of R2 0.71 and 0.62 for calibration and validation respectively. It can be inferred that visible spectroscopy can be effectively used for topsoil iron oxide prediction with an acceptable level of accuracy. Keywords: Topsoil, iron oxide, visible spectrum, Partial Least Square Regression.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Numerical study of natural convection in an enclosed square cavity using cons...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a numerical study of natural convection in an enclosed square cavity using the Constrained Interpolated Profile (CIP) method. The CIP method was used to simulate the natural convection heat transfer and fluid flow in a square cavity with differentially heated side walls. The streamlines and isotherms obtained for Rayleigh numbers of 103, 104, and 105 were compared to published literature and found to be in good agreement. The CIP method solves the advection phase equation using CIP and the non-advection phase using finite difference methods. Governing equations for the vorticity transport and energy equations are presented and discretized for solution using the CIPNSE method.
Effect of fly ash on geotechnical properties of local soil fly ash mixed sampleseSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on the effect of fly ash on the geotechnical properties of soil-fly ash mixtures. Fly ash was collected from a thermal power plant in India and mixed with local silty clay soil at percentages ranging from 10-30% by dry weight. A series of laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate properties such as specific gravity, plasticity, compaction characteristics, hydraulic conductivity, strength and volume change. The results showed that with increasing fly ash content, the specific gravity, plasticity, maximum dry density and other properties decreased while optimum moisture content and initial void ratio increased. Hydraulic conductivity initially increased with fly ash content but decreased over time due to pozzolanic reactions. The study aims to
In the present paper a series of California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests has been performed in
both soaked and unsoaked condition on field samples collected from road subgrade. Four rural
roads in West Bengal, India have been considered for collection of field CBR sample. From the
experimental data it is found that with time the values of CBR in soaked and unsoaked condition
increases irrespective of types of road subgrade. Based on the present experimental data a
nonlinear power model has been developed to predict field soaked CBR value with time (CBRfst), in
terms of field soaked CBR value at 0 days (CBRfs0 ) and time ‘t’.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF SUB SOIL PROFILE USING GIS IAEME Publication
In this paper, GIS technology integrates common database operation such as query and statistical analysis benefits offered by maps. This ability distinguish GIS from other information system and makes it valuable to a wide range of public and private enterprises for explaining events, predicting outcome and planning strategies. The soils at various places of the particular area are collected at the closest distance. QGIS open source software is used for mapping. We have collected samples from four places. From each place 6 KG of soil is collected. The current latitude and longitude position from where the samples are taken are located using GPS and are noted down. The Test was Carried on the Shear strength of the Soil are found by the Direct Shear Test, Bearing capacity of the Soil are found by the CBR(California Bearing Ratio, Permeability of the Soil are found by the Falling Head Flow Method for the Different Location.
Experimental estimate of ultimate bearing capacity and settlement for rectangIAEME Publication
The document summarizes experimental tests conducted to estimate the ultimate bearing capacity and settlement of rectangular footings on sand. Laboratory model tests were performed on footings with varying sizes (100mm x 125mm, 100mm x 150mm, etc.) and a constant depth of sand cushion below the footing of 900mm. The tests measured how loading intensity affected settlement. Log-load vs log-settlement curves were plotted from the results, and the point of intersection was used to determine ultimate bearing capacity and corresponding settlement. Bearing capacity factors were computed and compared to theoretical values. The tests found that as footing size increased, ultimate bearing capacity and settlement values also increased, while the bearing capacity factor decreased.
This document summarizes a research paper analyzing the sustainability opportunities and challenges of the biofuels industry in India. The paper aims to answer three questions: 1) What are some significant sustainability opportunities and challenges of the biofuels industry? 2) What is the current state of biofuel operations in India? 3) What initial steps can be taken toward sustainable biofuel development? The response analyzes strategic sustainable development approaches and tools like the Natural Step Framework. Key points discussed include economic, environmental and social sustainability assessments of biomass and biofuels, including issues of profitability, efficiency, equity, energy balance, greenhouse gas emissions and life cycle assessments. Challenges in implementing ethanol blending programs in India like taxation and availability of
The document investigates the effect of dielectric superstrates on the bandwidth, gain, and resonant frequency of a U-slot microstrip patch antenna. It is found that placing a superstrate directly on the patch degrades performance by lowering the resonant frequency, decreasing bandwidth, and reducing gain. However, positioning the superstrate at an optimal height above the patch (Hopt) improves performance such that the gain and bandwidth approach levels achieved without a superstrate. Both simulated and experimental results show that superstrate height is a key parameter, and performance degradation can be mitigated by setting the height to Hopt.
A optimized process for the synthesis of a key starting material for etodolac...IOSR Journals
This document describes an optimized process for synthesizing 7-ethyltryptophol, a key starting material for the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug etodolac. The process involves reacting 2-ethylphenyl hydrazine hydrochloride with 2,3-dihydrofuran in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst in a water/dimethylacetamide solvent system. This method yields 7-ethyltryptophol in 75% yield with high purity in an easy, inexpensive, and operationally simple process without the need for purification. Testing different acid catalysts and solvent systems showed concentrated sulfuric acid and a water/dimethylacetamide mixture provided the best conversion and yield.
Gc-Ms Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil of Senecio Peduncu...IOSR Journals
The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the leaves of Senecio pedunculatus collected from the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand, was analyzed by GC-MS. The major constituent was found out to be caryophyllene oxide (23.28%). The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the oil was determined by disc diffusion method. Results showed that the oil exhibited mild antimicrobial activity.
This document presents a stability theorem for large solutions of the three-dimensional incompressible magnetohydrodynamic equations. The theorem proves that if one solution decays to zero and another solution is initially close, then the perturbed solution will remain close. The proof uses Sobolev spaces and interpolation inequalities. As consequences of the theorem, the stability result can be extended to cases where the domain is all of R3 or satisfies certain conditions. Further work could look at extending results on regularity and stability of fluid flows to the MHD case using different function spaces like Besov spaces.
m - projective curvature tensor on a Lorentzian para – Sasakian manifoldsIOSR Journals
In this paper we studied m-projectively flat, m-projectively conservative, 𝜑-m-projectively flat LP-Sasakian manifold. It has also been proved that quasi m- projectively flat LP-Sasakian manifold is locally isometric to the unit sphere 𝑆𝑛(1) if and only if 𝑀𝑛 is m-projectively flat.
Corporate Governance, Firm Size, and Earning Management: Evidence in Indonesi...IOSR Journals
Purpose –Thepurpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of the corporate governance regulationsimplementation and firm size onthe earning management for food and beverages companies in Indonesian Stock Exchange. Design/methodology/approach –The multiple regression is utilized to test this relationship at 95% confidence.Corporate governance was proxied by board of director, audit quality, and board independence. Firm size was represented by natural logarithm of total assets. Earning management was measured by Jones model withdiscretionary accruals. Findings – Using data from the year 2005 annual reports of 51 food and beverages listed companies,including the composite index, the results showed that twoof the corporate governance variables, namely board of director and audit quality, as well as firm size are statistically significant in explaining earning management measured bydiscretionary accruals. Research limitations/implications – The regulations on corporate governance were implementedin 2005, but not all of food and beverages listed companies implemented the regulations in 2005. Practical implications – An implication of this finding is that regulatory efforts initiated after the1997 financial crisis to enhance corporate transparency and accountability did not appear to result on better corporate performance. Originality/value – This is one of the few studies which investigates the impact of regulatory actionson corporate governance on earning management immediately after its implementation.
Providing The Security Against The DDOS Attack In Mobile Ad Hoc NetworksIOSR Journals
This document discusses providing security against distributed denial of service (DDOS) attacks in mobile ad hoc networks. It begins by introducing mobile ad hoc networks and some of their security vulnerabilities. It then discusses different types of attacks against MANETs, including black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, denial of service attacks, and distributed denial of service attacks. It proposes using an intrusion detection system to detect attacks and block attacking nodes. Simulation results are discussed to analyze the effectiveness of detection and mitigation techniques against DDOS attacks in terms of network performance metrics. The conclusion is that implementing queue management algorithms in network routers can help protect users during DDOS attacks by guaranteeing a certain level of bandwidth.
Ethnobotanical Euphorbian plants of North Maharashtra RegionIOSR Journals
Euphorbiaceae is among the large flowering plant families consisting of a wide variety of vegetative
forms. Some of which plants are of great importance, It is need to explore traditional medicinal knowledge of
plant materials belonging to various genera of Euphorbiaceae available in North Maharashtra State. Plants
have always been the source of food, medicine and other necessities of life since the origin of human being.
Plant containing ethnomedicinal properties have been known and used in some forms or other tribal
communities of Satpuda region. These tribal have their own system of Ethnomedicine for the treatment of
different ailments. In the course of survey useful Euphorbian plants of Satpuda, 34 medicinal plants belonging
to 18 genus is documented. This article reports their botanical identity, family name, local language name part
used preparations and doses, if any. It is observed that tribes of this region uses various Euphorbian plant in
the form of decoction, infusion, extract, paste, powder etc. Thus the knowledge area of this region with respect
to ethnomedicine would be useful for botanist, pharmacologist and phytochemist for further explorations. It is
concluded that the family is a good starting point for the search for plant-based medicines.
Survey of Fungal Diseases of Some Vegetables and Fruits in Aswan, EGYPTIOSR Journals
Fifteen species belonging to 9 terrestrial fungal genera were isolated from diseased fruits and vegetables on PDA media during this investigation. Aspergillus came in high incidence genera and represented by three species namely; A. flavus var colamnaris, A. niger and A. ochraceus. Another four fungal genera were came in the second position after Aspergillus and represented by two identified species these were; Acremonium, Alternaria, Fusarium and Penicillium. The remaining four fungal genera which isolated were representative by only one species were; Botryotrichum sp., Gilmaniela humicola, Mucor hiemalis and Torula sp. Solanum lycopersicum was yielded the highest number of genera and species (7 and 11, respectively). Psidium guava was yield the lowest number of fungal genera and species (1 and 1). All fungal which isolated in this investigation were screened for their ability to cellulose production on CMC agar plates within 3 days, among all tested isolates Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium proliferatum were the highest fungal isolates produced clear zone (3.65 mm) and (3.15 mm) respectively.
This document discusses quality technical and vocational education and training (TVET) as a tool for self-reliance. It begins by defining TVET and identifying skills and knowledge as important for economic growth. The study aims to investigate factors that contribute to quality TVET for self-reliance, including student factors, school factors, instructional materials, and government strategies. A questionnaire was administered to 36 TVET teachers. The results found that students often lack background in TVET and confidence in it as a career. Schools have inadequate facilities, materials, and practical periods. Instructional materials like tools, textbooks, and ICT resources are also insufficient. The document recommends that governments prioritize TVET curriculum planning and ensure qualified teaching staff
The document introduces the concept of generalized quasi-nonexpansive (GQN) maps. Some key results are:
1) GQN maps generalize quasi-nonexpansive maps but the fixed point set may not always be closed or convex.
2) If a subset satisfies certain conditions, it is a GQN-retract of the space.
3) Under these conditions, the class of GQN-retracts is closed under intersection and the common fixed point set of an increasing sequence of GQN maps is a GQN-retract.
Investigation of General Equation That Best Describe the Relationship between...IOSR Journals
This document investigates the general equation that best describes the relationship between survival fraction and critical mass of uranium-235. Monte Carlo simulations were used to study neutron interactions in rectangular uranium-235 geometries. Two models, a cubic equation and logarithmic equation, were tested against observed data from simulations with varying ratios of length to thickness. Statistical analysis showed that the logarithmic equation provided a better fit, with regression values closer to 1. Therefore, the logarithmic equation best describes the relationship between survival fraction and critical mass of uranium-235.
The document describes a proposed framework called UPS for privacy-preserving personalized web search. The UPS framework aims to generalize user profiles for each query according to user-specified privacy requirements, while balancing privacy risk and personalization utility. Two key contributions of the proposed system are: 1) Supporting runtime profiling to dynamically generalize user profiles on a per-query basis; and 2) Allowing for customization of privacy requirements by users to designate sensitive topics in their profiles. Algorithms are proposed to generalize profiles to optimize these metrics during the personalization process.
This document describes an online signature verification system that uses vector quantization and hidden Markov models. Signatures are collected using a graphics tablet and preprocessed to reduce noise and normalize size and phase. Features like velocity, acceleration, and pressure are extracted from segments of each signature. K-means clustering is used to generate a codebook, and vector quantization maps signatures to code words. Hidden Markov models are trained on the code words using the Baum-Welch algorithm. In verification, the forward algorithm calculates the probability that a signature was generated by a claimed user's model. The system achieved an equal error rate of 14% for verification.
This document summarizes a study on using STATCOM and UPFC devices to control power flow in a distribution system. It presents the mathematical models of STATCOM and UPFC, including their control design procedures. Simulation results show that STATCOM effectively regulates local reactive power load and UPFC controls real power flow by varying the phase angle of injected voltage. The study demonstrates how FACTS devices like STATCOM and UPFC can improve power flow control in distribution systems.
This document describes a VSC-HVDC transmission system connecting a strong AC system to a weak island AC system. It investigates the AC filter requirements and designs controllers for the VSC using optimal techniques. The controllers designed are a active power controller for the rectifier, reactive power controller for the rectifier, DC voltage controller for the inverter, and AC voltage controller for the inverter. Simulations are performed in MATLAB to analyze the system's performance for load variations in the island system.
This document discusses conjunctive use of surface and groundwater as an agri-tourism resource facilitator in developing nations. It reviews literature on conjunctive water use and case studies of implementations in different countries. The key points are:
1) Conjunctive water use aims to minimize negative impacts and optimize water supply through coordinated management of surface and groundwater. This can enhance sustainable agri-tourism by ensuring reliable water availability.
2) Case studies show successes and failures of conjunctive use programs globally. Benefits include increased incomes, water savings and irrigation expansion. Challenges include poor water quality mixing and lack of awareness.
3) Planning conjunctive use aims to
This document describes a genetic algorithm approach for automatically generating fuzzy rules for classification problems. The genetic algorithm uses rule importance as the fitness criteria, calculated as the rule's support for each class. The algorithm encodes rules using fuzzy membership set numbers for antecedents and consequents. It iterates for a set number of generations or until a minimum number of rules are fired, selecting high-fitness rules to generate offspring via crossover. The offspring replace lower-fitness rules, and the new rule population is evaluated in the next generation. The approach aims to consistently generate optimal fuzzy rules for classification using genetic search.
This document describes the design and development of a low-cost, portable microcontroller-based hygrometer. The hygrometer uses an HSM-20G sensor module to measure relative humidity and temperature. The sensor outputs analog voltages that are converted to digital values by a PIC16F876A microcontroller and displayed on a 16x2 LCD screen. The system is powered by a 9V battery and uses voltage regulators to provide stable 5V power. Programming was done in C language using MikroC Pro to continuously display the humidity and temperature readings from the sensor.
An experimental study on mud concrete using soil as a fine aggrgate and ld sl...eSAT Journals
Abstract Aggregates are important ingredients of concrete. Sand is used abundantly after air and water. The extensive use of these natural resources is exploiting the environment every day. many alternative materials are being used, viz., slag sand, manufactured sand, quarry dust etc., as fine aggregates; Materials such as steel slag, blast furnace slag are being used as replacement for coarse aggregates. This paper reports the result of different mixes obtained by partial replacement of Natural coarse aggregates (NCA) and complete replacement of fine aggregates (FA) by alternative material such as LD slag and Natural soil respectively. This paper reports the result of different mixes obtained by partial replacement of natural coarse aggregates (CA) and complete replacement of fine aggregates (FA) by alternative material such as LD slag and Natural soil respectively. The wet compressive strength ranged from 16MPa to 20MPa for cubes made of Natural Sand and Natural Coarse Aggregates MIX-D. The wet compressive strength ranged from 18-26MPa for MIX-A; The value obtained for MIX-A was found to be 20% more compared to MIX-D. The split tensile strength ranged from 1.16-1.51MPa for MIX-A, it was concluded that, the mud concrete mix prepared with soil and LD slag gave the satisfactory result which was intended to achieve by normal conventional concrete mix MIX-D. The flexural strength ranged from 3.04-3.41MPa for MIX-A and 2.84-3.45MPa for M4, , it was concluded that, the mud concrete mix prepared with soil and LD slag gave the satisfactory result which was intended to achieve by normal conventional concrete mix. The mud concrete with Soil and LD slag cut down the cost of mix up to 43% when compared with normal conventional concrete of equivalent grade. Keywords: MUD Concrete, LD Slag, NCA, Alternative Materials, Wet Compressive Strength.
This study aims to investigate the effect of single cavity when it presence at a
specific location within the homogenous soil, on the behavior of seepage and uplift
pressure under a hydraulic structure. The results are analyzed to introduce
deterministic formulae for calculating the amount of seepage and the uplift pressure
head. The work was done in three stages by using experimental investigation; the first
stage includes 36 models of 75mm in diameter cavity, while the second and the third
stages includes eight models for each with 100mm and 34mm diameter of cavity,
respectively. The results shows that, when the cavity presence at the left side its impact
was positive on the seepage behavior. While the influence was changed to a negative
impact when the cavity presence at the right side, except at some specific locations. The
statistical software has been employed to generate the two deterministic formulae, and
the results of multiple regressions are checked by statistical indices for the purpose of
recognizing the reliability of the proposed formulae.
This document analyzes liquefaction induced settlement using finite element modeling in ABAQUS. It outlines the parameters to consider like soil properties, foundation dimensions, and acceleration duration. A literature review covers previous studies on liquefaction settlement analysis. The plan of work involves modeling a shallow foundation on liquefiable soil in three series - a single soil layer, a natural crust layer, and an artificially improved crust layer. Preliminary modeling is done for a single soil layer foundation subjected to acceleration. Results show settlement increases with acceleration duration. The modeling is validated against empirical equations and centrifuge tests.
Establishing relationship between cbr with different soil propertieseSAT Journals
Abstract
In the flexible pavements sub-grade is considered to be an ideal layer to resist wheel load and its CBR value is considered as the strength measuring parameter. Conducting CBR test is an expensive and time consuming test, moreover it is very difficult to mould the sample at a desired in-situ density in the laboratory. Further, if the available soil is of poor quality, suitable additives are mixed with soil and resulting strength of soil is assessed by CBR value which is cumbersome. To overcome these problems, the other methods such as regression based models (simple & multiple) are used in this study. The soil properties like liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, optimum moisture content, maximum dry density and percentage fineness of the soil (passing 75micron sieve) are determined for the soil collected from different areas of Bagalkot district and the models are developed for correlating soaked CBR value.
Keywords: CBR, regression models, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, optimum moisture content and maximum dry density.
Effect of Pavement Surface Characteristics on Skid ResistanceIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that examined the effect of pavement surface characteristics on skid resistance. Researchers measured the mean texture depth (MTD) using a sand patch test and skid resistance values using a British pendulum tester at various locations. They calculated friction index values and correlated MTD, dry and wet skid resistance values with friction at different speeds. The study found that MTD correlated more strongly with friction at higher speeds, indicating macrotexture impacts skid resistance at high speeds. Dry skid values correlated best with low speed friction, relating to microtexture. Wet skid values showed a moderate to strong correlation with friction overall. Maintaining suitable macrotexture and microtexture on road surfaces can provide optimal skid resistance and safety
Concept of Regression Analysis in Concrete Mix Designijtsrd
In civil engineering, on site concrete mixing is very important .To determine compressive strength of concrete mix, statistical method is very useful. Regression analysis is an effective statistical technique. By analysing the laboratory concrete block/ cylinder tests , we can determine not only the correlation between compressive strength at different curing ages of concrete but also variation in material properties, ratios and variation in % of fly ash as a partial replacement of concrete. Manisha S. Kukade | Trupti S. Joshi | Sumit D. Sanghani"Concept of Regression Analysis in Concrete Mix Design" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10708.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/10708/concept-of-regression-analysis-in-concrete-mix-design/manisha-s-kukade
IRJET- Soil Property Mapping of Kazhakuttam Ward using Geographic Information...IRJET Journal
1. The study mapped soil properties of Kazhakuttam ward in Trivandrum, India using a geographic information system (GIS). Soil samples were collected from 10 locations and tested for properties like particle size, moisture content, density, and liquid/plastic limits.
2. Thematic maps of each soil property were created in GIS to show spatial variations across the ward. Properties varied significantly from place to place, with sandy soil near coastal areas and clayey soil farther inland.
3. Mapping soil properties in GIS provided a database for estimating properties where no samples were collected. This reduces costs and time for soil investigations, benefiting construction in the area. The analysis demonstrated GIS's ability
MODIFICATION OF THE CASAGRANDE'S EQUATION OF PHREATIC LINE IAEME Publication
The purpose of the present paper is to carry out the seepage analysis for a model to derive the equation of the phreatic line experimentally and thereafter proposing the best solution to trace the line. Sandy silt is used as a base material for this case. Phreatic Line for the model is plotted by carrying out 3 iterations each for two cases, that is, earthen dam without filter and with filter. Their corresponding phreatic line curves are traced on the butter paper on one of the longer side of the
model. Plastic channel sections are used to contain the model sealing it air tight with the use of mseal and rubber stoppers.
Long term performance efficiency of MLCS under climaticKrishan Dev
This document discusses numerical modeling of landfill cover systems. It includes:
- Background on field monitoring studies that evaluated the performance of cover system elements.
- Discussion of how climate change may impact cover system performance over long time periods based on previous modeling studies.
- Description of using the Hydrus model to simulate water flow through unsaturated soil layers of a landfill cover.
- Results from Hydrus simulations showing changes in volumetric water content and pressure head over time at different depths within a single soil layer cover system.
- Setup of a multi-layer cover system model in Hydrus with different soil types and evaluation of outputs like volumetric water content, pressure head, and
IRJET- Landslide Zonation Mapping and Risk Management Studies in Tamhini Ghat...IRJET Journal
This study examines landslide risk in the Tamhini ghat section of Maharashtra, India. Field work was conducted along a 10 km stretch to collect rock and soil samples for analysis. Various tests were performed on the samples including sieve analysis, core cutter density tests, liquid limit tests, and plastic limit tests. Zonation mapping identified 8 zones along the study area. The results indicate the soil in the area is poorly graded and susceptible to landslides. Liquid limit was determined to be 57.7% and plastic limit was 31.26%, giving a plasticity index of 26.44%, also indicating susceptibility. The study aims to characterize landslide factors and risks in the region to reduce impacts through improved understanding of
This academic article discusses numerical flow simulation of an elbow draft tube using STAR-CCM+ software. It summarizes the steps taken which include geometric modeling of the draft tube, mesh generation, specification of parameters like material properties and boundary conditions, and setting up the implicit unsteady simulation. Results of the simulation like pressure and velocity variations along the draft tube over different time steps are presented. Key findings are that pressure and velocity distributions are affected by time step size, with smaller time steps showing more uniform distributions. Performance metrics like head recovery and efficiency of the draft tube are computed and seen to decrease initially with time step before leveling off.
HVOF Sprayed WC-Cocr Coating on Mild Steel: Microstructure and Wear Evaluationiosrjce
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Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
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L012316876
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 3 Ver. I (May. - Jun. 2015), PP 68-76
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12316876 www.iosrjournals.org 68 | Page
Numerical Modeling for Prediction of Compression Index from
Soil Index Properties
R. Nesamatha1*
, Dr. P.D.Arumairaj2
,
PG Scholar, Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore-13.
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering (Soils), Government College of Technology,
Coimbatore-13.
Abstract: Expansive Clays known for its vulnerability pose numerous problems to builders. Compression index
is a clay dependant parameter which can be evaluated from the consolidation test data. Evaluation of
compression index from the consolidation test is time consuming and laborious. Prediction of compression
index from the index properties of soil is attempted. In this study, a correlation between compression index (Cc)
with liquid limit (WL) and plasticity index (IP) is aimed at. Remoulded clay samples were collected from twenty
locations of Coimbatore for experimental study. Clay was for its liquid limit, plastic limit and consolidation
properties in the laboratory. Correlations of compression index in terms of liquid limit and plasticity index was
arrived from Regression model and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). From these correlations, the best fit linear
equation is found to be ANN which is having higher accuracy. This correlation will be helpful for the
geotechnical engineer to predict the compression index value of clay from index properties.
Keywords: Regression model, Artificial Neural Network, liquid limit, plasticity index, compression index,
correlation
I. Introduction
Compressibility of soil is an important engineering properties and is related to settlement of the
foundation or structures. If the compressibility was high, settlement will also be high. Settlement was calculated
from the compression index. Compression index was a clay dependent parameter computed from the
consolidation test .The process of consolidation test take longer durations. So it was beneficial if the value of
compression index can be related with index properties such as liquid limit and plasticity index. Atterberg’s
Reliable correlations between the engineering and index properties of soils will reduce the work load of a soil
investigation program, in case of urgency.
Study Area was Coimbatore city, covered with black cotton soils.. In this work, twenty locations namely
Government College of Technology (GCTCampus), Rathinapuri, Sitra and Government Polytechnic College
(GPT), Peelamedu, Thudiyalur, Pudhur, Saravanampatti, Vadakovai, Vadavalli, Agri University(campus),
Forest college quarters, Telungupalayam, Saibabacolony, Venkittapuram, GCT(girls hostel),
Periyanaikenpalayam, Sivanantha colony , Neelambur, Veerakeralam in the city were identified for soil
sampling and laboratory .Samples collected from the twenty locations are analyzed for its grain size distribution,
Atterberg’s limit, Standard Proctor Compaction, Consolidation and Differential Free Swell. An attempt was
made to establish a correlation between compression index Vs plasticity index and compression index Vs liquid
limit. In these investigations the observed value of the compression index compared with predicted value of the
compression index using MATLAB with the help of Artificial Neural Network and Regression analysis.
Amith Nath and S.S Dedalal was collected clay samples from West Bengal and artificially mixed soil samples
were prepared. A correlation was achieved to determine the compression ratio in terms of liquid limit, plastic
limit,void ratio. Arpan Laskar and Sujit Kumar Pal (2008) carried out a detailed study on Geotechnical
Characteristics of two different soils and their mixture and relationships between parameters. The two soil
samples collected from NIT Agartala campus and Howrah were investigated and the particle size distribution of
NITA sample was determined. Then NITA sample was replaced with different proportions of the Howrah soil.
The mixture of both the soils (Mixed Soil) was also investigated to study the variations in properties and to
establish correlations of soil parameters. Slamet Widodo and Abdelazim Ibrahim collected 20 samples in
Supadio Airport in Pondianak, Indonesia.The soil specimens were tested in the laboratory and proposed three
different equations to estimate the compression index of the soils. The summary equations of the literature was
given below in the table 1
2. Numerical Modeling For Prediction Of Compression Index From Soil Index Properties
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12316876 www.iosrjournals.org 69 | Page
Table 1 Literature Summary
Equation Author
Cc'=0.0021WL+0.0587 Amith Nath and S.S Dedalal
Cc'=0.0888 e0+0.0525 Amith Nath and S.S Dedalal
Cc'=0.0025 IP+0.0866 Amith Nath and S.S Dedalal
PI = 0.7785 (LL 18.623) Arpan Laskar and Sujit Kumar Pal
OMC = 0.43 (PI + 30) Arpan Laskar and Sujit Kumar Pal
Cc = 0.0046(LL –1.39) Arpan Laskar and Sujit Kumar Pal
Cc=0.0058(PI-13.76) Arpan lascar and Sujit Kumar Pal
Cc =0.5217(eo -0.20) Slamet Widodo and Abdelazim Ibrahim
Cc=0.5217(Wn+11.57) Slamet Widodo and Abdelazim Ibrahim
Cc =0.5217(WL-1.30) Slamet Widodo and Abdelazim Ibrahim
Cc = 0.002 wL + 0.0025Ip - 0.005 Amardeep Singh
II. Materials And Methods
Collection of soil samples:
Twenty soil samples collected from Coimbatore city. The soil samples are disturbed and collected in
plastic bag from the depth of 0.5-1.0 m below the ground level. The collected samples are tested in the
laboratory .Their physical properties and index properties namely grain size distribution, specific gravity,
liquid limit, plastic limit, maximum dry density and optimum moisture content and their classification are
determined as per Indian Standard code of practice. The samples are represented as S1, S2, S3 ……S20. Here, S
denotes soil samples and the number refers the order of sample taken. Properties of soil samples are shown in
table 2.
Table 2 Soil Properties
Sampl
e no
Specifi
c
gravity
%
Gravel
%
sand
%
Silt
%
clay
Soil
classifica
tion
Free
Swell
%
OMC
%
MDD
g/cc
Wl
(%)
WP
(%)
IP
(%)
Cc
S1 2.72 0 38.7 19.3 40 CI 70 14 1.787 37.8 24 13.8 0.12
S2 2.67 20.25 43.9 20 15.85 CL 45 12 1.948 31.2 20 11.2 0.08
S3 2.77 0.1 19.3 23.6 57 CH 80 20 1.592 66.2 30 36.2 0.62
S4 2.78 0.01 17.26 27.74 55 CH 80 25 1.487 58.5 25 33.5 0.44
S5 2.702 0 36.3 18.47 45.23 CH 60 23 1.659 65.83 22 43.83 0.57
S6 2.78 1.1 26 31.47 41.33 CH 80 30 1.549 63.33 23.5 42.68 0.5
S7 2.82 1.1 33.5 24.85 40.55 CH 70 22 1.598 67.48 20.7 46.78 0.76
S8 2.79 0.2 24 29.8 45.25 CH 80 26 1.492 75 27.3 47.68 0.9
S9 2.78 0.6 24.6 28.43 46.47 CH 70 24 1.55 61.8 21.4 40.4 0.46
S10 2.778 0.1 24.7 32.33 42.86 CH 95 24 1.590 54.8 19.2 35.6 0.29
S11 2.84 0.2 20.8 33.97 45.03 CH 100 22 1.492 72 20.1 51.9 0.74
S12 2.68 0.4 19.6 27 53 CH 100 25.3 1.47 57 20 37 0.3
S13 2.76 0.3 30.41 29.19 40.10 CH 85 22 1.625 74.3 18.8 55.5 0.86
S14 2.758 0.6 29.4 30.1 39.9 CH 80 20 1.605 53.3 20.1 33.2 0.2
S15 2.69 1.7 32.9 30.7 34.7 CI 75 18 1.78 44.5 18.2 26.3 0.18
S16 2.72 1.3 32.1 20.6 46 CH 80 20 1.69 57.3 20.8 36.5 0.34
S17 2.82 0.4 14.8 14.4 70.4 CH 100 24 1.481 77.8 23.5 54.3 0.96
S18 2.68 0 20 37.5 42.5 CL 70 16 1.79 29 19 10 0.067
S19 2.824 0.5 16.67 18.23 64.6 CH 100 24 1.427 65 30 35 0.56
S20 2.79 0.5 4.5 20 75 CH 100 22 1.458 59 19 40 0.46
Consolidation test
One dimensional consolidometer having brass ring 60mm in diameter and 20mm height was used. The
specimen for Consolidation test was prepared in optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. The
prepared sample was shown in figure 1
Figure 1 sample preparation
3. Numerical Modeling For Prediction Of Compression Index From Soil Index Properties
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12316876 www.iosrjournals.org 70 | Page
Filter papers placed between the specimen and saturated porous stones to prevent from movement of
particles into the porous stone.A seating pressure of 0.05 kgf/cm2
was applied to the specimen and was allowed
to reach equilibrium for 24 h. The test was continued using a loading sequence which would successively apply
stress of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 kgf/cm2
on the soil specimen. The readings of the dial gauge were taken using a time
sequence such as 0, 1/4, 1/2, 1, 2, 4, 8, 15, 30, 60 min and 2, 4, 8, 24 h. The graph plotted between the void
ratio (e) and logarithmic value of applied pressure (σef) is shown in figure 2. The slope of the straight line
portion was called as compression index. The compression index values from the consolidation test are shown in
table 1
Figure 2 void ratio (e) Vs applied pressure (σef)
CC = ∆e
∆Log (σef)
∆e = changing void ratio
σef = changing applied pressure
Mathematical Modelling: Two different approaches namely Regression analysis and Artificial Neural Network
to obtain the correlation between compression index and liquid limit. Similar approaches are also applied to
predict the correlation between compression index and plasticity index.
Regression analysis
Regression analysis uses more sophisticated equations to analyze larger sets of data and translates them
into coordinates on a line or curve. In the not-so-distant past, regression analysis was not widely used because of
the large volume of calculations involved. Since spreadsheet applications, such as Excel, began offering built-in
regression functions, the use of regression analysis has become more widespread.
The equation y = mx + b algebraically describes a straight line for a set of data with one independent
variable where x is the independent variable, y is the dependent variable, m represents the slope of the line, and
b represents the y-intercept. If a line represents a number of independent variables in a multiple regression
analysis to an expected result, the equation of the regression line takes the form
y=m1x1+m2x2+. . .+mnxn+b in which y is the dependent variable, x1 through xn are n independent variables, m1
through mn are the coefficients of each independent variable, and b is a constant.
Linear regression produces the slope of a line that best fits a single set of data based on a year’s worth
of sales figures. By following the line forward in time, we can estimate future sales, if we can safely assume that
growth will remain linear.
Exponential regression produces an exponential curve that best fits a set of data that we suspect does
not change linearly with time.
Multiple regression is the analysis of more than one set of data, which often produces a more realistic
projection. We can perform both linear and exponential multiple regression analyses.
Using multiple regression analysis the correlations are obtained. In this approach, the values of liquid
limit, compression index and plasticity index were taken as inputs to derive the correlations. The figure 7.3
shows the data analysis process for the input values of compression index and liquid limit.
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DOI: 10.9790/1684-12316876 www.iosrjournals.org 71 | Page
Figure 3 Regression analysis input and output diagram
Two different values of compression index predicted when liquid limit is given as input and plasticity index
given as input are shown in Table 3
Table 3 Predicted Values Of Compression Index Using Regression Model (Wl As Input)
S.No CO
CP
liquid limit as
input
CP
Plasticity index as
input
S.No CO
CP
liquid limit as
input
CP
Plasticity index as
input
S1 0.62 0.619959 0.412778 S10 0.3 0.836844 0.433752
S2 0.44 0.413785 0.341993 S11 0.86 0.27455 0.918761
S3 0.57 0.610052 0.612812 S12 0.2 0.038922 0.334128
S4 0.5 0.543112 0.582663 S13 0.18 0.381654 0.153233
S5 0.76 0.654233 0.690151 S14 0.34 0.93056 0.420643
S6 0.9 0.855588 0.713746 S15 0.96 0.587828 0.887301
S7 0.46 0.502145 0.522889 S16 0.56 0.427173 0.381318
S8 0.29 0.314714 0.397048 S17 0.46 0.836844 0.512402
S9 0.74 0.77526 0.824381
7.3 Artificial Neural Network (Ann)
Neural networks are typically organized in layers. Layers are made up of a number of interconnected
'nodes' which contain an 'activation function'. Patterns are presented to the network via the 'input layer', which
communicates to one or more 'hidden layers' where the actual processing is done via a system of weighted
'connections'. Artificial neural networks are computational methodologies that perform multi factorial analyses.
Inspired by networks of biological neurons, artificial neural network models contain layers of simple computing
nodes that operate as nonlinear summing devices. These nodes are richly interconnected by weighted connection
lines, and the weights are adjusted when data are presented to the network during a “training” process.
Successful training can result in artificial neural networks that perform tasks such as predicting an output value,
classifying an object, approximating a function, recognizing a pattern in multi factorial data, and completing a
known pattern. Many applications of artificial neural networks have been reported in the literature, and
applications in medicine are growing.
The methodology of ANNs is based on the learning procedure from the data set presented it from the
input layer and testing with other data set for the validation. A network is trained by using a special learning
function and learning rule. In ANNs analyses, some function called learning functions is used for initialization;
training, adaptation and performance function. During the training process, a network is continuously updated
by a training function which repeatedly applies the input variables to a network till a desired error criterion is
obtained. Adapt functions is employed for the simulation of a network, while the network is updated for each
time step of the input vector before continuing the simulation to the next input. Performance functions are used
to grade the network results.
In the learning stage, network initially starts by randomly assigning the adjustable weights and
threshold values for each connection between the neurons in accordance with selected ANNs model. After the
summation of weighted inputs and added the threshold values, they are passed through a differentiable non-
linear function defined as a transfer function. This process is continued, until a particular input captures to their
output (i.e., target) or as far as the lowest possible error can be obtained by using an error criterion. In other
words the network training is the determination of the weights and the biases.
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DOI: 10.9790/1684-12316876 www.iosrjournals.org 72 | Page
The observed values of the liquid limit, compression index and plasticity index from the experimental
results were taken as an input and the ANN mechanism was processed in the hidden layer and outputs was
obtained in the form of compression index. The mechanism of ANN modeling is shown in Figure 4
Figure 4 Mechanisms of ANN
The observed liquid limit and plasticity index are given as input and observed compression index is
given as target for the ANN modeling. After the values are given as input, the training process will takes place
in the developed hidden layer to predict the R value. From the trained results the output values are obtained.
Figure 5 shows the R value after training process.
Figure 5 Output after training
By changing the number of hidden layers the R value changes. The maximum R value is obtained by
giving 20 hidden layers for the ANN modeling. The correlation coefficient value (R2
) obtained from the output
is 0.949. After predicting R value, simulation process is carried out to determine the output values. The
simulation diagram of current problem where liquid limit and plasticity index are given as input variables is
given in Figure 6.
Figure 6 Simulation Diagram in ANN
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The output value of simulation process is given in Figure 7 which shows the predicted compression
index (cp).
Figure 7 Output after Simulation
Two different type of predicted values of compression index (cp) using regression model when liquid limit
as input and plasticity index as input are shown in Table 3
Table 3 Predicted Values Of Compression Index Using Ann Model
S.No CC CP
liquid limit as
input
CP
Plasticity index as
input
S.No CC CP
liquid limit as
input
CP
Plasticity index as
input
S1 0.62 0.5786 0.4189 S10 0.3 0.26 0.303
S2 0.44 0.431 0.305 S11 0.86 0.86 0.86
S3 0.57 0.5692 0.569 S12 0.2 0.2105 0.2
S4 0.5 0.4765 0.4895 S13 0.18 0.18 0.18
S5 0.76 0.848 0.76 S14 0.34 0.3135 0.4015
S6 0.9 0.9 0.7355 S15 0.96 0.9586 0.8635
S7 0.46 0.4674 0.4898 S16 0.56 0.56 0.4264
S8 0.29 0.29 0.4273 S16 0.46 0.495 0.458
S9 0.74 0.797 0.74
III. Result And Discussions
Correlations from the Regression analysis
The Figure 8 shows the relation between the observed and predicted compression index with liquid
limit as input
.
Figure 8 predicted and observed compression index from regression analysis using WL
The correlation developed for predicted compression index based on liquid limit is given in equation 1
CC=0.0026wL-1.152 ------------ 1
The Figure 9 shows the relation between the observed and predicted compression index with plasticity index
input.
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Figure 9 predicted and observed compression index from regression analysis using Plasticity index
The correlation developed for predicted compression index based on plasticity index is given in
equation 2
CC=0.026IP-0.536 ---------- 2
Correlations from the Artificial Neural Network
The Figure 8.3 shows the relation between the observed and predicted compression index with liquid
limit as input.
Figure 10 predicted and observed compression index from ANN model using Liquid limit (WL)
A relationship between compression index and liquid limit was arrived based on the above plot. This is
given in equation 3
Cc = 0.027wL-1.196 ----------- 3
The relation between the observed and predicted compression index with plasticity index as input as
shown in fig
Figure 11 predicted and observed compression index from ANN model using Plasticity Index
A relationship between compression index and plasticity index was arrived from the figure 8.4. This is
given in equation 4
Cc = 0.025IP-0.539 ----------- 4
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DOI: 10.9790/1684-12316876 www.iosrjournals.org 75 | Page
IV. Discussions
The soil samples collected from twenty locations are tested in the laboratory for its index and
engineering properties. The twenty samples,17 samples are classified as CH (Clay of High compressibility
Based on the laboratory results, the compression index values are obtained for the twenty samples. Correlations
between compression index, liquid limit and plasticity index are formed using Regression analysis and ANN
modeling. The correlation coefficient (R2
) obtained by ANN modeling shows better accuracy than Regression
analysis as shown in table 4
Table 4 R2
Value For Regression And Ann Model
Present approach Equation R2
Regression analysis CC=0.0026wL-1.152 0.939
CC=0.026IP-0.536 0.777
ANN Cc = 0.027wL-1.196 0.985
Cc = 0.025IP-0.539 0.872
In order to find out the compression index (cc) value to find the CC value for the soil, we can use these
correlations. From the index properties of the soil samples, we can arrive at the compression index (cc) value
with maximum accuracy without conducting the time consuming consolidation test.
Comparison Of Correlations
The accuracy of present ANN model was checked by comparing the laboratory values of CC with
predicted values of CC.It was found that for mean target value for input data was 0.537647 whreas the mean
target value 0.5409.While the mean target value by proposed by Slamet widodo and Amardeep singh wer
1.05492 and 0.223659.The accuracy of proposed model was also checked by calculating the correlation
coefficient (CORR) and it was found that for proposed model was 0.939 whereas for models proposed by
Slamet widodo and Amardeep singh were 0.929 and 0.892.The values of compression index predicted using the
present model and model proposed by Slamet widodo and Amardeep singh were shown in figure 12.It was
found that compression index values predicted using the present model has better distribution around the trend
line in comparison of other model.It can be calculated that proposed models are much accurate and are good
agreement with laboratory values .
Figure 12 Comparison of Different Empirical equations
The correlations obtained based on wL given as below.
Regression analysis CC =0.0026wL-1.152
Artificial Neural Network Cc =0.027wL-1.196
The correlations obtained based on IP given as below.
Regression analysis CC=0.026IP-0.536
Artificial Neural Network Cc = 0.025IP-0.539
Out these two correlations, ANN model shows more goodness of fit and it has higher reliability.
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