This document provides an overview of modes of plant reproduction, including both asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction occurs without the fusion of gametes and includes vegetative reproduction through structures like rhizomes, tubers, corms and bulbs, as well as artificial methods like stem and root cuttings. Sexual reproduction involves flowers with male stamens and female pistils. Pollen from the anther contains male gametes that can fuse with the female gamete or egg in the ovary, forming a zygote. Apomixis is also discussed, where seeds form without fertilization through adventive embryony from vegetative cells or gynogametophytic apomixis from the

1. PRESENTATION ON
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT BREEDING
APB-5211 3(2+1)
Topic: Modes of Reproduction and
Apomixes
Dr. Shweta Gupta
(Genetics and Plant Breeding)
College of Agriculture and Research station , Marra, Durg (C.G)
WELCOME

3. Reproduction : is the development of new
individuals (progeny) from their pre-existing ones.
(parents)
The manner in which they originate is called modes
of reproduction.
The vegetative parts of the plant are the roots,
stem and leaves. The reproductive parts of the plant
are the flowers. In plants there are two main types
of reproduction.
They are asexual reproduction and sexual
reproduction.

4. 1.) Asexual reproduction :
In asexual reproduction new plants produced
without the help of seeds.
2.) Sexual reproduction : In sexual reproduction
new plants are produced from seeds.
1) Asexual reproduction :Asexual reproduction
does not involve fusion of male and female
gametes. New plant may develop from
vegetative parts.
Asexual reproduction are two types:
A. Vegetative reproduction
B. Apomixes

5. A. Vegetative reproduction – is also two types
1.Natural vegetative reproduction
(a) Rhizome –Ginger,Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
(b) Tuber- Potato, Banana
(c) Corm – Arbi (Colocasia esculenta)
(d) Bulb- Onions, Garlic
2. Artificial vegetative reproduction
(a) Stem cutting -Sugarcane, grapes, roses
(b) Root cuttings- Sweet potato, citrus
and layering ,grafting and gootee

8. 2.) Sexual reproduction : Flowers are the reproductive parts of the
plant.
 Stamen is the male reproductive part and pistil is the female
reproductive part.
 Flowers which have only the stamen or only the pistil are
called unisexual flowers. Eg :- Maize, Papaya, Cucumber etc.
 Flowers which have both the stamen and pistil are called
bisexual flowers. Eg :- Rose, Mustard, Petunia etc.
 The stamen has a filament and anther. The anther contains
pollen grains which contain the male gametes. The pistil has
stigma, style and ovary. The ovary contains ovules which
contain the female gamete or egg.
 In sexual reproduction the male and female gamete fuse
together to form a zygote.

10. Male Gametophyte
Female Gametophyte

11. Apomixis- In apomixes seed are formed but the
embryo develop without fertilization.
(without the sexual fusion)
(a) Adventive embryony- Embryos develop directly
from the vegetative cells of the ovule, nucellus,
integument and chalaza and it does not involve
production of embryo sac.
Ex. Mango, Citrus, Orchids etc
(b) Gamatophytic apomixes- Embryos develop
without fertilization from the egg cell and other
cells of embryo sac.