The document discusses two main modes of plant reproduction: asexual and sexual. Asexual reproduction includes methods like vegetative propagation, budding, fragmentation, and spore formation, while sexual reproduction involves flowers with attractive and reproductive parts, gametes, pollination, fertilization, and seed dispersal. The process concludes with the development of fruits and seeds, with various methods of seed dispersal such as by wind, water, animals, and explosion.

4. Reproduction – The production of new individuals from their
parents is known as reproduction.
There are two modes of reproduction in plants as :-
1.Asexual reproduction
2.Sexual reproduction

6. Asexual Reproduction – The type of reproduction in
which new plants arise without the formation of seeds.
It is of following types :-
1.Vegetative Propagation
2.Budding
3.Fragmentation
4.Spore Formation

7. A. Vegetative Propagation :-The type of reproduction
in which new plants arise from vegetative parts of
the plant is called vegetative propagation.
o In this type of reproduction, new plants arise
from pre – existing parts of the plant.
o The examples can be as :-
•Stem in rose, sugarcane, potato & ginger.
•Leaves in bryophyllum.
•Roots in sweet potato and dahlia.

8. Bryophyllum Rose
Potato Ginger

9. B. Budding :- The reproduction which occurs through
the formation of buds is called budding.
o Bud – The small bulb like projection coming out
from cell is called budding.
o The bud gradually grows and gets detached from
the parent cell and forms new cell.
o The process of budding can be seen in yeast.

10. Budding in Yeast

11. C. Fragmentation :- The type of
reproduction in which a cell breaks up
into two or more fragments.
o These fragments grow into new
individuals.
o The mode of budding can be seen in
algae.

12. Fragmentation in Spirogyra

13. D. Spore Formation :- The reproduction through the
formation of spores is called spore formation.
o The spores are asexual reproductive bodies.
o Under favourable conditions, a spore germinates
and develops
o into a new individual.
o Reproduction through spore formation takes
place in mosses and ferns

14. Spore Formation in Fern

16. Sexual Reproduction – The type of reproduction in which new
plants arise with the formation of seeds.
In this type of reproduction, the reproductive parts of a plants i.e.
flowers are involved.
Flower consists of two parts as :-
A.Attractive
B.Reproductive

17. Attractive Parts – Those parts which attract insects towards
them and which protect the flower are called attractive parts.
•There are two attractive parts namely :-
1.Petals
2.Sepals

18. Petals – The soft, bright and colourful parts of a flower are called petals.
They attract insects towards them for pollination.
Sepals – The harder green parts of a flower below the petals are
sepals.
They protect the flower from the external dangers.
Petal
Sepal

19. Reproductive Parts – Those parts of the flower which help in
reproduction are called the reproductive parts of a flower.
There are two reproductive parts namely :-
1)Stamen (Male part)
2)Pistil (Female part)

20. Stamen – The male reproductive part of a flower is called
the stamen.
A stamen consists of two parts. They are :-
I.Anther
II.Filament
Stamen

21. Anther – A small stage like part of the stamen is called anther.
It holds the pollen grains on it.
Anther
Filament – A stick like structure below the anther is called
filament.
It holds the anther above it.
Filament

22. Pistil – The female reproductive part of a flower is called pistil.
A pistil consists of three parts. They are –
a)Stigma
b)Style
c)Ovary
Pistil

23. Stigma – A small stage like part of pistil is called stigma.
It holds the pollen grain which falls on it during pollination.
Stigma
Style – A tube like part connecting the stigma and ovary is style.
Pollen tube grows in it during fertilisation.
Style
Ovary – A small ball like structure under the style is called ovary.
It consists of ovules.
Ovary

24. On the basis of presence of reproductive parts, flowers are of two
types. They are :-
Unisexual – Consist either stamen or pistil but not both. E.g. Corn,
papaya & cucumber.
Bisexual – Consist both stamen and pistil. E.g. Mustard, rose &
petunia.
Unisexual Papaya Flower Bisexual Mustard Flower

25. These are the parts of reproductive parts of a flower.
They are of two types :-
i.Male Gametes – These are produced by pollen grains
and are found on the anther.
ii.Female gametes – These are found in the ovule of
the plant. It is also called egg.
In fertilisation the male and female gametes fuse to
form the zygote.

26. The process of transfer of pollen grains from
stamen of a flower to pistil of the same or
different flower is called pollination.
It is of two types as :-
a.Self Pollination
b.Cross Pollination

27. Self Pollination
The transfer of pollen grain from the anther of a flower to
the pistil of the same flower is called self pollination.
In this case, mostly the pollination occurs easily without any
external agency.
It takes place only in bisexual flowers.

28. Cross Pollination
The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to
the pistil of another flower is called cross pollination.
In this case, an external agency such as insects is a must.
It can take place in unisexual as well as bisexual flowers.

29. i. The process of fusion of male and female
gametes is called fertilisation.
ii.After fertilisation, a new cell is formed.
iii.The cell which results after fusion of the
gametes is called zygote.
iv.The zygote further develops to form an
embryo.

30. Fertilisation (Zygote
Formation)

31. 1. Fruit – The ovary, after fertilisation, grows
into a fruit.
The ripened fruit is ovary.
2. Seed - The ovules, after fertilisation, grows
into seed.
The seed contains an embryo inside a tough
seed coat.

32. 1. A same kind of plant grows in different
places. It is due to the process of seed
dispersal.
2. The process of carrying of seeds from one
place to another is called seed dispersal.
3. Their are many modes of seed dispersal
either by wind, by water, by some animals
or by blasting.

33. Through Air
Some seeds have wing like structures or are extremely light and hence
flow away with wind.
Examples of such seeds are Drumstick, Maple
Some seeds have hairy structure which helps in their movement like
sunflower.
Seeds of Drumstick
Seeds of Maple

34. Fruit of Sunflower

35. Through Water
1. Some seeds are dispersed through water.
2. These fruits or seeds usually develop floating
ability in form of spongy or fibrous outer coat.
3. The example of such a way of dispersal is of
coconut.
Seed of Coconut

36. By Animals
1. Some seeds are dispersed by animals.
2. These are spiny seeds with hooks.
3. They get attached to the body of animals and are carried to distant
places.
4. Examples are of seeds of Xanthium and Urena (Caesar’s Weed).
Seed of Xanthium Seed of Urena (Caesar’s Weed)

37. By Blasting
1. Some seeds are dispersed when the fruit bursts with
sudden jerks.
2. These seeds are scattered far from the parent plant.
3. Examples are of seeds of Castor and Balsam.
Balsam seed and its
covering