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Morphological Classification of Plants
- 1. Prepared by: Aimellin Amarilla LouieJane Eleccion
- 2. OBJECTIVES 1) To describethe physical characteristics of plants; 2) To classify them according to their morphology
- 3. ACTIVITY 1) Write downas many plants as possible (3 mins). 2) Come up with categories that can be used to organize the plant on the board (5 mins). 3) A presenter should discuss how they come up with the classification (2 mins).
- 4. PLANT STRUCTURE 2 MAJORSYSTEMS Shoot System Root System
- 5. PLANT STRUCTURE VegetativeOrgans • Stems • Leaves • Roots Reproductive Organs • Flowers • Fruits
- 6. PLANT MORPHOLOGY Stems and leaves,more specifically, the nodes, internodes, apical buds and axillary buds.
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- 8. Alternate Opposite WhorledDessucate
- 10. Plant Leaf Leaf Organization,Margin, Midrib, Vein, Petiole
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- 16. Plant’s Lamina (Laminar Size)pdf – Determined by measuring the are of the leaf.
- 17. Plant’s Lamina (Laminar Shape) –The simplest way to describe the overall shape of the lamina is to locate the axis (the zone of greatest width that lies perpendicular to the axis of greatest length).
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- 60. MAJOR TYPES OFROOTS 1.Fibrous roots 2.Adventitious roots 3.Creeping Roots 4.Tap-roots 5.Tuberous Roots
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- 72. INFLORESCENCE – The arrangementof flowers in the floral axis (Shoot system) of a plant.
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- 89. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION – Asexualreproduction produces individuals that are genetically identical to the parent plant. – Roots such as corms, stem tubers, rhizomes, and stolon undergo vegetative reproduction.
- 90. Asexual Reproduction (cont.) Asexualreproduction occurs through: – Vegetative Propagation – Budding – Fragmentation and – Spore formation
- 91. Vegetative Propagation –Vegetative Propagation is a type of asexual reproduction in which new plants are produced from roots, stems, leaves and buds. Since reproduction is through the vegetative parts of the plant, it is known as vegetative propagation – Bryophyllum (sprout leaf plant) has buds in the margins of leaves. If a leaf of this plant falls on a moist soil, each bud can give rise to a new plant.
- 92. Vegetative Propagation(cont.)
- 93. Vegetative Propagation –The roots of some plants can also give rise to new plants. – Plants produced by vegetative propagation take less time to grow and bear flowers and fruits earlier than those produced from seeds. – The new plants are exact copies of the parent plant, as they are produced from a single parent.
- 94. Budding – Yeastis a single-celled organism. The small bulb- like projection coming out from the yeast cell is called a bud.
- 95. Budding – Thebud gradually grows and gets detached from the parent cell and forms a new yeast cell. – The new yeast cell grows, matures and produces more yeast cells. If this process continues, a large number of yeast cells are produced in a short time.
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- 97. Fragmentation – Whenwater and nutrients are available algae grow and multiply rapidly by fragmentation. – An alga breaks up into two or more fragments. These fragments or pieces grow into new individuals. This process continues and they cover a large area in a short period of time.
- 98. Fragmentation Fragmentation inspirogyra (an algae)
- 99. Spore formation –Fungi on a bread piece grow from spores which are present in the air. When spores are released they keep floating in the air. – The spores are asexual reproductive bodies. As they are very light, they can cover long distances.
- 100. Spore formation(cont.)
- 101. Spore formation(cont.) – Under favourable conditions, a spore germinates and develops into a new individual. – Plants such as moss and ferns also reproduce by means of spores.
- 102. Spore formation(cont.)
- 103. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION – theproduction of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types (sexes). – The flowers are the reproductive parts of a plant. The stamens are the male reproductive part and the pistil is the female reproductive part.
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- 105. Sexual Reproduction (cont.) Unisexualflowers: – are flowers which contain either only the pistil or only the stamina. Bisexual flowers: – are flowers which contain both stamens and pistil.
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- 107. Sexual Reproduction (cont.) –Corn, papaya and cucumber produce unisexual flowers, whereas rose and hibiscus have bisexual flowers.
- 108. Sexual Reproduction (cont.) POLLINATION –A process of transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower. 2 TYPES: 1. Self-pollination 2. Cross pollination
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- 111. Sexual Reproduction (cont.) POLLINATION –Generally pollen grains have a tough protective coat which prevents them from drying up. – pollen grains are light, they can be carried by wind or water. – Insects visit flowers and carry away pollen on their bodies.
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- 113. Sexual Reproduction (cont.) Fertilization –The process of fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
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- 115. Sexual Reproduction (cont.) Fruitsand seed formation – After fertilization, the ovary grows into a fruit and other parts of the flower fall off. The fruit is the ripened ovary.
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- 118. A plant canbe divided into 3 parts
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- 121. Characteristics of Mosses ●Simplest plants ● No true roots, No vascular tissues (no transport) ● Simple stems & leaves ● Have rhizoids for anchorage ● Spores from capsules (wind-dispersal) ● Damp terrestrial land
- 123. underground stem root A leaf (finely dividedinto small parts)
- 125. Characteristics of Ferns ●roots, feathery leaves & underground stems ● have vascular tissues (transport & support) ● Spore-producing organ on the underside of leaves (reproduction) ● Damp & shady places
- 126. 2 groups Gymnosperms Angiosperms Flowering Plants ●roots, stems, leaves ● vascular tissues (transport) ● flowers, fruits (contain seeds)
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- 129. Male cones (in clusters) Femalecones (scattered)
- 130. Characteristics of Gymnosperms ●tall evergreen trees ● roots, woody stems ● needle-shaped leaves ● vascular tissues (transport) ● cones with reproductive structures ● naked seeds in female cones. ● dry places
- 131. ● Highly developed ●Flowering Plants ● Seeds inside ovary 2 TYPES ● MONOCOTYLEDONS ● DICOTYLEDONS
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- 133. Characteristics of Monocotyledons ●one seed-leaf ● leaves have parallel veins ● herbaceous plants ● e.g. grass, maize
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- 135. Characteristics of Dicotyledons ●two seed-leaves ● leaves have veins in network ● e.g. trees, sunflower, rose
- 136. Plant Classification Plants FloweringNon-flowering Spore-bearing Naked seeds No roots with roots MossesFerns Gymnosperms 1 seed- leaf 2 seed- leaves Monocots Dicots Angiosperms
- 137. References: • Manual ofLeaf Architecture - morphological description and categorization of dicotyledonous and net-veined monocotyledonous angiosperms by Leaf Architecture Working Group. 65p.
Editor's Notes
- #5 Apical bud - apical meristem grows and forms leaves Axillary bud - The axillary bud (or lateral bud) is an embryonic shoot located in the axil of a leaf. Each bud has the potential to form shoots, and may be specialized in producing either vegetative shoots (stems and branches) or reproductive shoots (flowers). Once formed, a bud may remain dormant for some time, or it may form a shoot immediately.
- #6 The vegetative organs are essential for maintaining the life of a plant. While there can be 11 organ systems in animals, there are far fewer in plants, where some perform the vital functions, such as photosynthesis, while the reproductive organs are essential in reproduction. However, if there is asexual vegetative reproduction, the vegetative organs are those that create the new generation of plants In botany, the radicle is the first part of a seedling (a growing plant embryo) to emerge from the seed during the process of germination. The radicle is the embryonic root of the plant, and grows downward in the soil (the shoot emerges from the plumule). Above the radicle is the embryonic stem or hypocotyl, supporting the cotyledon(s).
- #7 A node is the part of the plant stem where the flowers, branches, and leaves first start to grow. Internodes are the sections of stem between nodes. Apical buds occur at the end, or apex, of stems. Because of this location, they are also known as terminal buds. Axillary buds occur at a leaf node, which is where a leaf emerges from the stem of a stem.
- #9 Alternate - one leaf at each node. Opposite - two leaves at each node. Whorled - three or more leaves at each node. Dessucate - each leaf attached at 90° from those above and below (can be opposite, as shown, or alternate).
- #10 Stolons are stems which grow at the soil surface or just below ground that form adventitious roots at the nodes, and new plants from the buds. Rhizomes, in contrast, are root-like stems that may either grow horizontally at the soil surface or in other orientations underground. A stem tuber forms from thickened rhizomes or stolons. Used as storage organs for nutrients. They are used for the plant's perennation, to provide energy and nutrients for regrowth during the next growing season. A corm, bulbo-tuber, or bulbotuber is a short, vertical, swollen underground plant stem that serves as a storage organ that some plants use to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat (perennation).
- #12 The position of stipules on a plant varies widely from species to species, though they are often located near the base of a leaf. Stipules are most common on dicotyledons, where they appear in pairs alongside each leaf. Stipules function to protect the emerging leaf or bud. They can be short-lived abscising soon after the leaves mature.
- #13 In palmately compound leaves, the leaflets radiate from a single point at the distal end of the petiole
- #14 In pinnately compound leaves, a row of leaflets forms on either side of an extension of the petiole called the rachis.
- #22 Measure the length of the lamina (L - see Fig. 7) and divide this number by the width of the lamina. Report the full range of ratios (e.g., 3:1 - 6:1).
- #24 Base angle is the angle from the vertex to the points where a line perpendicular to the midvein. The base angle is always measured on the apical side of the rays even in leaves where the angle is greater than 180°. Peltate leaves are defined as having a circular angle.
- #25 -Apex angle is the angle from the apical termination of the midvein to the pair of points where a line perpendicular to the midvein -In leaves with an apical extension (la>0) the apex angle should be measured using the termination of the midvein as the vertex, and the apices of the lobes on either side
- #26 In leaves with an odd number of lobes, measure the apex angle as in unlobed leaves. In leaves with an apical extension (la>0) the apex angle should be measured using the termination of the midvein as the vertex, and the apices of the lobes on either side
- #37 TEETH are marginal projections with sinuses indented less than 1/4 of the distance to the midvein or long axis of the leaf. Teeth can be either dentate, serrate or crenate. Note: If there is a single tooth of any size, the leaf is considered to be toothed.
- #38 TEETH are marginal projections with sinuses indented less than 1/4 of the distance to the midvein or long axis of the leaf. Teeth can be either dentate, serrate or crenate. Note: If there is a single tooth of any size, the leaf is considered to be toothed.
- #41 The position of the petiole
- #51 The number of 1°, 2°, and 3° veins originating at or near the the base of the leaf/top of the petiole.
- #62 It is usually formed by thin, moderately branching roots growing from the stem. A fibrous root system is universal in monocotyledonous plants and ferns. The fibrous root systems look like a mat made out of roots when the tree has reached full maturity.
- #63 In some plants roots start from the stem above the soil, that is, above the collar, and afterwards go down into the earth. Adventitious roots grow above the collar. For example, mangrove, bamboo, maize and rice all have adventitious roots.
- #64 Creeping roots do not go deep into the soil. · These roots go a long way from the base of the plant. They cover a large area. They have to find in a small depth of earth the food necessary for the life of the plant.
- #65 Some plants have only one root, very thick, deep, straight, called a tap- root. • Smaller roots grow on this thick root; they are called rootless. Tap-roots go deep into the soil. They cannot penetrate soil that is too hard.
- #66 Storage of Food Carry out Nitrogen-Fixation Respiration
- #68 Tubeorus roots - a thick and fleshy root like a tuber but without buds, as in the dahlia.
- #70 The male gametes are contained in pollen, produced in structures called anthers that are held up by filaments in a male reproductive organ called stamen. Flower’s petal are adapted to facilitate pollination. After the pollen grains landed on the stigma, it will then germinate into tubes that extends down the length of the carpel style to reach the ovules.
- #71 Flower’s petal are adapted to facilitate pollination. After the pollen grains landed on the stigma, it will then germinate into tubes that extends down the length of the carpel style to reach the ovules.
- #87 - The ripened ovary or carpel of a plant; the seed-bearing plant part, such as that in angiosperms that develops from the flower (i.e. from a mature ovary) following fertilization (pollination).
- #88 Fruits can be classified as simple, aggregate, multiple, or accessory. Simple fruits develop from a single carpel or fused carpels of a single ovary, while aggregate fruits develop from more than one carpel found on the same flower. Composite fruits are those fruits which develop from the entire inflorescence rather than from single flower.
- #94 Plants such as cacti produce new plants when their parts get detached from the main plant body. Each detached part can grow into a new plant.
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