This document provides information about classifying plants based on their physical characteristics and morphology. It begins with objectives to describe plant characteristics and classify plants according to their structure. The activities involve listing plants, categorizing them, and presenting classifications. The document then details plant structures like stems, leaves, and reproductive organs. It describes classifying characteristics like leaf arrangement, shape, margins, and venation. Finally, it discusses classifying plants into groups like mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms based on these morphological features.
A group of cells which are similar in Origin and function but of more than One type in structure.
Water conducting tissue
Along with phloem make vascular tissue
Provide support to plants
1)Tracheary elements
These are nonliving cells, provide support and conduct water. Two types,
(a)Tracheids: elongate, tube like cell, tapering, rounded or oval ends, hard lignified walls.
(b)Vessels members: long, cylindrical, tube-like structures with lignified walls.
(2)Fibres: thick walls, evolve from tracheids and provide mechanical strength. Two types,
(a)Fibre-tracheids: medium thickness walls, have reduced boardered pits.
(b)Libriform fibres: very thick walls, have reduced simple pits.
Parenchyma cells: living cells, in woody plants, store of food in starch form. Two types:
(a)Axial parenchyma: derived from fusiform initials, have tracheary elements and fibres.
(b)Ray parenchyma: derived from ray initials of cambium, xylem ray cells.
Developmentally, xylem have two types
(1)Primary xylem: derived from procambium, developing from embryo, non-woody plants.
(2)Secondary xylem: from vascular cambium, second stage of plant development, in woody plants.
A group of cells which are similar in Origin and function but of more than One type in structure.
Water conducting tissue
Along with phloem make vascular tissue
Provide support to plants
1)Tracheary elements
These are nonliving cells, provide support and conduct water. Two types,
(a)Tracheids: elongate, tube like cell, tapering, rounded or oval ends, hard lignified walls.
(b)Vessels members: long, cylindrical, tube-like structures with lignified walls.
(2)Fibres: thick walls, evolve from tracheids and provide mechanical strength. Two types,
(a)Fibre-tracheids: medium thickness walls, have reduced boardered pits.
(b)Libriform fibres: very thick walls, have reduced simple pits.
Parenchyma cells: living cells, in woody plants, store of food in starch form. Two types:
(a)Axial parenchyma: derived from fusiform initials, have tracheary elements and fibres.
(b)Ray parenchyma: derived from ray initials of cambium, xylem ray cells.
Developmentally, xylem have two types
(1)Primary xylem: derived from procambium, developing from embryo, non-woody plants.
(2)Secondary xylem: from vascular cambium, second stage of plant development, in woody plants.
7th grade Life Science Powerpoint on the basics of plant reproduction. Flowers, pistil, stamen, pollination, fertilization, pollen dispersal, seed dispersal.
Components of an Ecosystem - Classroom Observation (flow) for 7th GradersLouie Jane Eleccion, LPT
How should you conceptualize your classroom observation in a pandemic school year? Make sure to localize your resources/activities in a way that your students will not be exposed or be in contact with the crowd.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2. OBJECTIVES
1) To describe the physical characteristics of
plants;
2) To classify them according to their
morphology
3. ACTIVITY
1) Write down as many plants as possible (3
mins).
2) Come up with categories that can be used to
organize the plant on the board (5 mins).
3) A presenter should discuss how they come
up with the classification (2 mins).
17. Plant’s Lamina
(Laminar Shape)
– The simplest way to describe the overall shape of
the lamina is to locate the axis (the zone of
greatest width that lies perpendicular to the axis
of greatest length).
89. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
– Asexual reproduction produces individuals that are
genetically identical to the parent plant.
– Roots such as corms, stem tubers, rhizomes, and
stolon undergo vegetative reproduction.
91. Vegetative Propagation
– Vegetative Propagation is a type of asexual reproduction
in which new plants are produced from roots, stems,
leaves and buds. Since reproduction is through the
vegetative parts of the plant, it is known as vegetative
propagation
– Bryophyllum (sprout leaf plant) has buds in the margins
of leaves. If a leaf of this plant falls on a moist soil, each
bud can give rise to a new plant.
93. Vegetative Propagation
– The roots of some plants can also give rise to new
plants.
– Plants produced by vegetative propagation take
less time to grow and bear flowers and fruits
earlier than those produced from seeds.
– The new plants are exact copies of the parent plant,
as they are produced from a single parent.
94. Budding
– Yeast is a single-celled organism. The small bulb-
like projection coming out from the yeast cell is
called a bud.
95. Budding
– The bud gradually grows and gets detached from
the parent cell and forms a new yeast cell.
– The new yeast cell grows, matures and produces
more yeast cells. If this process continues, a large
number of yeast cells are produced in a short
time.
97. Fragmentation
– When water and nutrients are available algae
grow and multiply rapidly by fragmentation.
– An alga breaks up into two or more fragments.
These fragments or pieces grow into new
individuals. This process continues and they cover
a large area in a short period of time.
99. Spore formation
– Fungi on a bread piece grow from spores which
are present in the air. When spores are released
they keep floating in the air.
– The spores are asexual reproductive bodies. As
they are very light, they can cover long distances.
101. Spore formation (cont.)
– Under favourable conditions, a spore germinates
and develops into a new individual.
– Plants such as moss and ferns also reproduce by
means of spores.
103. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
– the production of new living organisms by
combining genetic information from two
individuals of different types (sexes).
– The flowers are the reproductive parts of a plant.
The stamens are the male reproductive part and
the pistil is the female reproductive part.
105. Sexual Reproduction (cont.)
Unisexual flowers:
– are flowers which contain either only the pistil or
only the stamina.
Bisexual flowers:
– are flowers which contain both stamens and pistil.
107. Sexual Reproduction (cont.)
– Corn, papaya and cucumber produce unisexual
flowers, whereas rose and hibiscus have bisexual
flowers.
108. Sexual Reproduction (cont.)
POLLINATION
– A process of transfer of pollen from the anther to
the stigma of a flower.
2 TYPES:
1. Self-pollination
2. Cross pollination
111. Sexual Reproduction (cont.)
POLLINATION
– Generally pollen grains have a tough protective
coat which prevents them from drying up.
– pollen grains are light, they can be carried by
wind or water.
– Insects visit flowers and carry away pollen on
their bodies.
115. Sexual Reproduction (cont.)
Fruits and seed formation
– After fertilization, the ovary grows into a fruit
and other parts of the flower fall off. The fruit is
the ripened ovary.
121. Characteristics of Mosses
● Simplest plants
● No true roots, No vascular tissues (no transport)
● Simple stems & leaves
● Have rhizoids for anchorage
● Spores from capsules (wind-dispersal)
● Damp terrestrial land
137. References:
• Manual of Leaf Architecture - morphological description and
categorization of dicotyledonous and net-veined
monocotyledonous angiosperms by Leaf Architecture Working
Group. 65p.
Editor's Notes
Apical bud - apical meristem grows and forms leaves
Axillary bud - The axillary bud (or lateral bud) is an embryonic shoot located in the axil of a leaf. Each bud has the potential to form shoots, and may be specialized in producing either vegetative shoots (stems and branches) or reproductive shoots (flowers). Once formed, a bud may remain dormant for some time, or it may form a shoot immediately.
The vegetative organs are essential for maintaining the life of a plant. While there can be 11 organ systems in animals, there are far fewer in plants, where some perform the vital functions, such as photosynthesis, while the reproductive organs are essential in reproduction. However, if there is asexual vegetative reproduction, the vegetative organs are those that create the new generation of plants
In botany, the radicle is the first part of a seedling (a growing plant embryo) to emerge from the seed during the process of germination. The radicle is the embryonic root of the plant, and grows downward in the soil (the shoot emerges from the plumule). Above the radicle is the embryonic stem or hypocotyl, supporting the cotyledon(s).
A node is the part of the plant stem where the flowers, branches, and leaves first start to grow. Internodes are the sections of stem between nodes.
Apical buds occur at the end, or apex, of stems. Because of this location, they are also known as terminal buds. Axillary buds occur at a leaf node, which is where a leaf emerges from the stem of a stem.
Alternate - one leaf at each node.
Opposite - two leaves at each node.
Whorled - three or more leaves at each node.
Dessucate - each leaf attached at 90° from those above and below (can be
opposite, as shown, or alternate).
Stolons are stems which grow at the soil surface or just below ground that form adventitious roots at the nodes, and new plants from the buds. Rhizomes, in contrast, are root-like stems that may either grow horizontally at the soil surface or in other orientations underground.
A stem tuber forms from thickened rhizomes or stolons. Used as storage organs for nutrients. They are used for the plant's perennation, to provide energy and nutrients for regrowth during the next growing season.
A corm, bulbo-tuber, or bulbotuber is a short, vertical, swollen underground plant stem that serves as a storage organ that some plants use to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat (perennation).
The position of stipules on a plant varies widely from species to species, though they are often located near the base of a leaf. Stipules are most common on dicotyledons, where they appear in pairs alongside each leaf. Stipules function to protect the emerging leaf or bud. They can be short-lived abscising soon after the leaves mature.
In palmately compound leaves, the leaflets radiate from a single point at the distal end of the petiole
In pinnately compound leaves, a row of leaflets forms on either side of an extension of the petiole called the rachis.
Measure the length of the lamina (L - see Fig. 7) and divide this number by the width of the
lamina. Report the full range of ratios (e.g., 3:1 - 6:1).
Base angle is the angle from the vertex to the points where a line perpendicular to the midvein. The base angle is always measured on the apical side of the rays even in leaves where the angle is greater than 180°. Peltate leaves are defined as having a circular angle.
-Apex angle is the angle from the apical termination of the midvein to the pair of points where a
line perpendicular to the midvein
-In leaves with an apical extension (la>0) the apex angle should be measured using the termination of the midvein as the vertex, and the apices of the lobes on either side
In leaves with an odd number of lobes, measure the apex angle as in unlobed leaves. In leaves with an apical extension (la>0) the apex angle should be measured using the termination of the midvein as the vertex, and the apices of the lobes on either side
TEETH are marginal projections with sinuses indented less than 1/4 of the distance to the
midvein or long axis of the leaf. Teeth can be either dentate, serrate or crenate.
Note: If there is a single tooth of any size, the leaf is considered to be toothed.
TEETH are marginal projections with sinuses indented less than 1/4 of the distance to the
midvein or long axis of the leaf. Teeth can be either dentate, serrate or crenate.
Note: If there is a single tooth of any size, the leaf is considered to be toothed.
The position of the petiole
The number of 1°, 2°, and 3° veins originating at or near the the base of the leaf/top of the petiole.
It is usually formed by thin, moderately branching roots growing from the stem. A fibrous root system is universal in monocotyledonous plants and ferns. The fibrous root systems look like a mat made out of roots when the tree has reached full maturity.
In some plants roots start from the stem above the soil, that is, above the collar, and afterwards go down into the earth. Adventitious roots grow above the collar.
For example, mangrove, bamboo, maize and rice all have adventitious roots.
Creeping roots do not go deep into the soil. · These roots go a long way from the base of the plant. They cover a large area. They have to find in a small depth of earth the food necessary for the life of the plant.
Some plants have only one root, very thick, deep, straight, called a tap- root.
• Smaller roots grow on this thick root; they are called rootless. Tap-roots go deep into the soil. They cannot penetrate soil that is too hard.
Storage of Food
Carry out Nitrogen-Fixation
Respiration
Tubeorus roots - a thick and fleshy root like a tuber but without buds, as in the dahlia.
The male gametes are contained in pollen, produced in structures called anthers that are held up by filaments in a male reproductive organ called stamen.
Flower’s petal are adapted to facilitate pollination.
After the pollen grains landed on the stigma, it will then germinate into tubes that extends down the length of the carpel style to reach the ovules.
Flower’s petal are adapted to facilitate pollination.
After the pollen grains landed on the stigma, it will then germinate into tubes that extends down the length of the carpel style to reach the ovules.
- The ripened ovary or carpel of a plant; the seed-bearing plant part, such as that in angiosperms that develops from the flower (i.e. from a mature ovary) following fertilization (pollination).
Fruits can be classified as simple, aggregate, multiple, or accessory. Simple fruits develop from a single carpel or fused carpels of a single ovary, while aggregate fruits develop from more than one carpel found on the same flower.
Composite fruits are those fruits which develop from the entire inflorescence rather than from single flower.
Plants such as cacti produce new plants when their parts get detached from the main plant body. Each detached part can grow into a new plant.
