This document discusses hybrid seed production in bajra (Pennisetum glaucum). It begins with the botanical details of bajra and then discusses its taxonomy and floral biology. It describes the cytoplasmic genetic male sterility system used for hybrid seed production along with the different classes of seed (nucleus, breeder, foundation, certified). The document outlines the major bajra growing regions in India and details the steps involved in hybrid seed production, including isolation requirements, planting methods, rogueing, pollination synchronization techniques, and harvesting. It also provides information on pest and disease management, post-harvest processing, storage methods and seed standards. Finally, it lists some popular bajra hybrid

1. PRESENTED BY: Pawan Nagar
Reg. no.: 04-2690-2015
M.Sc.(Fruit Science)
HYBRID SEED PRODUCTIOIN
IN BAJARA

2. Botanical Name: Pennisetum glaucum
Family : Poaceae
Origin : West Africa
Chromosome No. : 2n=14
Mode of Pollination:
 Bajra is predominantly Protogynous.
 Wind is major pollinator
2
TAXONOMY

3.  Floral Biology
 The Spike emerge about 10 week after sowing.
 Stigma remains receptive for 12-24 hours.
 The anther emergence starts from middle of the spike and
proceed upwards and downwards.
 Anthesis occurs throughout the day and night with the peak
between 8.00 PM- 2.00 PM.
 The plant is thus markedly Protogynous and Cross –
pollination normally occurs.

4.  Enhancement of grain and fodder yield
 Improvement of quality
 Increase resistance to pests and diseases
 Increase wider adaptability
 Varieties for new season
 Involve less labour
 Low cost of production
 Tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses
 Uniformity & high productivity
4
Why Hybrid Bajra ?

5. Area: (lack
ha.)
India – 87.34
Gujarat - 7.03
Production:(lack
ton)
India - 88.9
Gujarat – 9.61
5
Major Bajra growing regions of
India

7. 1. Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility system
(CGMS)
2. Line involved – A, B, and R line
 History of bajara hybrid Seed production
 The first report on CGMS line was
made by Burton and his co- workers at
Tifton Georgia USA.
 The line is Tift 23A.

9.  Nucleus Seed : By ear to row Method
 Breeder Seed : A x B line
B and R multiplied under isolation
 Foundation seed : A x B line
R multiplied under isolation
 Certified seed : A x R line
To produce hybrid

12.  It should be fertile ,
 problematic soils should be avoided.
 The previous crop should not be the same crop.
 If the variety is same , it should have been certified
by seed certification agency.

13.  Isolation : Foundation seed : 1000 m
Certified seed : 200 m
 Season : Irrigated : March – April,
January – February
Rain fed : June – July
 Seed rate : A line(female) : 6 kg ha-1
R line(male) : 2 kg ha-1
 Main field preparation : Formed into Ridges
and furrows

14. Planting ratio : Foundation Seed :- 4 : 2 (female :
male)
Certified Seed :- 6 : 2
Pusa 23 :- 8 : 2
 Border rows : Foundation Seed : 8 (B line)
Certified Seed : 4 (R line)
 Spacing : A line : 45 x 20 cm
B line : 45 x solid row.
Nursery : Seedling can also be raised in raise
bed nursery and can transplanted to the main field at
20 – 25 days after sowing.

15.  Done in both lines
• A line : seek for offtypes pollen shedder
and partials
• R line : Seek for early flowering plants,
rouges and diseased plants.
 Character of offtypes : Variation in leaf
colour, leaf waviness, grain colour, earhead
, shape, size, etc.
 No. of field inspection : Three
• Seedling stage
• Tillering stage
• Grain formation stage.

16.  Nursery :
750 kg / 7.5 cents for transplanting in one ha.
 Main field :
Compost : 12.t ton/ha
NPK : 100:50:50 kg ha-1
Basal : 50:50:50 kg ha-1
Top dressing : 50:0:0 kg ha-1 (30-35 day At tillering
phase)
 Foliar spray : DAP 1% at peak flowering to enhance
flowering and Seed set.

17.  Withholding irrigation
 Application of DAP 1%
 Staggered sowing
 Jerking
 Jerking
 It is done 20-25 days after transplanting or 30-40 days
after direct sowing. The early formed earheads of the first
tillers are pulled out or removed which will result in
uniform flowering of all the tillers.

18.  The synchronization problem is less in
bajara due to
 Tillering habit
 Supply of continuous pollen
 Lesser pollen weight
 Flight capacity of pollen
 Pollen viability & stigma receptivity are longer.

19.  Pest
1. Shoot fly : To avoid shoot fly infestation a prophaylactic
spray with monocrotophos can be practiced one week
after transplanting.
2. Blister bittle :To spray contact insecticide for control.
 Diseases
1. Downy mildew
2. Ergot
3. Smut
4. Rust
 For the control used systematic fungicide, like
mancozeb , kavach, carbendazim , topsin ,etc..

20. 1.Hairy caterpillar
 Spray 0.1 % Thiodan or Fenitrothion @ 500 litres per hectare.
2. Shoot fly
 Apply Furadan 3G @ 25-30 kg per hectare or Thimet 10 G @
15-20 kg per hectare in the furrows or broadcast to mix with
the soil at the time of sowing.

21. 3. White grub
 Apply Furadan 3 G -30 kg per hectare or Thimet 10 G -
15 kg per hectare or Heptachlor 5% -20 kg per hectare.
4. Stem borer
 Spray the crop with Parathion 50 EC -500 ml per hectare
or Endrin 20 EC 2000 ml per hectare.
5. Termites
 Before sowing of the crop mix 5-10% BHC or Heptachlor
or Aldrin -20-25 kg per hectare.

22.  There are a number of diseases which attack the crop
during its growth, cause low yield and economic loss to
the peasant and finally to the nation as a whole. Some
of the diseases are as under.
 seeds treatment with Agrosan GN (2.5 g/kg seed)
 spray the crop with 0.2 % Dithane Z- 78 at boot leaf
stage.
 Sow disease resistant varieties like NHB-5, PHB-10,
PHB-14.

23. 2. Rust
 Treat the seeds with Agrosan
GN (2.5 g/kg of seed)
 spray the crop with 0.2 %
Dithane Z- 78.
3. Smut
 Spray the crop four times with
Captefol (2 ppm) and Zineb (2
ppm).

24. 4. Ergot of bajra
 Spray the crop at boot leaf stage with 0.15% Ziram.
The 2nd or 3rd spray at 10 days interval is repeated
5. Leaf blast
 Spray the crop 2-3 times with 0.2 % Zineb.
 Treat the seeds with
 Agrosan GN (2.5 gm per kg of seed)

25.  Field is irrigated immediately after sowing and
3rd day life irrigation is given.
 Then once in 10 days irrigation has to be given.
 The critical stages of irrigation are tillering ,
milky stage and maturation stage.
 Proper and adequate irrigation increase the
seed set and yield of quality seed.

26.  Seed attain physiological maturation at 30-35 days after
50% flowering.
 The moisture count of seed at this stage will be 30 – 35 %.
 Due to tillering habit, harvest the panicle / earhead in 2
picking (to avoid delayed harvest)
 Select 5-7 tillers for seed purpose.
 Processing : Grade with 4/64” round perforated
metal sieve as middle screen
 Use OSAW (industrial product) cleaner cum grader
 Seed Treatment : Thiram / Bavistin @3g kg-1 seed
Harvesting techniques:

27.  The earheads are dried for 2-3 days on
the threshing floor.
 Threshing is done at a moisture content
of 15-18% either manually (stick
beating) or mechanically (LCT thresher).
27

28.  Bajara crop yields 30-35 quintals of grains
and 100 quintals of dry straw per hectare.
 under irrigated condition and under rainfed
condition, 12-15 quintals of grain and 75
quintal of fodder per hectare.

29.  Cloth bag for short term storage (12 months)
 700 gauge polyethylene bag - long term
storage (> 24months)
 Mid storage correction :
 HDH with Na2PO4 10-4m for 4h.

30. Seed Standards Permitted (%)
Fs Cs
Physical purity (Maximum) 98 98
Inert matter (Maximum) 2 2
Other crop seed (Maximum) 10 / kg 10 / kg
Weed seed (Maximum) 10 / kg 10 / kg
Ergot effected seeds (Maximum) by
number
0.020 % 0.040 %
Germination 75 75
Moisture content - Moisture pervious
Moisture
impervious
12
5
12
5

31. Standards Maximum permitted (%)
FS CS
Offtypes 0.05 0.10
Pollen shedders 0.05 0.10
Downy mildew diseased plants 0.05 0.10
Earheads affected by ergot 0.02 0.40

32. Hybrid Female Male
KM 1 MS 5141 A J 104
KM 2 MS 5141 A K 560 -D-230
X 4 MS 5141 A PT 1921
X 5 PB 111A PT 1921
X 6 732 A PT 3095
X 7 111A PT 1890
HB 1 Tift 23A(USA) BIL -3B
HB 3 Tift 23A(USA) J 104
HB 5 Tift 23A(USA) K 559
UCH 11 732 A PT 3075 (TNAU)
COH 8 732 A PT 4450

33. Sr.
No.
Hybrid/Variet
y released
Year of
release
Average yield
(Kg/Ha)
Condition of
recommendatio
n
Area of
recommendation
1 GHB-558 2002 3077 Kharif All India
2 GHB-558 2003 4611 Kharif, Summer All India
4 GHB-732 2008 3000 Kharif Gujarat
5 PB 180 2003 4000 Summer Gujarat, MH.,
Tamilnadu,
Rajasthan
6 RHB 127 2004 3000 Kharif Haryana, U.P., M.P.,
Gujarat, Punjab,
Delhi
ACHIEVEMENTS
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34. 34

35. 35