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Epistemological Bases of Education

1. The document discusses key concepts related to epistemology including types of knowledge, skills, teaching, training, information, reason, and belief. 2. It distinguishes between knowledge and skills, noting that knowledge refers to learned concepts and principles while skills relate to applying that knowledge. 3. Distinctions are also made between knowledge and information, teaching and training, and reason and belief.

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Knowledge and Curriculum•
KNOWLEDGE AND CURRICULUM UNIT 1 EPISTEMOLOGICAL BASES OF EDUCATION
Epistemology: Type of knowledge – Meaning of Knowledge, skill, teaching, training, information, reason and belief - Distinction between knowledge and skill - Distinction between teaching and training - Distinction between knowledge and information - Distinction between reason and belief
EPISTEMOLOGY •Branch of Philosophy which studies the relationship between acquisition of knowledge and the knowledge thus acquired • involves in investing 1. The development of human knowledge , its nature and limitations 2. The ways of knowing as well as discriminating the truth from the false and speculations.
Knowledge • Knowledge is a familiarity, awareness or understanding of someone, such as facts, information, descriptions, which is acquired through experience or education by perceiving, discovering, or learning. • Knowledge acquisition involves complex cognitive processes: perception, communication, and reasoning; while knowledge is also said to be related to the capacity of acknowledgment in human being
Type of Knowledge • Communicating knowledge • Situated knowledge • Embedded knowledge • Practitioner knowledge • Priori Knowledge • Posterior Knowledge
• Communicating Knowledge Symbolic representations can be used to indicate meaning and can be thought of as a dynamic process. Hence the transfer of the symbolic representation can be viewed as one ascription process whereby knowledge can be transferred • Situated knowledge Situated knowledge is knowledge specific to a particular situation. Situational knowledge is often embedded in language, culture, or traditions. This integration of situational knowledge is an allusion to the community, and its attempts at collecting subjective perspectives into an embodiment "of views from somewhere."
• Embedded knowledge Embedded knowledge is a significant feature of the knowledge base in education. Embedded knowledge makes a range of intellectual resources available to teachers which improve their understanding of individual students, strengthen their curriculum programming and enrich their pedagogy. • Practitioner knowledge It is dependent on experience or empirical evidence, as with most aspects of science and personal knowledge.
• Priori Knowledge It is independent of experience, as with mathematics, tautologies and deduction from pure reason • Practitioner knowledge Indirect measures are more likely to be used, however, and there are a number of indicators or quasi-indicators based on either pre-service or in-service training, on the grounds that length and level of initial training and opportunities for continuous professional development are associated with expanding the teacher’s knowledge base.
Skill • A skill is learning to carry out a task with pre-determined results often within a given amount of time, energy, or both. • Skills can often be divided into domain general and domain- specific skills. For example, in the domain of work, some general skills would include time management, teamwork and leadership, self-motivation and others, whereas domain- specific skills would be useful only for a certain job.
Type of Skill • Labour skills • Life skills • People skills • Social skills • Soft skills • Hard skills
• Labour skills Skilled workers have long had historical import as electricians, masons, carpenters, black smiths, bakers, brewers, coopers, printers and other occupations that are economically productive. Skilled workers were often politically active through their craft guilds. • Life Skills Life skills are problem-solving behaviours that are used appropriately an responsibly in the management of personal affairs. The subject varies greatly depending on societal norms and community expectations.
• People skills People skills are described as understanding ourselves and moderating our responses talking effectively and empathizing accurately building relationships of trust, respect and productive interactions. • Social Skills Social skill is any skill facilitating interaction and communication with others. Social rules and relations are created, communicated, and changed in verbal and nonverbal ways.
• Soft skills Soft skills is a sociological term relating to a person's "EQ" (Emotional Intelligence Quotient), the cluster of personality traits, social graces, communication, language, personal habits, friendliness, and optimism that characterize relationships with other people.. • HardSkills Hard skills are any skills relating to a specific task or situation. These skills are easily quantifiable unlike soft skills which are related to one's personality
Teaching • Teaching is a process of educating a person with theoretical concepts and is a kind of a knowledge transfer between a teacher and a student. • Teachers are occupied in schools with the main purpose of educating the children to grow as good citizens in the world. • Children today are the future leaders of the society. Therefore, teaching can be considered as an important concept.
Training • Training is teaching, or developing in oneself or others, any skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. • Training has specific goals of improving one's capability, capacity, productivity and performance
Information • Information is that which informs. In other words, it is the answer to a question of some kind. • It is also that from which data and knowledge can be derived, as data represents values attributed to parameters, and knowledge signifies understanding of real things or abstract concepts.
Reason • Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things, applying logic, establishing and verifying facts, and changing or justifying practices, institutions, and beliefs based on new or existing information. • Reason or "reasoning" is associated with thinking, cognition, and intellect. Reason, like habit or intuition, is one of the ways by which thinking comes from one idea to a related idea.
Belief • Belief is, it is a mental representation of an attitude positively oriented towards the likelihood of something being true. • In epistemology, philosophers use the term ‘belief’ to refer to personal attitudes associated with true or false ideas and concepts. • However, ‘belief’ does not require active introspection and circumspection. • Beliefs are important because behavior is important and your behavior depends on your beliefs.
Distinction between Knowledge and Skill KNOWLEDGE SKILLS Knowledge is the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. Skills are the proficiencies developed through training or experience Knowledge refers to learning concepts, principles and information regarding a particular subject(s) by a person through books, media, encyclopedias, academic institutions and other sources. Skill refers to the ability of using that information and applying it in a context Knowledge increases with experience Skills can be developed with practice
Distinction between Knowledge and Information
Distinction between Teaching and Training
Distinction between Reason and Belief REASON BELIEF Reason associate with psychological components. Belief associate with philosophical components. Reason makes scientifically Belief makes not scientifically Reason try to create new one Belief gives the confidence while crate new one.