Contemporary philippine arts from the regions_PPT_Module_12 [Autosaved] (1).pptx
Soc 222 2
1. SOC 222
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND
CHANGE
16.02.2016
PhD Fatma Altınbas Sarıgul
İstanbul Kemerburgaz University
2. MODERNIZATION
How modernization is defined?
Why does modernization occur?
How do relatively modernized societies differ from
relatively non-modernized societies?
What are the prospects for the modernization of Third
World Countries?
3. Modernization
Modernization theory is used to explain the process that
a society or nation goes through as its transitions from a
traditional society to a modern one.
American social scientists developed modernization
theory during 1950s.
During the Cold War era (1947-1991) , 2 versions of
modernization theory were dominant;
Marxist Theory and Capitalist Theory
4. Marxist Theory of Modernization
The marxist theory of modernization theorized that
as nations developed, adopting a communist
approach to governing, such as eradicating private
property, would end conflict, exploitations and
inequality.
Economic development and social change would
lead developing nations to develop into a society
much like that of the Soviet Union.
5. Capitalist Theory of Modernization
The capitalist version of modernization theorized that
as nations developed, economic development and social
change would lead to democracy.
Many modernization theorists of the time, such as
W.Rostow, argued that when societies transitioned from
traditional to modern societies, they would follow a
similar path.
They argued a Linear development path is eligible for
all societies.
6. Rostow’s Stages of Development
Traditional – an agricultural based society
Pre-conditions for take-off – entrepreneural activities
Take-off – a period of rapid economic growth
Maturation – economic development slows to a
consistent rate
Mass production or Mass Consumption – real income
increase of the nation’s budget
7. Modernization
Other modernization theorists, such as Samual
Huntington, argued that social mobilization and
economic development were driving forces behind
modernization.
Increased social mobilization meant that individuals and
societal groups changed their aspirations.
Increased economic development meant the capabilities
of the newly modern society would change.
Huntington argued that these societal changes would
inevitably lead to democratization.
8. Modernization
Critiques of modernization theory pointed out that
there were many countries that could not, would not,
follow the stages of development because they held a
unique set of challenges, such as cultural or political
norms.
Theorists noted that development was not linear.
Instead development was said to occur in inflection
points, in which a significant event would occur and
spark a negative or positive change in the individual’s
worldviews.
9. Modernization
The new version of modernization theory
theorized that modernization would more
than likely come from economic
development that stemmed from
developing nations producing products or
services for the world market.
10. Modernized and
Non-Modernized Nations
When we make a differentiation between modernized and non-
modernized nations, the characteristics of relatively modernized
societies include the following:
High degree of specialization
Interdependency of organizations
Cultural norms of rationality
Universalism
Functional specificity
High degree of centralization
Relatively great emphasis on money circulation and market
Systematized Bureucracy
11. Modernization
Third World Countries possess the advantages of
knowing where they are going; of being able to borrow
initial expertise in planning, capital accumulation, skills
and patterns of organization without the cost of
invention.
On the other hand, they may face the problems of scale
(that they must do certain things from the very outset
on a fairly large scale), problems of conversion of
resources, materials, skills and so on from one use to
another; and problems of disappointment (such as
frustration of trying harder and harder only to fall
further and further behind.)
12. Structural Differentiation in
Modernization (Smelser)
Modernization generally involves structural
differentiation because, through the modernization
process, a complicated structure that performed
multiple functions is divided into many specialized
structures that perform just one function each.
For example: Family institution- traditional to modern
The problem of integration rised.
Social disturbances, as the result of integration.
13. Theoretical Assumptions of
Modernization
According to European Evolutionary Theory, social change is
unidirectional, progressive, and gradual, irreversibly moving
societies from a primitive stage, and making societies more
like one another as they proceed along the path of evolution.
Assumptions:
1. Modernization is a phased process.
2. Modernization is a homogenizing process.
3. Modernization is a Europeanization (or Americanization)
process.
4. Modernization is an irreversible process.
5. Modernization is a progressive process.
6. Modernization is a lengthy process.
14. Theoretical Assumptions of
Modernization
Functionalist(Marxist) Theory emphasizes the
interdependence of social institutions, the importance
of pattern variables at the cultural level, and the built-
in process of change through homeostatic equilibrium.
Assumptions:
1. Modernization is a systematic process.
2. Modernization is a transformative process.
3. Modernization is an immanent process.
15. Modernization
Modernization theories as policy implications.
Modernization theories help to provide an implicit
justification for the asymmetrical power relationship
between ‘traditional’ and ‘modern’ societies.
Modernization theories suggest economic development,
the replacement of traditional values, and the
institutionalization of democratic procedures.
Modernization theories help to legitimate the foreign
aid policy of the USA.
16. CRITICAL THINKING
Do you think all societies have to follow the path of
modernization?
Is it ideal or is it emphasized to all world’s nations for
governing them easier and create superiority?
