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Process of social change

This document discusses the concept of social change, including its meaning, definition, factors, types, characteristics, and process. Social change refers to changes in social structure, organization, and human societies over time. It is a complex, ongoing process influenced by many factors like biological, economic, cultural, educational, demographic, technological, and psychological factors. The types of social change include moral, religious, economic, scientific, and political changes. The process of social change involves invention, accumulation, adjustment, and diffusion of new cultural elements over time within and between societies.

Education◦
B.Ed. Contemporary Indian Education, Gender and Society. Presented By: Monika Tayade
Education and Social Change. Concept of Social Change : Meaning, Definition, Factor, Types.
• Meaning: • Change is a process. • Change denotes any alternation, difference or modification that takes place in a situation or in any object through time. • It is the universal law of nature. • It refers to the difference that exists between the past and the present situation. • Change is an “on-going” process. • No society remains completely static.
Definition. “Social change may be defined as a new fashion or mode, either modifying or replacing the old, in the life of people or in the operation of society.” - H.T. Mazumdar “By social change I understand a change in social structure, i.e. the size of a society, the composition or balance of its parts or the type of its organization.” - Morris Ginsberg
 A process.  It is a change in social organization  Social change means human change  It refers to all historical variations in human societies • It is complex phenomena. • It is vast and complicated process. • It is a process in which we always face problems in its conditions, forms, limitations, direction, sources, causes as well as consequences.
Characteristics 1.Universal: Because it is present in all societies and at all times. No society remains completely static.  The society may be primitive or modern, rural or urban, simple or complex, agrarian or industrial, it is constantly undergoing change. The rate or the degree of change may vary from society to society from time to time but every society keeps on changing.  A changeless society is an unreality.
2. Complex Phenomena Does not represent anything quantitatively. Cannot be exactly measured. Understanding and measurement is beyond reach.
3. Non-uniformity.  Its degree or rate or the speed is not uniform.  It varies from society to society and even in the same society from time to time.  Sometimes the degree of change is high and sometimes low depending upon the nature of society like, rural and urban and traditional and modern etc.  For example, in the rural social structure the rate of change is slower, whereas it is quick in the urban societies.
4. Continuation  Is a continuous process Because the changes are not stopped. It is an on-going process without any break. In the process of change every society grows and decays, where it finds renewal and accommodates itself to various changing conditions. The sources, direction, rate and forms of change may vary time to time but it is always continuous.
• 5. Social change occurs as an essential law: Change is inevitable. It is the human nature that desires change.  It is his tendency to bring change and to oppose or accept change.  Human wants are unlimited which always keep on changing. To satisfy these wants social change has become a necessity not only to him but also to the society.
Types of Social Change Moral Change Religious Change Economic Change Scientific Change Political Change.
•Moral Change: •It includes changes in moral ideas, ideals, principles and ethical standards of people. •Religious Change: •It includes changes caused by different regions, sects, and creed in people‟s religious views. •Economic Change: •It includes changes in the methods of trade, commerce, business, industry, and economic order.
•Scientific Change: •It includes changes brought by use of science and technology and their influence on people‟s way of life. •5. Political Change: •It includes changes in political ideologies, machinery of administrat ion, form of government , formation of new political parties.
Factors of Social Change: o Social change takes place in all societies and in all periods of time. o Why does social change takes place? o „Why‟ represents the reasons, the causes or the factors which are responsible for social change. o There are some potential factors responsible for bringing social change. o It is multi-causal. o Cause refers to a set of related factors which, taken together, are both sufficient and necessary for the production of certain effect.
Biological Factor Educational Factor Population Factor Environmental Factor Demographic Factor Economic Factor Cultural Factor Technological Factor Psychological Factor
Factor of Social Change. • Biological Factor – • refer to the factors that influence the biological make-up of a population its composition, • the fertility and • the mortality rates, • and the heredity qualities of a population. • birth rate, death rate.
Biological Factor  Includes animals, birds, herbs, insects, plants etc. and human beings.  If there is increase or decrease of these animals, birds, plants etc.  It will bring a number of changes in human society.  Different biological process like human procreation, fertility and mortality also influence the rate of change in a society.  Rapid population growth influences environment causes poverty, food shortage and multiple health problems.
Economic Factor Industrialization  Refers to the process by which industries have been set up.  It has given birth to the factory system.  The invention of machines has led to the creation of big factories which employ thousands of people.  Most of the work is performed automatically.  It has created new social class.  Improved the condition of women.  It has affected the nature, character and the growth Urbanization  Industrialization has led to urbanization.  As a result of industrialization people have started moving towards the industrial areas.  In the hope of getting employment in those industries and factories.  A large portion of inhabitants in an area comes to cities, urbanization is said to occur.  Towns like Kanpur, Jamshedpur and Ahmadabad in India owe their birth to the factories established there.
Cultural Factor • There is an intimate connection between our beliefs and social institutions, our values and social relationships. • Values, beliefs, ideas, institutions are the basic elements of a culture.
• Social and the cultural aspects are closely interwoven. • Thus, any change in the culture (ideas, values, beliefs etc.) brings a corresponding change in the whole social order.
• Cultural change in society has two major aspects: • (a) Cultural change by discovery and invention, and • (b) Cultural change by diffusion and borrowing.
Educational Factor • The more economically developed a society. • The higher is the rate of education or literacy. • The less developed a country is the lower is the rate of education or literacy.
Skills and specialization. More earning capacity. Changes attitudes and outlook. Ready to accept change. Leads to scientific temperament. Women education.
Demographic Factor Demography is the scientific study of human population, with respect to their size, structure and their development.
• The composition of population depends upon variables like age, sex, marital status, literacy etc. • The age at which we marry, our ability to get a job, the taxes we pay and many other. • Population changes and economic, social and cultural variables like poverty, illiteracy, ill-health, family structure, forms of marriage, work etc. • Population growth is the most important factor in poverty.
Technological Factor  Implies an appropriate organization and systematic application of scientific knowledge .  To meet the human requirements.  Technology is a product of utilization.  When the scientific knowledge is applied to the problems of life, it becomes technology.  Technology is fast growing.  Modern age is the “Age of Technology”
Process Of Social Change • The following is the process of social change: Invention Accumulation Adjustment Diffusion
Invention • “An invention is the new application of knowledge”.
Invention occurs due to following 3 factors: • Mental Ability • Invention requires mental ability of an individual. • Larger the populatio n, greater would be the number of talented people. • Demand • A demand by people. • Scarcity results in an invention. • Greater the demand faster would be process of invention. • Existence of Cultural Elements: • Small culture change slowly. • When there are more cultural elements the invention will be faster.
Accumulation More and more new elements are added to a culture. These cultural elements combine with the old elements and results in the process of accumulation.
Diffusion • Process starts when an invention or cultural elements spread more from one culture to another. • Quick means of communication and transportation made possible an invention or to diffuse a cultural elements to another culture.
Adjustment • All cultural elements are interrelated with one another. • When a material change occurs in a culture it bring slow change in material culture.
Process of social change