1) Modern sewage treatment plants use biological and multi-step processes to purify sewage water.
2) The primary steps are screening, grit removal, and primary sedimentation to remove solids.
3) Secondary treatment further breaks down organic matter, using methods like trickling filters or activated sludge processes.
4) Tertiary treatment can further polish the water before disposal into waterways, irrigation, or potentially for drinking water.
Waste matter discharged from the body, especially feces and urine.
Human waste (Human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system and the human metabolism, namely feces and urine.
unit-ii health , waste disposal include Excreta disposal pptanjalatchi
disposable of excrete waste consist of definition, methods, treament of waste disoposal, summary, question, conclusion, assignment on topic given, refernces,
Waste matter discharged from the body, especially feces and urine.
Human waste (Human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system and the human metabolism, namely feces and urine.
unit-ii health , waste disposal include Excreta disposal pptanjalatchi
disposable of excrete waste consist of definition, methods, treament of waste disoposal, summary, question, conclusion, assignment on topic given, refernces,
Human waste (or human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system, menses, and human metabolism including urine and faeces. ... Faecal sludge management is used to deal with fecal matter collected in on-site sanitation systems such as pit latrines and septic tanks.
From this slides you can get the better knowledge about Liquid waste management
If their is any confusion on this contents you can mail me
abishekregmi432@gmail.com
Biomedical waste
‘Bio-medical waste’ means any solid and/or liquid waste including its container and any intermediate product, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or in research pertaining thereto or in the production or testing thereof.
This presentation gives information about Incineration method. A waste treatment technology, which includes the combustion of waste for recovering energy, is called as “incineration”. Incineration coupled with high temperature waste treatments are recognized as thermal treatments.
Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas and heat.
Incineration reduces the mass of the waste from 95 to 96 percent.
Types of incinerators
Advantages of Incineration
Disadvantages of Incineration
Human waste (or human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system, menses, and human metabolism including urine and faeces. ... Faecal sludge management is used to deal with fecal matter collected in on-site sanitation systems such as pit latrines and septic tanks.
From this slides you can get the better knowledge about Liquid waste management
If their is any confusion on this contents you can mail me
abishekregmi432@gmail.com
Biomedical waste
‘Bio-medical waste’ means any solid and/or liquid waste including its container and any intermediate product, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or in research pertaining thereto or in the production or testing thereof.
This presentation gives information about Incineration method. A waste treatment technology, which includes the combustion of waste for recovering energy, is called as “incineration”. Incineration coupled with high temperature waste treatments are recognized as thermal treatments.
Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas and heat.
Incineration reduces the mass of the waste from 95 to 96 percent.
Types of incinerators
Advantages of Incineration
Disadvantages of Incineration
A presentation on Potential Technology for Water Treatment by Romeo Afrin Upama, Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, University of Chittagong. The presentation is on the available and potential water treatment technologies.
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
Municipal sewage treatment systems carry out various steps involved. These steps are primary treatment, secondary (or) biological treatment, and tertiary treatment.
All living things require clean, uncontaminated water as the most crucial compound for life on Earth
Ideally, drinking water should be clear, colorless, and well aerated, with no unpalatable taste or odor, and it should contain no suspended matter, harmful chemical substances, or pathogenic microorganisms.
Wastewater discharge from industries, agricultural pollution, municipal wastewater, and poor environmental sanitation are the main sources of water contamination
Recycling of water water into drinking waterAshutosh Singh
How to convert waste water into drinking water. There are some technology are given and the time line of projects.
If any one wants it's synopsis report contact me on 9628656548 whatsapp
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
3. •The Aim of sewage treatment is to stabilize the organic
matter.
•To convert the sewage water into an effluent of an
acceptable standard of purity which can be disposed of
into land, rivers or sea.
•Modern sewage treatment plants are based on biological
principles of sewage purification.
•Purification is brought about by the action of aerobic and
anaerobic bacteria.
4. Sewage treatment is a multistep process.
1. Primary treatment
2. Secondary treatment
3. Tertiary treatment
7. SCREENING
• Sewage arriving at a disposal work is first passed through a metal screen
which intercepts large floating objects such as pieces of wood, rags,
masses of garbage and dead animals.
• Their removal is necessary to prevent clogging of the treatment plant. The
screen consists of vertical and inclined steel bars usually set 5 cm(2in)
apart.
• In some plants the screens are of the fixed type while in others ,the screens
are of moving type.
• The screenings are removed from time to time manually or mechanically,
and disposed off by trenching or burial.
8. GRIT CHAMBER
Also called as Detritus chamber
It is a long narrow chamber approximately
10-20mts in length
It is so designed as to maintain a constant
velocity of 1foot/sec , with a detention period of
30sec -1 min.
Function: allow the settlement of heavier
solids such as sand and gravel, while permitting
the organic matter to pass through.
The grit which collects at the bottom of the
chamber is removed periodically or continuously
and disposed off by plain dumping or trenching .
9.
10. PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION
• Sewage is now admitted into a huge tank called the primary
sedimentation tank. It is very large tank , holding from 1/4 to1/3
the dry weather flow.
• Commonest tank used is the rectangular tank .
• Sewage is made to flow very slowly across the tank at a velocity
of 1-2ft per minute.
• The sewage spends about 6-8 hrs in the tank . During this long
period considerable amount of purification takes place mainly
through sedimentation of suspended matter.
• Nearly 50-70 per cent of the solids settle down under the
influence of gravity.
12. • A reduction of between 30-40% in the number of coliform
organisms is obtained .
• The organic matter which settles down is called sludge.
• A small amount of biological action also takes place in which the
micro organisms attack complex organic solids and break them
down into simpler soluble substances and ammonia.
• A certain amount of fat and grease rise to the surface to form
scum.
• Organic trade ways are treated with chemicals such as lime,
aluminum sulphate and ferrous sulphate.
13. SECONDARY TREATMENT
• The effluent from the primary sedimentation tank still contains a
proportion of organic mater in solution or colloidal state , and
numerous living organisms.
• It has a high demand for oxygen and can cause pollution of soil
or water.
It is subjected to further treatment by :-
• TRICKLING FILTER METHOD
• ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
• SECONDARY SEDIMENTATION
• SLUDGE DIGESTION
• DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENT
14.
15. TRICKLING FILTER
• Also called percolating filter.
• It is a bed of crushed stones or cinker, 1-2m (4-8ft) deep and 2-30m
(6-100ft) in diameter depending upon the size of population.
• The effluent is sprinkled uniformly on the surface of the bed by a
revolving device. The device consists of hollow pipes each of which
have a row of holes.
• The pipes keep rotating, sprinkling the effluent in a thin film on the
surface of filter.
• A complex biological growth consisting of algae, fungi, protozoa and
bacteria of many kinds occurs- Zoogleal layer
16.
17. This bacterial flora oxidizes the effluent percolating through the
filter bed thus the action of the filter is purely a biological one.
They do not need rest pauses, because wind flows freely through
the bed supplying the oxygen required by the flora.
The flora lives, grows, and dies. The dead matter sloughs off,
breaks away and is washed down the filter.
It is a light green, flocculent material and is called Humus.
The oxidized sewage is now led into secondary
sedimentation tanks or humus tanks.
18.
19. ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
• Modern method of purifying sewage, in place of trickling filter.
• The ‘heart’ of activated sludge process is aeration tank.
• The effluent from the primary sedimentation tank is mixed with
sludge drawn from final settling tank( also known as activated
sludge or return sludge)
Primary
sedimentatio
n
Aeration
Tank
6-8hrs
detention
Final
settling
Sludge to
digester
Excess sludge Return and excess sludge
20-30%
alternate
Excess sludge to
digester/thickener
20.
21. AERATION TANK
Aeration is accomplished either
by mechanical agitation or
Forcing compressed air continuously
from the bottom of the tank.
- ‘Diffuse aeration’, is considered
a better method.
During this process organic
matter gets oxidized into CO2,
Nitrates and water with the help of
aerobic bacteria in the activated
Sludge.
Typhoid and cholera organisms-
definitely destroyed and coli
forms-greatly reduced.
22.
23. Activated sludge plants occupy less space, require skilled
operations.
One acre of this plant does the work of 10acres of percolating
filter.
This process is therefore best suited for larger cities and the
percolating filter for smaller towns because they are cheaper to
install and easier to operate.
24. SECONDARY SEDIMENTATION
• Oxidized sewage from trickling filter or aeration chamber is led into
secondary sedimentation tank where it is detained for 2-3hrs.
• The sludge thus collected is called Aerated or Activated sludge.
• It is inoffensive and is rich in bacteria, nitrogen and phosphates.
• It is a valuable manure, if dehydrated.
• Part of it is pumped back into aeration tanks and the rest into the
sludge digestion tanks for treatment and disposal.
26. SLUDGE DIGESTION
• One million gallons of sewage produces 15-20tons of sludge.
• SLUDGE- thick, black mass containing 95% water, and has a
revolting odor.
• Methods of sludge disposal:
a. Digestion
b. Sea disposal
c. Land disposal
27. Process of Sludge Digestion:
• Sludge digestion is carried out in sludge digestion tanks.
• On incubation at optimum temp and pH, sludge undergoes auto-
digestion.
• Complex solids are broken down into H2O, CO2,CH4,NH3
• It takes 3-4wks or longer for complete digestion.
• The residue is inoffensive, sticky and tarry mud that dries readily
and forms excellent manure.
• Methane gas, a by-product, can be used for heating and lighting
purposes.
28. DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENT
DISPOSAL BY DILUTION: Disposal into water courses such as rivers
and streams is called “disposal by dilution”.
• The diluting capacity and dissolved oxygen contents of the receiving body
of water are important before discharging the effluent.
• Since river water is used for drinking purpose the effluent must be
rendered free from pathogenic organisms by adequate chlorination.
• The royal commission in England in its 5th report(1908) recommended
that a sewage treatment plant should not have more than 30mg/ltr of
suspended solids and 5 day B.O.D should not exceed 20mg/ltr.
• As per these standards the receiving body would provide an 8:1 dilution.
29. • The effluent may contain substances toxic to man, that can kill fish,
damage agriculture or interfere with normal flowing of a stream.
• In many places in UK, effluent standards have been raised to
10mg/Litre
• The WHO is seized with this problem, and is fostering research in
tertiary methods of treatment or polishing the effluent further.
DISPOSAL ON LAND: If suitable land is available, the effluent
can be used for irrigation purposes (e.g:the Okhla Sewage Treatment
Plant in Delhi).
30. ADVANCED (TERTIARY) SEWAGE TREATMENT
Tertiary Treatment (Physicochemical Process)
• Precipitation
• Filtration
• Chlorination
• Treated water is discharged to waterways
• Used for irrigation
• Recycled into drinking water
Expensive process, sharply reduces
Inorganic nutrients (PO4,NO3)
31. OTHER METHODS OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL
• SEA OUTFALL
• RIVER OUTFALL
• LAND TREATMENT
• OXIDATION PONDS
• OXIDATION DITCHES
32. SEA OUTFALL:
•Sea coast towns and cities.
•Purification takes place by dilution and the solids get slowly oxidized.
•Draw back : the offensive solid matter may be washed back to the
shore. In order to prevent this, the sewage outfall is designed to
discharge into deep water at many points.
RIVER OUTFALL:
•Raw sewage should never be discharged into rivers.
•How far the sewage should be purified depends upon the dilution the
river provides to carryon aeration and self purification.
33.
34. LAND TREATMENT:
• Also known as sewage farming or broad irrigation
• An acre of land would be required to treat the sewage of 100-300
persons.
• Sewage is fed into furrows intermittently and crops are grown on
bridges.
• During the rainy season it may not be possible to operate the
sewage farms.
• Badly managed farms stink , a condition called sewage sickness
because of lack of sufficient aeration and rest pauses to the land
35.
36. OXIDATION POND:
• Also known as waste stabilization pond , redox pond, sewage
lagoons etc.
• Over 50 ponds are working at present in India.
• The first large scale installation was the one at Bhilai where it
serves a population of a lakh.
• To qualify as an oxidation pond , there must be the presence of
algae , certain types of bacteria, sunlight.
• The sewage purification in oxidation pond is brought about by a
combination of aerobic and anaerobic types of bacteria.
37.
38.
39. OXIDATION DITCH
Oxidation ditches and aerated lagoons
make use of mechanical rotors for
extended aeration.
For treatment of the wastes of a
population between 5000-20,000 an
oxidation ditch requires.
An area of 1 acre and aerated lagoon
2.5 acres.
These are low cost treatment methods
for purification of sewage.