1) Modern sewage treatment plants use biological and multi-step processes to purify sewage water.
2) The primary steps are screening, grit removal, and primary sedimentation to remove solids.
3) Secondary treatment further breaks down organic matter, using methods like trickling filters or activated sludge processes.
4) Tertiary treatment can further polish the water before disposal into waterways, irrigation, or potentially for drinking water.
Deals with primary sedimentation tanks for the primary treatment of sewage. settling column test, settling profile graph construction and use of the settling profile graph for the design of primary sedimentation tank. both circular and rectangular settling tanks are described here.
Deals with primary sedimentation tanks for the primary treatment of sewage. settling column test, settling profile graph construction and use of the settling profile graph for the design of primary sedimentation tank. both circular and rectangular settling tanks are described here.
areation and types of aeration in waste water treatmentAmi jasani
this presentation shows the aeration process among the whole process of waste water treatment. It is related to diploma civil engineering students of GTU.
The study of the source of disposal is important because the amount of treatment required to be given to sewage depends very much upon the source of disposal, its quality, and capacity to tolerate the impurities present in the sewage effluents, without itself getting potentially polluted or becoming less useful.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
This presentation includes the basic introduction to sewage/ wastewater, quantity estimation, the basic terms commonly used in the sewerage system, Types of sewer, sewage, and sewerage system.
areation and types of aeration in waste water treatmentAmi jasani
this presentation shows the aeration process among the whole process of waste water treatment. It is related to diploma civil engineering students of GTU.
The study of the source of disposal is important because the amount of treatment required to be given to sewage depends very much upon the source of disposal, its quality, and capacity to tolerate the impurities present in the sewage effluents, without itself getting potentially polluted or becoming less useful.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
This presentation includes the basic introduction to sewage/ wastewater, quantity estimation, the basic terms commonly used in the sewerage system, Types of sewer, sewage, and sewerage system.
A presentation on Potential Technology for Water Treatment by Romeo Afrin Upama, Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, University of Chittagong. The presentation is on the available and potential water treatment technologies.
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
Municipal sewage treatment systems carry out various steps involved. These steps are primary treatment, secondary (or) biological treatment, and tertiary treatment.
All living things require clean, uncontaminated water as the most crucial compound for life on Earth
Ideally, drinking water should be clear, colorless, and well aerated, with no unpalatable taste or odor, and it should contain no suspended matter, harmful chemical substances, or pathogenic microorganisms.
Wastewater discharge from industries, agricultural pollution, municipal wastewater, and poor environmental sanitation are the main sources of water contamination
Recycling of water water into drinking waterAshutosh Singh
How to convert waste water into drinking water. There are some technology are given and the time line of projects.
If any one wants it's synopsis report contact me on 9628656548 whatsapp
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
3. •The Aim of sewage treatment is to stabilize the organic
matter.
•To convert the sewage water into an effluent of an
acceptable standard of purity which can be disposed of
into land, rivers or sea.
•Modern sewage treatment plants are based on biological
principles of sewage purification.
•Purification is brought about by the action of aerobic and
anaerobic bacteria.
4. Sewage treatment is a multistep process.
1. Primary treatment
2. Secondary treatment
3. Tertiary treatment
7. SCREENING
• Sewage arriving at a disposal work is first passed through a metal screen
which intercepts large floating objects such as pieces of wood, rags,
masses of garbage and dead animals.
• Their removal is necessary to prevent clogging of the treatment plant. The
screen consists of vertical and inclined steel bars usually set 5 cm(2in)
apart.
• In some plants the screens are of the fixed type while in others ,the screens
are of moving type.
• The screenings are removed from time to time manually or mechanically,
and disposed off by trenching or burial.
8. GRIT CHAMBER
Also called as Detritus chamber
It is a long narrow chamber approximately
10-20mts in length
It is so designed as to maintain a constant
velocity of 1foot/sec , with a detention period of
30sec -1 min.
Function: allow the settlement of heavier
solids such as sand and gravel, while permitting
the organic matter to pass through.
The grit which collects at the bottom of the
chamber is removed periodically or continuously
and disposed off by plain dumping or trenching .
9.
10. PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION
• Sewage is now admitted into a huge tank called the primary
sedimentation tank. It is very large tank , holding from 1/4 to1/3
the dry weather flow.
• Commonest tank used is the rectangular tank .
• Sewage is made to flow very slowly across the tank at a velocity
of 1-2ft per minute.
• The sewage spends about 6-8 hrs in the tank . During this long
period considerable amount of purification takes place mainly
through sedimentation of suspended matter.
• Nearly 50-70 per cent of the solids settle down under the
influence of gravity.
12. • A reduction of between 30-40% in the number of coliform
organisms is obtained .
• The organic matter which settles down is called sludge.
• A small amount of biological action also takes place in which the
micro organisms attack complex organic solids and break them
down into simpler soluble substances and ammonia.
• A certain amount of fat and grease rise to the surface to form
scum.
• Organic trade ways are treated with chemicals such as lime,
aluminum sulphate and ferrous sulphate.
13. SECONDARY TREATMENT
• The effluent from the primary sedimentation tank still contains a
proportion of organic mater in solution or colloidal state , and
numerous living organisms.
• It has a high demand for oxygen and can cause pollution of soil
or water.
It is subjected to further treatment by :-
• TRICKLING FILTER METHOD
• ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
• SECONDARY SEDIMENTATION
• SLUDGE DIGESTION
• DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENT
14.
15. TRICKLING FILTER
• Also called percolating filter.
• It is a bed of crushed stones or cinker, 1-2m (4-8ft) deep and 2-30m
(6-100ft) in diameter depending upon the size of population.
• The effluent is sprinkled uniformly on the surface of the bed by a
revolving device. The device consists of hollow pipes each of which
have a row of holes.
• The pipes keep rotating, sprinkling the effluent in a thin film on the
surface of filter.
• A complex biological growth consisting of algae, fungi, protozoa and
bacteria of many kinds occurs- Zoogleal layer
16.
17. This bacterial flora oxidizes the effluent percolating through the
filter bed thus the action of the filter is purely a biological one.
They do not need rest pauses, because wind flows freely through
the bed supplying the oxygen required by the flora.
The flora lives, grows, and dies. The dead matter sloughs off,
breaks away and is washed down the filter.
It is a light green, flocculent material and is called Humus.
The oxidized sewage is now led into secondary
sedimentation tanks or humus tanks.
18.
19. ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
• Modern method of purifying sewage, in place of trickling filter.
• The ‘heart’ of activated sludge process is aeration tank.
• The effluent from the primary sedimentation tank is mixed with
sludge drawn from final settling tank( also known as activated
sludge or return sludge)
Primary
sedimentatio
n
Aeration
Tank
6-8hrs
detention
Final
settling
Sludge to
digester
Excess sludge Return and excess sludge
20-30%
alternate
Excess sludge to
digester/thickener
20.
21. AERATION TANK
Aeration is accomplished either
by mechanical agitation or
Forcing compressed air continuously
from the bottom of the tank.
- ‘Diffuse aeration’, is considered
a better method.
During this process organic
matter gets oxidized into CO2,
Nitrates and water with the help of
aerobic bacteria in the activated
Sludge.
Typhoid and cholera organisms-
definitely destroyed and coli
forms-greatly reduced.
22.
23. Activated sludge plants occupy less space, require skilled
operations.
One acre of this plant does the work of 10acres of percolating
filter.
This process is therefore best suited for larger cities and the
percolating filter for smaller towns because they are cheaper to
install and easier to operate.
24. SECONDARY SEDIMENTATION
• Oxidized sewage from trickling filter or aeration chamber is led into
secondary sedimentation tank where it is detained for 2-3hrs.
• The sludge thus collected is called Aerated or Activated sludge.
• It is inoffensive and is rich in bacteria, nitrogen and phosphates.
• It is a valuable manure, if dehydrated.
• Part of it is pumped back into aeration tanks and the rest into the
sludge digestion tanks for treatment and disposal.
26. SLUDGE DIGESTION
• One million gallons of sewage produces 15-20tons of sludge.
• SLUDGE- thick, black mass containing 95% water, and has a
revolting odor.
• Methods of sludge disposal:
a. Digestion
b. Sea disposal
c. Land disposal
27. Process of Sludge Digestion:
• Sludge digestion is carried out in sludge digestion tanks.
• On incubation at optimum temp and pH, sludge undergoes auto-
digestion.
• Complex solids are broken down into H2O, CO2,CH4,NH3
• It takes 3-4wks or longer for complete digestion.
• The residue is inoffensive, sticky and tarry mud that dries readily
and forms excellent manure.
• Methane gas, a by-product, can be used for heating and lighting
purposes.
28. DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENT
DISPOSAL BY DILUTION: Disposal into water courses such as rivers
and streams is called “disposal by dilution”.
• The diluting capacity and dissolved oxygen contents of the receiving body
of water are important before discharging the effluent.
• Since river water is used for drinking purpose the effluent must be
rendered free from pathogenic organisms by adequate chlorination.
• The royal commission in England in its 5th report(1908) recommended
that a sewage treatment plant should not have more than 30mg/ltr of
suspended solids and 5 day B.O.D should not exceed 20mg/ltr.
• As per these standards the receiving body would provide an 8:1 dilution.
29. • The effluent may contain substances toxic to man, that can kill fish,
damage agriculture or interfere with normal flowing of a stream.
• In many places in UK, effluent standards have been raised to
10mg/Litre
• The WHO is seized with this problem, and is fostering research in
tertiary methods of treatment or polishing the effluent further.
DISPOSAL ON LAND: If suitable land is available, the effluent
can be used for irrigation purposes (e.g:the Okhla Sewage Treatment
Plant in Delhi).
30. ADVANCED (TERTIARY) SEWAGE TREATMENT
Tertiary Treatment (Physicochemical Process)
• Precipitation
• Filtration
• Chlorination
• Treated water is discharged to waterways
• Used for irrigation
• Recycled into drinking water
Expensive process, sharply reduces
Inorganic nutrients (PO4,NO3)
31. OTHER METHODS OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL
• SEA OUTFALL
• RIVER OUTFALL
• LAND TREATMENT
• OXIDATION PONDS
• OXIDATION DITCHES
32. SEA OUTFALL:
•Sea coast towns and cities.
•Purification takes place by dilution and the solids get slowly oxidized.
•Draw back : the offensive solid matter may be washed back to the
shore. In order to prevent this, the sewage outfall is designed to
discharge into deep water at many points.
RIVER OUTFALL:
•Raw sewage should never be discharged into rivers.
•How far the sewage should be purified depends upon the dilution the
river provides to carryon aeration and self purification.
33.
34. LAND TREATMENT:
• Also known as sewage farming or broad irrigation
• An acre of land would be required to treat the sewage of 100-300
persons.
• Sewage is fed into furrows intermittently and crops are grown on
bridges.
• During the rainy season it may not be possible to operate the
sewage farms.
• Badly managed farms stink , a condition called sewage sickness
because of lack of sufficient aeration and rest pauses to the land
35.
36. OXIDATION POND:
• Also known as waste stabilization pond , redox pond, sewage
lagoons etc.
• Over 50 ponds are working at present in India.
• The first large scale installation was the one at Bhilai where it
serves a population of a lakh.
• To qualify as an oxidation pond , there must be the presence of
algae , certain types of bacteria, sunlight.
• The sewage purification in oxidation pond is brought about by a
combination of aerobic and anaerobic types of bacteria.
37.
38.
39. OXIDATION DITCH
Oxidation ditches and aerated lagoons
make use of mechanical rotors for
extended aeration.
For treatment of the wastes of a
population between 5000-20,000 an
oxidation ditch requires.
An area of 1 acre and aerated lagoon
2.5 acres.
These are low cost treatment methods
for purification of sewage.