The document discusses various methods for purifying water on large and small scales. For large scale purification, it describes the steps of storage, filtration, and disinfection. It compares slow sand and rapid sand filtration methods. For small scale purification, it outlines boiling, chemical disinfection using chlorine or iodine, filtration using ceramic filters, ultraviolet irradiation, and reverse osmosis.
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #water,#waterborne,#ICDS,#diseases,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #water,#waterborne,#ICDS,#diseases,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #water,#waterborne,#ICDS,#diseases,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #water,#waterborne,#ICDS,#diseases,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
Human waste (or human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system, menses, and human metabolism including urine and faeces. ... Faecal sludge management is used to deal with fecal matter collected in on-site sanitation systems such as pit latrines and septic tanks.
what is waterborne diseases? example,types of water borne diseases,disease pathway,route of infection,how climate control water borne disease trends,case study of cholera in south asia,application of remote sensing on study of waterborne diseases
A well is a dug hole on the ground which contains water and is maintained for drinking, domestic and other purposes.
There are two (2) main types of wells, namely: shallow well and deep well.
Shallow wells are dug into soils with pickaxe and shovels and are generally not more than 15m deep. They do not penetrate the bedrock found more deeply in the ground.
Deep wells are excavated over 30m deep. They also go beyond the bedrock into the confined aquifer
This is a lecture on household water treatment methods and techniques. These techniques are valuable for point-of-use treatment in emergency situations or where no elaborate systems exist.
Waste matter discharged from the body, especially feces and urine.
Human waste (Human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system and the human metabolism, namely feces and urine.
Tuberculosis infection is very common in the world and the disease manifest when ever either the virulence of the organism increases or the resistance of the host goes down.it can affect any part of the body.the best method of control of tuberculosis is early diagnosis and treatment.despite international cooperation the problem of resistance in tuberculosis is increasing and great efforts are being made to tackle this problem both in diagnostic tools as well as in treatment modalities. the social factors also play a big role in the causation as well as emergence of resistance is concerned . a participatory approach is required to combat the problem.
Human waste (or human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system, menses, and human metabolism including urine and faeces. ... Faecal sludge management is used to deal with fecal matter collected in on-site sanitation systems such as pit latrines and septic tanks.
what is waterborne diseases? example,types of water borne diseases,disease pathway,route of infection,how climate control water borne disease trends,case study of cholera in south asia,application of remote sensing on study of waterborne diseases
A well is a dug hole on the ground which contains water and is maintained for drinking, domestic and other purposes.
There are two (2) main types of wells, namely: shallow well and deep well.
Shallow wells are dug into soils with pickaxe and shovels and are generally not more than 15m deep. They do not penetrate the bedrock found more deeply in the ground.
Deep wells are excavated over 30m deep. They also go beyond the bedrock into the confined aquifer
This is a lecture on household water treatment methods and techniques. These techniques are valuable for point-of-use treatment in emergency situations or where no elaborate systems exist.
Waste matter discharged from the body, especially feces and urine.
Human waste (Human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system and the human metabolism, namely feces and urine.
Tuberculosis infection is very common in the world and the disease manifest when ever either the virulence of the organism increases or the resistance of the host goes down.it can affect any part of the body.the best method of control of tuberculosis is early diagnosis and treatment.despite international cooperation the problem of resistance in tuberculosis is increasing and great efforts are being made to tackle this problem both in diagnostic tools as well as in treatment modalities. the social factors also play a big role in the causation as well as emergence of resistance is concerned . a participatory approach is required to combat the problem.
SMALL SCALE PURIFICATION OF WATER.pptxDr Pranav MK
These slides show a detailed explanation of Small Scale Purification of water and Chlorination. That include principles of chlorination, test of chlorinated water, Methods of small scale purification, Disinfection of wells. This presentation is aiming to inculcate a deep understanding of water purification and chlorination in students.
WATER
In 1981, the 34th Word Health Assembly in a resolution emphasized that safe drinking water is a basic element for “primary health care” which is the key to the attainment of “Health for All by the year 2000 AD.”
More recently, Millennium Development Goals included safe water and sanitation in the attainable goals.
In 1990, more than 1 billion people in developing world lacked access to safe drinking water and nearly 2 billion lacked an adequate system for disposing off their excreta.
POTABLE WATER
Also called as “Safe and Wholesome Water”
Defined as water that is
Free from pathogenic agents
Free from harmful chemical substances
Pleasant to taste, i.e., free from colour and odour; and
Usable for domestic purposes
Uses of water
Domestic use
Public purposes
Industrial purposes
Agricultural purposes
Power production
Carrying away wastes
Sources of Water
Rain
Surface water
Impounding reservoirs
Rivers and streams
Tanks, ponds and lakes
Sea water
Ground water
Shallow wells
Deep wells
Springs
WATER PURIFICATION
Storage
Filtration
Chlorination
Storage
a) Physical Action
b) Chemical Action
c) Biological Action
Filtration
98 – 99% of the bacteria are removed by filtration apart from other impurities.
Two types of filters are in use
The Biologic or Slow sand filters
Rapid or Mechanical filters
1. Slow Sand or Biologic Filters
Elements:
Supernatant (raw) water
A bed of graded sand
An under drainage system
A system of filter control values
Supernatant (raw) water
Depth – 1 – 1.5 metres
A bed of graded sand
Vital layer
Slimy growth covering the surface of the sand bed
“Schmutzdecke/ Zoogleal/ Biological layer”
Consists of thread like algae, plankton, diatoms and bacteria.
It extends 2-3 cms into the top portion of the sand bed.
Formation of vital layer - “Ripening” of the filter.
It is the “Heart” of the slow sand filter.
It removes organic matter,
Holds back bacteria
Oxidizes ammonical nitrogen into nitrates and
Helps in yielding bacteria free water.
An under drainage system
Filter box – Open rectangular box of 2.5 – 4 meters deep
A system of filter control values
To maintain a constant rate of filtration
Venturi meter – measure the bed resistance or loss of head
2) Rapid/Mechanical filters
Steps involved
Coagulation
Rapid mixing
Flocculation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Filter bed:
Each unit of filter bed has surface of about 80 to 90 sq. feet
Sand is the filtering medium.
Back washing
Rapid sand filters require frequent washing either daily or weekly depending upon the loss of head.
Washing is accomplished by reversing the flow of water through sand bed which is called “Backwashing”.
Helps in dislodging the impurities and cleaning up the sand bed.
Time - 15 to 20 minutes
Chlorination:
Chlorine kills pathogenic bacteria but has no effect on spores and certain viruses except in high doses.
It oxidizes Fe, Mn and HS;
It destroys taste and odour-producing constituents
It controls algae and slime organism
It deals with biological water quality improvement through disinfection, disinfectants and disinfection kinetics, chlorine and other commonly used disinfectants, breakpoint chlorination and chlorination system
he water to be used for the preparation of haemodialysis fluids needs treatment to achieve the appropriate quality. The water treatment is provided by a water pre-treatment system which may include various components such as sediment filters, water softeners, carbon tanks, micro-filters, ultraviolet disinfection units, reverse osmosis units, ultrafilters and storage tanks. The components of the system will be determined by the quality of feed water and the ability of the overall system to produce and maintain appropriate water quality.
Water :the universal need. As we all know water is most essential component to mankind yet its quality is in hazardous state and quantity is declining. This slide contains crucial information about water purification systems like what happens to water before we get it I'm our home?!
Raw water should be treated to make it potable/fit for drinking. So a line of treatments should be followed to treat the water. After Coagulation and sedimentation the process of filtration and disinfection are followed.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
1. Purification of water
Dr. Moumita Pal
MBBS,DPH, MD
Dept. of Community Medicine
College of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital
2. Purification on a large scale
1. Storage
2. Filtration
3. Disinfection
3. Storage
• Natural/artificial reservoirs
• Purification in terms of-
1. Physical: 90% suspended impurities settle
down by gravity in 24 hrs
2. Chemical: aerobic bacteria oxidize organic
matter. From free ammonia to nitrates.
3. Biological : drop in bacterial count
90% bacteria die out in 5-6 days.
5. Slow sand /Biological filter
• Elements are: 1. Supernatant water
2. Bed of graded sand
3. Under drainage system
4. System of filter control valves
6. Supernatant water
• Above the sand bed
• 1-1.5 meter deep
• Constant head of water to overcome
resistance
• 3-12 hrs waiting period for partial purification
7. Sand bed
• Most important part
• Thickness 1 mt
• Sand grain rounded with effective diameter B/T
0.2-0.3 mm
• Clean, free from clay/organic matter
• Supported by gravel layer ( 30-40 cm)
• Water percolates very slowly ( 0.1-0.4 m3/hr/sq
mt)
• Purification process: mechanical straining
sedimentation, adsorption, oxidation,
bacterial action
8. Vital layer
• Surface of sand bed get covered
• Slimy growth/ gelatinous: consist of algae, plankton,
diatoms, bacteria
• Known as SCHMUTZDECKE /vital/zoogleal/biological
layer
• Formation of vital layer: Ripening of filter
• 2-3 cm
• Heart of the filter
• Removes organic matter, hold back
bacteria, oxidize ammoniacal nitrogen into
nitrates
9. Under drainage system
• Bottom of filter bed
• Consists of perforated pipes
• Outlet for filtered water & supports medium
FILTER BOX: open box, 2.5-4 mt deep, walls made
up of bricks/cement
Supernatant water:1-1.5 mt
Sand bed: 1.2 mt
Gravel: 0.30 mt
Filter bottom: 0.16 mt
10. Filter control
• Valves/ devices in outlet system
• Maintain constant rate of filtration
• Venturi meter: measures resistance or Loss of
head
• Resistance built up= opening of valves
• Loss of head > 1.3 mts = uneconomical to run
filter
12. Cleaning
• Normally run weeks/ months without cleaning
• Bed resistance increases= fully opening of valve=
time to clean
• Supernatant water is drained off
• Sand layer cleaned by SCRAPING off top layer (1-2
cm)
• Done by unskilled laborers
• After 20-30 scraping sand bed reduced
0.5-0.8 mts= time to close the plant
13. Advantages
• Simple to construct
• Cheaper
• Quality of water is very high ( Total Bacterial
count reduced by 99.9 to 99.99% with E.coli)
15. Flow diagram of rapid sand filter plant
River
Alum
Consumption
Chlorine
Mixing
Chamb
er
Floccul
ation
Chamb
er
Sedime
ntation
Tank Filters
Clear
water
storage
16. • Coagulation: raw water treated with alum. Dose 5-40
mg/lit.( depending upon turbidity/colour/ pH/ temp)
• Rapid mixing: subjected to violent agitation in mixing
chamber
• Flocculation: slow stirring in a flocculation chamber
for 30 mins. Formation of thick Aluminium hydroxide
• Sedimentation: detained in sedimentation chamber
for 2-6 hrs. flocculent precipitate with
impurities.
• Filtration: partly clarified water is now
subjected to rapid sand filtration
17. Filter beds
• Sand is filter medium
• Effective size 0.4-0.7 mm
• Depth is 1 mt
• Below sand bed layer of graded gravel
• Depth of water is 1-1.5 mt
• Rate of filtration: 5-15 m3/m2/hr
18. Filtration
• Alum floc, not removed by sedimentation :
held back on sand bed. form slimy layer
comparable to zoogleal layer.
• Adsorb bacteria, oxidation of ammonia
• Loss of head up to 7-8 feet: filter subjected to
wash named BACKWASHING need
daily/weekly washing, by reversing
the flow of water ( dislodges the
impurities). Takes 15 mins
19.
20. Advantage
• Can deal with raw water directly
• Occupies less space
• Filtration is rapid
• Washing is easy
21. Disinfection
Chemical having the criteria:
• Capable of destroying pathogenic organism within the
contact time
• Not unduly influenced by range of physical /chemical
properties of water
• Not leave products of reaction which make water toxic
• Available and reasonable cost
• Leaving residual concentration to deal with
possible contamination
• Amenable to detection by rapid/simple tests
22. Comparison of rapid and slow sand
filter
Features Rapid sand filter Slow sand filter
Space Occupies less space Occupies large space
Rate of filtration 200 m.g.a.d 2-3 m.g.a.d
Effective size of sand 0.4-0.7 mm 0.2-0.3 mm
Preliminary treatment Chemical coagulation and
sedimentation
Plain sedimentation
Washing Back washing Scraping the sand bed
Operation Highly skilled Less skilled
Loss of head allowed 6-8 feet (2-2.5 m) 4 feet (1.5 m)
Removal of turbidity Good Good
Removal of colour Good Fair
Removal of bacteria 98-99 % 99.9-99.99 %
23. Chlorination
• Supplement and not substitute of sand filtration
• Kills pathogenic bacteria but no effect on spores and
viruses (except high dose)
• Oxidizes iron/manganese /hydrogen sulphide
• Controls algae
• H2O + Cl2 HCl + HOCl
• HOCl H + OCl
• HCl is neutralized by alkalinity of water
• Disinfection action due to HOCl and OCl
• Most effective formHOCl
• Acts best at pH 7 as more HOCl
24. Principles of Chlorination
1. water should be clear/ free of turbidity
2.Chlorine demand should be estimated.
• Amount of Cl added- residual Cl at end of
contact period (60 Min) at a given temp/pH
• At which point the Cl demand of water is met
called Break point
• If further Cl added after this it will
appear as free Cl
25. 3. Presence of free residual Cl for a contact
period of 1 hr is essential to kill bact/viruses.
4. Min recommended free Cl is 0.5 mg/L for 1 hr.
Gives margin of safety for subsequent
contamination.
5. correct dose of Cl = Cl demand+ 0.5 mg/L
residual Cl
26. Calculation of Chlorine demand
• By Horrock’s apparatus
• To find out dose of Bleaching powder required for
disinfection
• Contents: 1. 6 white cups (200 ml each)
2. one black cup with a circular mark inside
3. 2 metal spoons (2 g when level filled)
4. 7 glass stirring rods
5. One special pipette
6. Two droppers
7. starch-iodide indicator solution
8. Instruction folder
27.
28. Procedure
1. one level spoonful (2g) bleaching powder in black cup
make a thin paste with little water add water up to
circular mark & stirring allow to settle Stock solution
2. Fill 6 white cups with water to be tested
3. With special pipette add stock solution 1 drop to 1st cup, 2
drops to 2nd, 3 to 3rd…
4. Stir the water with different rods
5. Wait 30 mins for action of Cl
6. Add 3 drops of starch iodide indication to each cups.
Development of Blue colour free Cl
7. Note the 1st cup which show distinct blue colour.
Suppose 3rd cup show blue colour 1st 3 level
spoonfuls/6 g of bleaching powder would be
required to disinfect 455 lit of water.
29. Method of Chlorination
• Cl added as :
1. Chlorine gas (Cheap/easy/Chlorinating
equipment: Paterson’s chloronome)
2. Chloramine (less chlorinous taste/slower action)
3. Perchloron ( Ca compound with 70 %
available Cl.)
30. Break point Chlorination
• Point at which free residual Cl appears after
entire combined Cl residual has been
completely destroyed Break point
• The point when Cl demand of water is met
Break point Chlorination
• If Cl is added further it will only increases the
free Cl
31. Superchlorination
• Super-chlorination followed by de-chlorination
• Addition of large dose of chlorine and removal
of excess of it after disinfection
• Applicable for heavily polluted water
32. Orthotolidine (OT) Test
• Both free n combined Cl can be determined
• reagent= Orthotolidine (desolved in 10% sol. Of
HCl)
• Water containing Cl+ reagent= yellow
colour(intensity varies with conc. )
• Reaction with free Cl is fast
• 0.1 ml reagent+ 1 ml water=yellow color matched
with color disc.
• Reading: within 10 sec=free Cl
after 15-20 min=both free and
combined Cl
33. Orthotolodine-arsenite (OTA) Test
• Modification of OT test to identify free and
combined Cl separately
• Error caused by iron/nitrites/ manganese by
producing yellow color can be overcome
34. Ozonation
• Powerful oxidizing agent
• Removes undesirable colour/ odour/ taste/
organic matter
• Can destroy viruses
• Dosage 0.2-1.5 mg/L
• No residual effect. So used in combination of
Chlorination ( minimal dose)
• High cost
• Onsite generation due to instability
36. Household purification of water
1. Boiling – rolling boil for 10-20 min
Kills bact/ spores/ cysts/ ova
Removes temporary hardness
Taste can be altered
No residual protection
Should be stored in same
container where boiled
37. 2.Chemical disinfection:
A. Bleaching powder: Ca(OCl)Cl, if freshly
made=33% available Cl, unstable(on
exposure to air/light/moister losses Cl
content. Stored in dark, cool, dry place in
closed container)
38. B. Chlorine solution : prepared from bleaching
powder. 4 kg of bleaching powder with 25 %
available chlorine mixed with 20 lit of water
gives 5% solution of chlorine.
C. High test hypochlorite: perchloron. More
stable.
D. Chlorine Tablets: (Halazone Tablet).
Good but costly. Single tablet of 0.5 g
is suficient to disinfect 20 lit of water.
39. E. Iodine:- emergency disinfection of water.
- 2 drops of 2% ethanol solution is suffice
for 1 lit of water.
- contact time needed 20-30 min.
- High cost
- Physiologically active (thyroid activity)
F. Potassium permanganate: No longer used.
Changes color/smell/taste of water.
40. 3. Filtration: ceramic filters –Pasteur
Chamberland filter, Berkefeld filter, Katadyn
filter.
- Main part is candle ( porcelin /infusorial earth)
- In Katadyn: Surface covered with silver
catalyst, bact. destroyed in contact with silver
ion (oligodynamic action)
- can remove bact. Not virues
41. 4. Ultraviolet irradiation: can destroy bact. Viruses,
yeast, fungi, algae, protozoa
- Mercury vapor arc lamps emitting UV rays at a
wave length of 254 nano mt
- Water should be free from turbidity/ colloidal
suspended constituents
- Short exposure required, no foreign
matter added, no taste /odour change
- No residual effect
42. 5. Multistage Reverse osmosis purification of
water:
- Remove total dissolved solid, hardness, heavy
metals, bacteria, viruses, protozoa, cysts.
- Clarity cartridge removes suspended particles
( dust/mud/sand)
- The reverse osmosis cartridge removes
dissolved solid/hardness/heavy metals/
micro organism.