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Waste disposal
1. Just pay attention to the lecture. The slides can be downloaded from http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
3. Some terms we need to know REFUSE: Solid or semisolid waste matter produced in the normal course of human activities. Generated from street sweepings, markets, stable litter, industrial refuse, commercial refuse, etc. RUBBISH: Solid wastes originating in houses, commercial establishments, industries, excluding garbage and ash. GARBAGE: Animal & vegetable wastes resulting from the handling, storage, sale, preparation, cooking and serving of food. ASH: Residue from burning of wood, coal, charcoal and other combustible materials used for cooking and heating purposes in houses, industries etc. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
4. Sources of solid wastes Street refuse Market refuse Stable litter Industrial refuse Domestic refuse In most of the countries the per capita daily solid waste produced is between 0.25 to 2.5 Kg http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
5. Galvanized steel dust bin with cover (for households) – 0.05 to 0.1 cubic feet per capita per day. A bin with capacity of 1.5 cubic feet for a family of 5 members if collection is done every 3 days. Public bins. Storage of solid wastes http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
6. House-to-house collection Mechanical transport Dustless refuse collector Collection of solid wastes http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
9. INSANITARY METHODS Hog feeding Dumping Refuse dumped in low lying areas Bacterial action over time, decreases volume of refuse which is gradually converted into humus Disadvantages Smell Unsightly appearance Free access to flies, rodents, hogs, dogs etc. Dispersal by wind Pollution of surface and ground water http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
11. SANITARY METHODS 1. Sanitary landfill / Controlled tipping Laying of dry and condensed refuse in a trench or other prepared area with intervening earth coverings. Anaerobic digestion of the refuse takes place. The process takes 4-6 months to complete. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
13. 4-12 meter 2-3 meter http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
14. Trench method Level ground Trenches 4-12 m wide, 2-3 m deep Refuse is compacted and then covered with excavated earth Ramp method Sloping terrain Area method Land depressions, disused quarries, pits May need soil from outside sources to cover the compacted refuse http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
15. SANITARY METHODS 2. Composting Method of combined disposal of refuse and nightsoil or sludge. Organic matter breaks down under bacterial action, producing “compost” – used as manure. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
16. Three methods of composting BANGALORE METHOD MECHANICAL COMPOSTING VERMI-COMPOSTING http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
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18. IISc, Bangalore – Indian Council of Agriculture Researchhttp://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
20. 4.5 – 10 m 1.5 – 2.5 m 90 cm A Trench excavated for composting http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
21. Earth 25 cm REFUSE 5 cm NIGHTSOIL 15 cm REFUSE NIGHTSOIL 5 cm NIGHTSOIL 15 cm REFUSE 4-6 months Humus Anaerobic decomposition http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
24. SANITARY METHODS 3. Incineration Suitable for areas where land is not available for sanitary landfill Example: Hospitals Disadvantages: Expensive No useful by-product Air pollution http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
25. SANITARY METHODS 4. Manure pits Used in rural households Covered with earth after each days dumping Two pits Within 5-6 months decomposed refuse which is used as fertilizer http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
26. SANITARY METHODS 5. Burial Suitable for small settlements/camps Decomposed matter may be ready for use as manure within 4-6 months 1.5 m 40 cm 1 m 200 persons 1 week 2 m 20-30 cm http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
27. SANITARY METHODS 6. Biogas plant Biogas is produced by the anaerobic breakdown of solid waste /excreta. Biogas (Methane, CO2, Hydrogen) can be used as a fuel for any heating purpose, such as cooking. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
31. Methods of excreta disposal INSANITARY METHODS Open defecation Conservancy system/Cartage SANITARY METHODS WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
32. Methods of excreta disposal SANITARY METHODS 1. Pit latrine 2. Pour flush/Water seal latrine a. Simple pit latrine b. VIP latrine c. ROEC 3. Composting latrine Direct (Shelter over pit) & Indirect (Offset pit) Single pit & Double pit PRAI & RCA latrine 4. Aquaprivy 5. Septic Tank 6. SulabhShauchalya 7. Chemical closet 8. Biogas plant Trench latrine Shallow trench latrines Deep trench latrine Bore hole latrine 9. Latrines suitable for camps and temporary use http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
33. INSANITARY METHODS OF EXCRETA DISPOSAL http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
42. Location of a pit latrine http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
43. Advantages: Easy and cheap to construct Slab and shelter can be reused Excreta are isolated Disadvantages: Unpleasant odors Flies Advantages & Disadvantages http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
47. 2. Pour Flush/Water-seal Latrine Pour flush latrines use a pit for excreta disposal and have a special pan provided with a “water-seal” of 20-30 mm. They need 1-3 liters of water for flushing each time they are used. Advantages: No fly or smell problems Easy maintenance Disadvantages: Water is needed for their operation More expensive than pit latrines http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
52. 2c. PRAI & RCA Latrine PRAI Latrine was developed by the Planning, Research & Action Institute, Lucknow RCA latrine was developed by the Research Cum Action project of the Ministry of Health http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
53. The RCA Latrine Location Squatting plate Pan Trap Connecting pipe The pit Superstructure Maintenance Modifications http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
66. Flushing with 1-2 lts of water after every useSuperstructure http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
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68. Using a septic tank instead of the pithttp://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
69. 3. Composting Latrine Composting latrines are shallow vaults, into which excreta, kitchen waste and similar wastes are added. The waste & excreta breakdown together to produce compost – fertilizer. Two shallow vaults are usually provided - when one is full it is covered with soil and left for at least two years – compost. The vaults must not receive water http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
70. Advantages: Does not need to be moved and new vaults do not have to be dug. Produces compost used as a fertilizer Disposes kitchen waste as well Disadvantages: More expensive and more difficult to build than VIP or WS latrine Advantages & Disadvantages http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
71. 4. Aquaprivy The aquaprivy is a water tight tank filled with water into which excreta fall via a drop pipe, connected to a seepage pit (soakaway) to dispose of sullage and effluent. Drop pipe must reach below surface of the water. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
73. Advantages: Cannot be blocked with bulky anal cleaning material Nil problem with odor or flies Can be connected to a sewerage system at a later date Disadvantages: Expensive to build Need large volumes of water to work Water seal may be hard to maintain Tanks must be emptied about every 3 years Advantages & Disadvantages http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
74. 5. Septic Tank Septic tanks are watertight chambers (single, double or multi chambered) which receive excreta and wastewater. They are connected to a soakaway which receives liquid overflowing from the tank. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
77. Solids (“sludge”) settle down and are purified by anaerobic digestion. The liquids (“effluent”) undergoes aerobic oxidation in the upper layers of the soil, outside the septic tank proper. Working of Septic Tank http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
78. Advantages: Isolation and treatment of excreta No odor or fly problems May be connected to sewerage system at a later date Disadvantages: High cost of construction Need for periodic mechanical emptying Need for large volumes of flushing water Only suitable where flush toilets are used Advantages & Disadvantages http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
79. 6. SulabhShauchalaya A low cost, water seal type of latrine connected to a 3’x3’x3’ pit. It is a modified handflush latrine with a specially designed pan and trap – needs very little water for flushing. Sulabh International, an NGO, maintains Sulabh Community Latrines – ‘pay-and-use system – in many parts of India. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
80. 7. Chemical closet It consists of a metal tank containing a disinfectant fluid (Formaldehyde). A seat with cover is placed directly over the tank. Water should not be thrown into the tank. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
86. 9b. Bore Hole Latrine Introduced in India by Rockefeller Foundation in 1930’s as a component of hookworm control programme. Consists of a circular hole dug by an equipment called “auger”. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
89. Just pay attention to the lecture. The slides can be downloaded from http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
91. The Water Carriage System or Sewerage System implies collecting and transporting of human excreta and wastewater from residential, commercial and industrial areas, by a network of underground pipes called “SEWERS” to the place of ultimate disposal. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
95. “SEWAGE” is wastewater from a community containing solid and liquid excreta “SULLAGE” is wastewater which does not contain human excreta “DRY WEATHER FLOW” is the average amount of sewage that flows through the sewerage system in 24 hours http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
96. Strength of Sewage BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) Suspended Solids http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
97. BOD Amount of oxygen absorbed by a sample of sewage during a period of 5 days at 20°C. BOD≥ 300 mg/L – Strong Sewage BOD< 100 mg/L – Weak Sewage http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
98. COD The amount of oxygen (in mg) required for the complete chemical oxidation of organic and inorganic material in 1 litre of an effluent The result of a chemical oxygen demand test indicates the amount of water-dissolved oxygen consumed by the contaminants, during two hours of decomposition from a solution of boiling potassium dichromate. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
109. Sewage farming/Broad Irrigation Sewage is applied to land after screening, grit removal and a short period of settlement. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal
110. Waste Stabilization Pond / Oxidation Pond Other names: Redox pond, Sewage lagoon Open shallow pond, 1-1.5m deep, with an inlet and an outlet http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal