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The health illness continuum
- 1. THE HEALTH- ILLNESS CONTINUUM BY RAJAH AMINA SULEIMAN (RN, RM, RNE, BNSc., MSc)
- 2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to: Define the concepts of health, illness, wellness and continuum Explain the health-illness continuum Enumerate the determinants of health Outline the stages of illness behaviour Critically appraise the role of the nurse in achieving health.
- 3. INTRODUCTION The individual’s state of health is one of continual change. An individual moves back and forth from health to illness and back to health again. The health-illness continuum illustrates this process of change, in which the individual experiences various states of health and illness (ranging from extremely good health to death) that fluctuate throughout his life.
- 5. DEFINITIONOF TERMS Health According to Florence Nightingale, Health was defined as the absence of disease and illness. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."
- 6. DEFINITIONOF TERMS Illness: is the emotional state connected to loss of health. Illness is a state in which a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired. Wellness: is a state of high-level health. Continuum: means something that changes gradually without any clear points.
- 9. THE HEALTH- ILLNESS CONTINUUM The Health illness continuum is a graphic representation of the wellness of an individual. This concept was first proposed by John W. Travis in 1972. It is an illustration that draws a connection between the treatment paradigm and the wellness paradigm.
- 10. THE HEALTH- ILLNESS CONTINUUM Moving from the center to the left shows a progressively worsening state of health. Moving to the right of center indicates increasing levels of health and wellbeing. The treatment paradigm (drugs, herbs, surgery, psychotherapy, acupuncture, and so on) can bring you up to the neutral point, where the symptoms of disease have been alleviated.
- 11. THE HEALTH- ILLNESS CONTINUUM The wellness paradigm directs the individual beyond neutral and encourages him/her to move as far to the right as possible. It is not meant to replace the treatment paradigm on the left side of the continuum, but to work in harmony with it. If a person is ill, then treatment is important, but don't stop at the neutral point. Use the wellness paradigm to move toward high-level wellness.
- 12. THE HEALTH- ILLNESS CONTINUUM According to Newman (1990), health on a continuum is the degree of client wellness that exists at any point in time, ranging from optimal wellness condition with available energy at its maximum to death which represent total energy depletion.
- 13. THE HEALTH- ILLNESS CONTINUUM The Health-illness continuum also known as Wellness-illness continuum is a dichotomous depiction of the relationship between the concepts of health and illness.
- 16. COMPONENTS OF HEALTH Physical health Emotional health Mental health Social health Environmental health Spiritual health
- 17. DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH Physical environment: safe water and clean air, healthy workplaces, safe houses, communities and roads all contribute to good health. Economic environment Social environment Culture The person’s individual characteristics and behaviours.
- 18. DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH Education Genetics Personal behaviour and coping skills Health services Gender
- 20. THE ROLEOFTHE NURSE IN ACHIEVING HEALTH Nurse can determine clients stage of health and position at health-illness continuum. Nurse can also recognize risk factors that are causing degradation in health of client, it may be genetics, or physiological. She can also prevent the illness through awareness, educating the client.
- 21. CONCLUSION Nurses need to utilize the health-illness continuum for the prevention and maintenance of public health. Nurses can identify the stage of the health of the person and then find out the solution. It may through awareness or education or providing physical treatment.
- 22. REFERENCES Rovesti, M., Fioranelli, M., Petrelli, P., Satolli, F., Roccia, M. G., Gianfaldoni, S.,Tchernev, G.,Wollina, U., Lotti, J., Feliciani, C., & Lotti,T. (2018). Health and Illness in History, Science and Society. Open access Macedonian journal of medical sciences, 6(1), 163–165. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2018.056 WHO 2013.What are social determinants of health? Geneva:WHO.Viewed 6 December 2013. https://study.com/academy/course/nursing-101- fundamentals-of-nursing.html http://www.thewellspring.com/wellspring/introduction -to-wellness/357/key-concept-1-the-illnesswellness- continuum.cfm.html
Editor's Notes
- Stage-1: Symptom experience: The person is aware that something is wrong. A person usually recognizes a physical sensation or a limitation in functioning but does not suspect a specific diagnosis. Stage-2: Assumption of sick role: If symptom persist and become severe, clients assume the sick role. At this point, the illness becomes a social phenomenon, and sick people seek confirmation from their families and social groups that they are indeed ill and that they be excused from normal duties and role expectations. Stage-3: Medical care contact: If symptoms persist despite the home remedies, become severe or require emergency care, the person is motivated to seek professional health services. In this stage the client seeks expert acknowledgement of the illness as well as the treatment. Stage-4: Dependent client care: The client depends on health care professionals for the relief of symptoms. The client accepts care, sympathy and protection from the demands and stresses of life. A client can adopt the dependent role in a health care institution, at home, or in a community setting. The client must also adjust to the disruption of a daily schedule. Stage-5: Recovery and rehabilitation: This stage can arrive suddenly, such as when the symptoms appeared. In the case of chronic illness, the final stage may involve in an adjustment to a prolong reduction in health and functioning.