The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a theoretical framework used to understand health behaviors. It was developed in the 1950s to explain why people failed to adopt disease prevention strategies. The HBM suggests that a person's health behavior is determined by their perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers of a health problem and the cues to action that trigger decisions. It includes six constructs: perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy. The HBM is widely used but has limitations such as not accounting for attitudes, habits, or environmental factors that influence health behaviors.
The health belief model is a social psychological health behavior change model developed to explain and predict health-related behaviors, particularly in regard to the uptake of health services.
Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change Model)Rozanne Clarke
The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) speaks on suggested strategies for public health interventions to address people at various stages of the decision-making process. Acknowledgements of this and other behavioural change models will resulting in social marketing campaigns being implemented as they're tailored to suit the target audience.
The health belief model is a social psychological health behavior change model developed to explain and predict health-related behaviors, particularly in regard to the uptake of health services.
Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change Model)Rozanne Clarke
The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) speaks on suggested strategies for public health interventions to address people at various stages of the decision-making process. Acknowledgements of this and other behavioural change models will resulting in social marketing campaigns being implemented as they're tailored to suit the target audience.
Recognition of the needs of people seeking to improve their health. Professional and personal skills to meet these needs: competence in promoting health, communication, mutual collaboration and respect, empathy, responsiveness, sensitivity, Commitment and adherence to quality, evidence-based and ethical practice.
Any combination of health education & related organizational, economic & political interventions designed to facilitate behavioral & environmental changes conducive to health.
Recognition of the needs of people seeking to improve their health. Professional and personal skills to meet these needs: competence in promoting health, communication, mutual collaboration and respect, empathy, responsiveness, sensitivity, Commitment and adherence to quality, evidence-based and ethical practice.
Any combination of health education & related organizational, economic & political interventions designed to facilitate behavioral & environmental changes conducive to health.
This PPT contains Behavior Change Models , a topic of Community Dentistry . Ppt contains statements from book essentails of Community Dentistry and class lectures . Ppt is based on Introduction , Behavior change models, stages of behavior change. This Ppt will help you to understand basic ideas through small photographs . This Ppt is made by Toor-E-Cina jadoon ,
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HUMAN BEHAVIOUR IS THE POPULATION OF BEHAVIORS EXHIBITED BBY HUMANS AND INFLUENCED BY CULTURE, ATTITUDE, EMOTIONS, VALUES, ETHICS, AUTHORITY, RAPPORT,ETC.................................................
Health education may be defined as the sum total of all influences that collectively determine knowledge, belief, and behavior related to the promotion, maintenance, and restoration of health in individuals and communities.
These influences comprise formal and informal education in the family, in the school, and in the society at large, as well as in special content of health service activities.
Health Promotion therefore is basically a term used to increasingly draw attention to the need for both educational and political action to influence health
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
3. The Health Belief Model
• It is a theoretical model that can be used to guide health promotion and
disease prevention programs.
• It is used to explain and predict individual changes in health
behaviors.
• It is one of the most widely used models for understanding health
behaviors.
• It focus on individual beliefs about health conditions, which predict
individual health-related behaviors.
4. Background
• The Health Belief Model (HBM) was developed in the early 1950s by
social scientists at the U.S. Public Health Service in order to
understand the failure of people to adopt disease prevention strategies
or screening tests for the early detection of disease.
• Later uses of HBM were for patients' responses to symptoms and
compliance with medical treatments.
• The HBM suggests that a person's belief in a personal threat of an
illness or disease together with a person's belief in the effectiveness of
the recommended health behavior or action will predict the likelihood
the person will adopt the behavior.
5. Continue,
• The HBM derives from psychological and behavioral theory with the
foundation that the two components of health-related behavior are 1)
the desire to avoid illness, or conversely get well if already ill;
• and, 2) the belief that a specific health action will prevent, or cure,
illness.
• Ultimately, an individual's course of action often depends on the
person's perceptions of the benefits and barriers related to health
behavior. There are six constructs of the HBM.
7. Perceived Susceptibility
• It refers to a person's subjective perception of the risk of acquiring an
illness or disease. There is wide variation in a person's feelings of
personal vulnerability to an illness or disease
• For example:
• Individuals who do not think they will get the flu are less likely to get
a yearly flu shot.
• People who think they are unlikely to get skin cancer are less likely to
wear sunscreen or limit sun exposure.
8. Perceived severity
It refers to a person's feelings on the seriousness of contracting an
illness or disease (or leaving the illness or disease untreated).
There is wide variation in a person's feelings of severity, and often a
person considers the medical consequences (e.g., death, disability) and
social consequences (e.g., family life, social relationships) when
evaluating the severity.
9. Perceived benefits
• It refers to a person's perception of the effectiveness of various actions
available to reduce the threat of illness or disease (or to cure illness or
disease).
• The course of action a person takes in preventing (or curing) illness or
disease relies on consideration and evaluation of both perceived
susceptibility and perceived benefit, such that the person would accept
the recommended health action if it was perceived as beneficial.
10. Perceived barriers
• It refers to a person's feelings on the obstacles to performing a
recommended health action.
• There is wide variation in a person's feelings of barriers, or
impediments, which lead to a cost/benefit analysis.
• The person weighs the effectiveness of the actions against the
perceptions that it may be expensive, dangerous (e.g., side effects),
unpleasant (e.g., painful), time-consuming, or inconvenient.
11. Cue to action
• It is the stimulus needed to trigger the decision-making process to
accept a recommended health action.
• These cues can be internal (e.g., chest pains, wheezing, etc.)
• or external (e.g., advice from others, illness of family member,
newspaper article, etc.).
12. Self-efficacy
• It refers to the level of a person's confidence in his or her ability to
successfully perform a behavior.
• This construct was added to the model most recently in mid-1980.
• Self-efficacy is a construct in many behavioral theories as it directly
relates to whether a person performs the desired behavior.
14. Limitations of Health Belief Model
• It does not account for a person's attitudes, beliefs, or other individual
determinants that dictate a person's acceptance of a health behavior.
• It does not take into account behaviors that are habitual and thus may
inform the decision-making process to accept a recommended action (e.g.,
smoking).
• It does not take into account behaviors that are performed for non-health
related reasons such as social acceptability.
• It does not account for environmental or economic factors that may prohibit
or promote the recommended action.
• It assumes that everyone has access to equal amounts of information on the
illness or disease.
• It assumes that cues to action are widely prevalent in encouraging people to
act and that "health" actions are the main goal in the decision-making
process.