This document provides an introduction and overview of solar energy and solar collectors. It discusses how solar energy can help address the global energy crisis by providing a renewable source of energy. It describes different applications of solar energy, including electricity generation. The document then summarizes several research papers on topics related to solar collectors and parabolic trough collectors specifically. It discusses studies that have analyzed the efficiency and performance of compound parabolic concentrators and parabolic trough collectors. The document also reviews the state of parabolic trough solar power technology and research efforts to improve its economics.
This document provides information about flat-plate solar collectors. It discusses that flat-plate collectors are the simplest type of solar collector that uses a stationary black surface placed at an angle to the sun. It then describes the key components of flat-plate collectors including the absorber plate, flow passages, transparent cover, insulation and enclosure. Applications for flat-plate collectors include domestic hot water, space heating, and pool heating. The document also discusses factors that impact collector efficiency and methods to improve efficiency such as reducing thermal losses.
Concentrated Solar Power Technologies (CSP)swapnil_energy
Analysis of Concentrated solar power (CSP) or Solar Thermal (STH) technologies with focus on its technology assessment, financials, challenge areas and solar market scenario
Solar collectors are devices that absorb solar radiation and convert it to heat, transferring the heat to a circulating fluid like air, water, or oil. There are two main types of solar collectors:
1. Flat plate or non-concentrating collectors, which have an absorber surface of the same area as the aperture and do not concentrate sunlight. These include liquid collectors using water or glycol and air collectors for space heating.
2. Concentrating or focusing collectors, which use reflectors to concentrate sunlight onto a smaller absorber area to increase heat flux. These include cylindrical parabolic, central receiver, and compound parabolic collectors.
Solar thermal systems use solar energy to heat a fluid that is then used for applications like water and space heating. There are two main types of solar thermal collectors: non-concentrating and concentrating. Non-concentrating collectors absorb sunlight directly while concentrating collectors use mirrors to focus sunlight onto a receiver. Common examples are flat plate collectors and parabolic trough collectors. Key factors in evaluating performance include efficiency, operating temperature range, and cost per square meter. Solar thermal can be used for applications such as water heating, space heating, cooking, and industrial processes.
This document discusses various types of solar energy collectors and their applications. It begins by explaining that solar energy can be captured as heat or electricity using solar collectors. It then describes different types of collectors - flat plate collectors, which are best for moderate temperatures below 100°C, and concentrating collectors, which produce higher temperatures but are more complex. Specific collector types discussed include flat plate collectors, evacuated tube collectors, parabolic trough collectors, and solar air heaters. Applications mentioned include solar water heating, solar space heating, solar drying, and solar cooking.
DESIGN, FABRICATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A LOWCOST PARABOLIC TROUGH ...IAEME Publication
In the present work, an attempt has been made to design, fabricate & evaluate the performance of Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) to produce hot water. The Supporting stand of
concentrator is made of mild steel & reflector is made of acrylic sheet with a rim angle of 45o and aperture area of 2.14 m2
and with a concentration ratio of 12.59. The receiver pipe is made of pure copper. The thermal performance of the PTC was determined according to ASHRAE 93-1986 (RA 91). The maximum instantaneous thermal efficiency of 52.35% is obtained. The total cost of the parabolic trough collector is calculated as Rs 7,000.
Principles of Solar radiation unit 1- Renewable Energy sourcesRamesh Thiagarajan
The document discusses solar energy and its various applications. It begins by explaining that solar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun that is harnessed using technologies to capture and distribute it. It then provides details on the different types of solar technologies, including passive solar and active solar. It also discusses topics like the amount of solar radiation the Earth receives, how solar radiation is characterized, and instruments used to measure solar radiation. The document then covers environmental impacts of solar power generation and steps that can be taken to address those impacts. Finally, it discusses additional topics such as the physics of the sun, characteristics of the sun, and types of solar collectors.
parabolic trough solar collectors power plants (designe)Eslam Zaki
The document discusses the design of a 100MW parabolic trough solar thermal power plant with thermal energy storage. It describes the various configurations of parabolic trough plants, including plants with heat transfer fluids and auxiliary heaters or thermal storage tanks. The key components of the system include the solar field with parabolic trough collectors and receiver, heat transfer fluid, thermal storage system, and power block. Parameters for the plant design are provided, such as mass flow rates, temperatures, heat transfer rates, and efficiencies. The size and layout of the solar field is also summarized.
This document provides information about flat-plate solar collectors. It discusses that flat-plate collectors are the simplest type of solar collector that uses a stationary black surface placed at an angle to the sun. It then describes the key components of flat-plate collectors including the absorber plate, flow passages, transparent cover, insulation and enclosure. Applications for flat-plate collectors include domestic hot water, space heating, and pool heating. The document also discusses factors that impact collector efficiency and methods to improve efficiency such as reducing thermal losses.
Concentrated Solar Power Technologies (CSP)swapnil_energy
Analysis of Concentrated solar power (CSP) or Solar Thermal (STH) technologies with focus on its technology assessment, financials, challenge areas and solar market scenario
Solar collectors are devices that absorb solar radiation and convert it to heat, transferring the heat to a circulating fluid like air, water, or oil. There are two main types of solar collectors:
1. Flat plate or non-concentrating collectors, which have an absorber surface of the same area as the aperture and do not concentrate sunlight. These include liquid collectors using water or glycol and air collectors for space heating.
2. Concentrating or focusing collectors, which use reflectors to concentrate sunlight onto a smaller absorber area to increase heat flux. These include cylindrical parabolic, central receiver, and compound parabolic collectors.
Solar thermal systems use solar energy to heat a fluid that is then used for applications like water and space heating. There are two main types of solar thermal collectors: non-concentrating and concentrating. Non-concentrating collectors absorb sunlight directly while concentrating collectors use mirrors to focus sunlight onto a receiver. Common examples are flat plate collectors and parabolic trough collectors. Key factors in evaluating performance include efficiency, operating temperature range, and cost per square meter. Solar thermal can be used for applications such as water heating, space heating, cooking, and industrial processes.
This document discusses various types of solar energy collectors and their applications. It begins by explaining that solar energy can be captured as heat or electricity using solar collectors. It then describes different types of collectors - flat plate collectors, which are best for moderate temperatures below 100°C, and concentrating collectors, which produce higher temperatures but are more complex. Specific collector types discussed include flat plate collectors, evacuated tube collectors, parabolic trough collectors, and solar air heaters. Applications mentioned include solar water heating, solar space heating, solar drying, and solar cooking.
DESIGN, FABRICATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A LOWCOST PARABOLIC TROUGH ...IAEME Publication
In the present work, an attempt has been made to design, fabricate & evaluate the performance of Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) to produce hot water. The Supporting stand of
concentrator is made of mild steel & reflector is made of acrylic sheet with a rim angle of 45o and aperture area of 2.14 m2
and with a concentration ratio of 12.59. The receiver pipe is made of pure copper. The thermal performance of the PTC was determined according to ASHRAE 93-1986 (RA 91). The maximum instantaneous thermal efficiency of 52.35% is obtained. The total cost of the parabolic trough collector is calculated as Rs 7,000.
Principles of Solar radiation unit 1- Renewable Energy sourcesRamesh Thiagarajan
The document discusses solar energy and its various applications. It begins by explaining that solar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun that is harnessed using technologies to capture and distribute it. It then provides details on the different types of solar technologies, including passive solar and active solar. It also discusses topics like the amount of solar radiation the Earth receives, how solar radiation is characterized, and instruments used to measure solar radiation. The document then covers environmental impacts of solar power generation and steps that can be taken to address those impacts. Finally, it discusses additional topics such as the physics of the sun, characteristics of the sun, and types of solar collectors.
parabolic trough solar collectors power plants (designe)Eslam Zaki
The document discusses the design of a 100MW parabolic trough solar thermal power plant with thermal energy storage. It describes the various configurations of parabolic trough plants, including plants with heat transfer fluids and auxiliary heaters or thermal storage tanks. The key components of the system include the solar field with parabolic trough collectors and receiver, heat transfer fluid, thermal storage system, and power block. Parameters for the plant design are provided, such as mass flow rates, temperatures, heat transfer rates, and efficiencies. The size and layout of the solar field is also summarized.
This document acknowledges Allah and thanks the project advisor Mr. Qasim Ali Tatla for guiding the project. It then summarizes the results of experiments conducted on a parabolic trough solar collector with a rim angle of 90 degrees, length of 32 inches, and aperture area of 1152 square inches. Various materials for the collector and absorber tube were tested, including aluminum, silver coating, aluminum foil, and mirrors. Temperature increases for the absorber tube under each test configuration are presented in tables. The aim was to design and experiment with a parabolic trough collector to harness solar energy.
Flat plate collectors are the most common type of solar collector and consist of an absorber plate, transparent cover, heat transport fluid, and insulation. Integral collector storage employs oversized piping or channels within the collector to increase thermal storage capacity without an external tank. Evacuated tube collectors use heat pipes or direct flow of liquid through glass tubes to transfer heat to a fluid in an insulated manifold. Solar air collectors directly heat air for applications like space heating using glazed or unglazed absorber plates.
Flat plate solar collectors have several advantages over concentrating collectors including their ability to absorb both direct and diffuse solar radiation without tracking the sun, their simpler non-tracking design which reduces costs, and their suitability for powering remote areas without access to conventional fuels. However, flat plate collectors also have some disadvantages such as higher initial installation costs compared to other heating systems, requiring more roof space for mounting, and varying efficiency depending on weather conditions. Applications of flat plate collectors include solar water heating, solar drying, and solar distillation.
This document summarizes a study on improving the thermal performance of a solar air heater (SAH) using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. Rectangular fins were placed on the absorber plate of the SAH to increase surface area. CFD simulations were conducted using ANSYS on a conventional SAH and one with fins. Results showed outlet air temperature was increased by 3% and efficiency improved with the addition of fins. The study aims to enhance heat transfer and efficiency of SAHs through surface modification of the absorber plate.
This document discusses solar thermal energy. It describes three main ways to use solar thermal energy: heating water or air directly, creating electricity through concentrated solar heat, and passive solar building design. Flat plate and evacuated tube collectors are the most common solar thermal collectors. Solar thermal systems can provide hot water, space heating, or pool heating. Storage of solar energy is usually in the form of heated water. Solar thermal energy is economically efficient, with payback periods of 5-9 years on average. Germany, China, and Turkey have the largest installed solar thermal capacities worldwide.
Solar collectors convert solar radiation into heat and transfer the heat to a fluid. There are two main types: flat plate collectors and concentrating collectors. Flat plate collectors are simpler and less expensive, while concentrating collectors can reach higher temperatures but are more complex. The key components of flat plate collectors are an absorber surface, glass cover, fluid tubes, and insulation. Concentrating collectors use mirrors or lenses to focus sunlight onto receivers to achieve higher temperatures suitable for steam generation.
This document discusses solar water heating systems. It describes different types of solar water heating systems including passive and active systems. Passive systems rely on heat pipes while active systems use pumps. Direct and indirect systems are described where direct systems circulate potable water and indirect use a heat transfer fluid. Different types of collectors are also outlined including flat plate collectors, evacuated tube collectors, and integrated collector storage systems. The document provides details on the construction and operation of these different solar water heating components and systems.
solar radiation measurement vivek singhvivek singh
This document discusses solar energy terms and devices used to measure solar radiation. It defines terms like solar radiation, solar irradiation, and solar insolation. It describes three key devices - pyranometers measure total solar radiation, pyrheliometers measure direct beam radiation, and sunshine recorders measure duration of bright sunshine. It also discusses how solar radiation data is collected and estimated using methods like the Angstrom equation.
Unit v geothermal energy ,renewable energy sources,ORO551Dr SOUNDIRARAJ N
This document discusses various types of renewable energy sources including geothermal, ocean, tidal, and wave energy. It provides details on the different methods of harnessing energy from these sources, such as hydrothermal systems for geothermal energy, ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) cycles, and tidal barrages. It also discusses the potential for these technologies in India and their technical and economic aspects.
Solar technology offers great potential in terms of supplying the world’s energy needs. However, its current contribution to the world is still limited. The main factor is related to high initial cost of building the system. This paper will provide an up-to-date review of solar concentrators and their benefits to make solar technology affordable. It will also analyse on some of the existing solar concentrators used in the solar technology for the past four decades. The design and performance of each concentrator will be explained and compared.
This document discusses artificial roughness in solar air heaters. It begins by introducing solar energy and its potential in India. It then discusses solar air heaters and how artificial roughness can be used to enhance heat transfer by disturbing the laminar boundary layer and creating turbulence. Several studies have investigated different roughness element geometries and their effects on heat transfer and friction. Going forward, there is potential to further optimize roughness element shape, size, and orientation to maximize heat transfer with minimal penalty to friction.
The Solar Chimney Power Plant consists of three main parts: a collector, turbines, and a tall chimney. Hot air rises in the chimney due to differences in air density, powering turbines to generate electricity. A prototype in Manzanares, Spain had a collector 1km in diameter and a 200m chimney. A proposed plant in Mildura, Australia would have a 1000m chimney and 200MW capacity, powering 200,000 homes using only solar energy without fuel. While large scale, pollution-free, and reliable, solar chimneys have very high capital costs compared to other power sources.
Solar collector ppt by Vivek Atalkar.
A solar collector is a device that collects and/or concentrates solar radiation from the Sun. These devices are primarily used for active solar heating and allow for the heating of water for personal use.
Classification of Solar collector
Flat Plate collector
Solar thermal power plants use mirrors to concentrate sunlight and generate heat, which produces steam to drive turbines for electricity generation. There are two main types of solar thermal systems: passive systems that rely on design for heat capture, and active systems that require equipment to absorb, collect, and store solar energy. Common active solar thermal power plant designs include parabolic trough systems, solar power towers, solar dishes/engines, and compact linear Fresnel reflectors. While solar thermal has advantages like no fuel costs and renewable energy, challenges include high installation costs and developing efficient energy storage solutions.
This document discusses solar collectors and factors that affect their performance. It describes two main types of solar collectors: non-concentrating and concentrating. Non-concentrating collectors include flat plate collectors, vacuum tube collectors, and unglazed flat plate collectors. Flat plate collectors are the most common and simplest design, absorbing direct and diffuse radiation to heat fluid below 100°C. The document also outlines materials used in flat plate collectors and factors that influence their efficiency such as incident solar radiation, selective surfaces, number of cover plates, and collector tilt.
The document discusses three main types of nuclear reactors: boiling water reactors (BWR), pressurized water reactors (PWR), and gas-cooled reactors. It provides details on the basic design and operation of BWRs and PWRs, including their primary advantages and disadvantages. For BWRs, water is flashed directly to steam in the core and piped to a turbine, while PWRs use a primary and secondary water loop to prevent boiling in the core. Gas-cooled reactors use graphite as a moderator and gases like CO2 or helium as coolants.
This document discusses solar air heaters and concentrating solar collectors. It defines solar air heating as a technology that captures solar energy to heat air, which can then be used for space heating, drying processes, or ventilation. The document classifies solar air collectors as either unglazed, with no covering, or glazed, with a glass covering. It lists advantages such as avoiding corrosion and low costs, as well as disadvantages like poor heat transfer properties of air and need for large air volumes. The document also introduces concentrating solar collectors, which use mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight onto a receiver, and can achieve higher temperatures than flat-plate collectors.
Recent technological developments in pv+thermal technology a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract Large amount of work had been carried out and going on in research and technological development of solar energy systems. Many systems have been innovated and approved as a product industrial bodies as per its market potential. Theoretical models have been developed, manufactured within specified design constraints and tested to get desired results. Many have optimized the systems using different advanced tools, some have developed software techniques like neural network, and the product developed is studied for market potential. The journey is going on in order to increase efficiency of system and compete with conventional energy prizes. This article gives an overview about the trend of solar technology development, future key areas in which researchers have to work for sustainable and efficient solar technology. Keywords: - PV/T, solar energy, efficiency of PV cells, hybrid systems.
The document discusses renewable energy readiness in Nigeria. It finds that while Nigeria has abundant renewable resources like solar, wind, and hydro, current utilization is still low apart from large hydro projects. Projections show electricity demand rising dramatically by 2030. Meeting this demand will require major investment that the government cannot provide alone. The document recommends encouraging private sector investment and developing renewables on a large scale. Key agencies in Nigeria like REA and NERC are working to promote mini-grids and a supportive regulatory environment to develop renewable energy.
This document acknowledges Allah and thanks the project advisor Mr. Qasim Ali Tatla for guiding the project. It then summarizes the results of experiments conducted on a parabolic trough solar collector with a rim angle of 90 degrees, length of 32 inches, and aperture area of 1152 square inches. Various materials for the collector and absorber tube were tested, including aluminum, silver coating, aluminum foil, and mirrors. Temperature increases for the absorber tube under each test configuration are presented in tables. The aim was to design and experiment with a parabolic trough collector to harness solar energy.
Flat plate collectors are the most common type of solar collector and consist of an absorber plate, transparent cover, heat transport fluid, and insulation. Integral collector storage employs oversized piping or channels within the collector to increase thermal storage capacity without an external tank. Evacuated tube collectors use heat pipes or direct flow of liquid through glass tubes to transfer heat to a fluid in an insulated manifold. Solar air collectors directly heat air for applications like space heating using glazed or unglazed absorber plates.
Flat plate solar collectors have several advantages over concentrating collectors including their ability to absorb both direct and diffuse solar radiation without tracking the sun, their simpler non-tracking design which reduces costs, and their suitability for powering remote areas without access to conventional fuels. However, flat plate collectors also have some disadvantages such as higher initial installation costs compared to other heating systems, requiring more roof space for mounting, and varying efficiency depending on weather conditions. Applications of flat plate collectors include solar water heating, solar drying, and solar distillation.
This document summarizes a study on improving the thermal performance of a solar air heater (SAH) using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. Rectangular fins were placed on the absorber plate of the SAH to increase surface area. CFD simulations were conducted using ANSYS on a conventional SAH and one with fins. Results showed outlet air temperature was increased by 3% and efficiency improved with the addition of fins. The study aims to enhance heat transfer and efficiency of SAHs through surface modification of the absorber plate.
This document discusses solar thermal energy. It describes three main ways to use solar thermal energy: heating water or air directly, creating electricity through concentrated solar heat, and passive solar building design. Flat plate and evacuated tube collectors are the most common solar thermal collectors. Solar thermal systems can provide hot water, space heating, or pool heating. Storage of solar energy is usually in the form of heated water. Solar thermal energy is economically efficient, with payback periods of 5-9 years on average. Germany, China, and Turkey have the largest installed solar thermal capacities worldwide.
Solar collectors convert solar radiation into heat and transfer the heat to a fluid. There are two main types: flat plate collectors and concentrating collectors. Flat plate collectors are simpler and less expensive, while concentrating collectors can reach higher temperatures but are more complex. The key components of flat plate collectors are an absorber surface, glass cover, fluid tubes, and insulation. Concentrating collectors use mirrors or lenses to focus sunlight onto receivers to achieve higher temperatures suitable for steam generation.
This document discusses solar water heating systems. It describes different types of solar water heating systems including passive and active systems. Passive systems rely on heat pipes while active systems use pumps. Direct and indirect systems are described where direct systems circulate potable water and indirect use a heat transfer fluid. Different types of collectors are also outlined including flat plate collectors, evacuated tube collectors, and integrated collector storage systems. The document provides details on the construction and operation of these different solar water heating components and systems.
solar radiation measurement vivek singhvivek singh
This document discusses solar energy terms and devices used to measure solar radiation. It defines terms like solar radiation, solar irradiation, and solar insolation. It describes three key devices - pyranometers measure total solar radiation, pyrheliometers measure direct beam radiation, and sunshine recorders measure duration of bright sunshine. It also discusses how solar radiation data is collected and estimated using methods like the Angstrom equation.
Unit v geothermal energy ,renewable energy sources,ORO551Dr SOUNDIRARAJ N
This document discusses various types of renewable energy sources including geothermal, ocean, tidal, and wave energy. It provides details on the different methods of harnessing energy from these sources, such as hydrothermal systems for geothermal energy, ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) cycles, and tidal barrages. It also discusses the potential for these technologies in India and their technical and economic aspects.
Solar technology offers great potential in terms of supplying the world’s energy needs. However, its current contribution to the world is still limited. The main factor is related to high initial cost of building the system. This paper will provide an up-to-date review of solar concentrators and their benefits to make solar technology affordable. It will also analyse on some of the existing solar concentrators used in the solar technology for the past four decades. The design and performance of each concentrator will be explained and compared.
This document discusses artificial roughness in solar air heaters. It begins by introducing solar energy and its potential in India. It then discusses solar air heaters and how artificial roughness can be used to enhance heat transfer by disturbing the laminar boundary layer and creating turbulence. Several studies have investigated different roughness element geometries and their effects on heat transfer and friction. Going forward, there is potential to further optimize roughness element shape, size, and orientation to maximize heat transfer with minimal penalty to friction.
The Solar Chimney Power Plant consists of three main parts: a collector, turbines, and a tall chimney. Hot air rises in the chimney due to differences in air density, powering turbines to generate electricity. A prototype in Manzanares, Spain had a collector 1km in diameter and a 200m chimney. A proposed plant in Mildura, Australia would have a 1000m chimney and 200MW capacity, powering 200,000 homes using only solar energy without fuel. While large scale, pollution-free, and reliable, solar chimneys have very high capital costs compared to other power sources.
Solar collector ppt by Vivek Atalkar.
A solar collector is a device that collects and/or concentrates solar radiation from the Sun. These devices are primarily used for active solar heating and allow for the heating of water for personal use.
Classification of Solar collector
Flat Plate collector
Solar thermal power plants use mirrors to concentrate sunlight and generate heat, which produces steam to drive turbines for electricity generation. There are two main types of solar thermal systems: passive systems that rely on design for heat capture, and active systems that require equipment to absorb, collect, and store solar energy. Common active solar thermal power plant designs include parabolic trough systems, solar power towers, solar dishes/engines, and compact linear Fresnel reflectors. While solar thermal has advantages like no fuel costs and renewable energy, challenges include high installation costs and developing efficient energy storage solutions.
This document discusses solar collectors and factors that affect their performance. It describes two main types of solar collectors: non-concentrating and concentrating. Non-concentrating collectors include flat plate collectors, vacuum tube collectors, and unglazed flat plate collectors. Flat plate collectors are the most common and simplest design, absorbing direct and diffuse radiation to heat fluid below 100°C. The document also outlines materials used in flat plate collectors and factors that influence their efficiency such as incident solar radiation, selective surfaces, number of cover plates, and collector tilt.
The document discusses three main types of nuclear reactors: boiling water reactors (BWR), pressurized water reactors (PWR), and gas-cooled reactors. It provides details on the basic design and operation of BWRs and PWRs, including their primary advantages and disadvantages. For BWRs, water is flashed directly to steam in the core and piped to a turbine, while PWRs use a primary and secondary water loop to prevent boiling in the core. Gas-cooled reactors use graphite as a moderator and gases like CO2 or helium as coolants.
This document discusses solar air heaters and concentrating solar collectors. It defines solar air heating as a technology that captures solar energy to heat air, which can then be used for space heating, drying processes, or ventilation. The document classifies solar air collectors as either unglazed, with no covering, or glazed, with a glass covering. It lists advantages such as avoiding corrosion and low costs, as well as disadvantages like poor heat transfer properties of air and need for large air volumes. The document also introduces concentrating solar collectors, which use mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight onto a receiver, and can achieve higher temperatures than flat-plate collectors.
Recent technological developments in pv+thermal technology a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract Large amount of work had been carried out and going on in research and technological development of solar energy systems. Many systems have been innovated and approved as a product industrial bodies as per its market potential. Theoretical models have been developed, manufactured within specified design constraints and tested to get desired results. Many have optimized the systems using different advanced tools, some have developed software techniques like neural network, and the product developed is studied for market potential. The journey is going on in order to increase efficiency of system and compete with conventional energy prizes. This article gives an overview about the trend of solar technology development, future key areas in which researchers have to work for sustainable and efficient solar technology. Keywords: - PV/T, solar energy, efficiency of PV cells, hybrid systems.
The document discusses renewable energy readiness in Nigeria. It finds that while Nigeria has abundant renewable resources like solar, wind, and hydro, current utilization is still low apart from large hydro projects. Projections show electricity demand rising dramatically by 2030. Meeting this demand will require major investment that the government cannot provide alone. The document recommends encouraging private sector investment and developing renewables on a large scale. Key agencies in Nigeria like REA and NERC are working to promote mini-grids and a supportive regulatory environment to develop renewable energy.
This document provides an overview and comparative analysis of different solar energy technologies, including photovoltaics (PV), concentrated photovoltaics (CPV), solar thermal technologies, and solar chimneys. It discusses the installed capacity and levelized cost of energy for each technology. PV capacity has grown significantly from 2004-2014, with total capacity reaching 177GW in 2014. Solar thermal capacity has also increased substantially over this period, reaching 4.4GW globally by the end of 2014. While solar chimneys remain experimental, the first 50MW plant is scheduled for completion in India in 2017. The document analyzes the technical and economic feasibility of these solar technologies as alternatives to fossil fuels.
Analysis and Design of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System – Lebanon CaseIJERA Editor
The depletion of fossil fuels and their environmental consequences have prompted searching for other sources of energy aiming to global status amelioration. In the recent past, renewable energy sources have been considered as alternatives for the fossil fuel energy sources. The unexpected pattern of natural resources assesses integrated utilization of these sources to provide persistent and reliable power supply to the consumers. The technology’s advantages, requirements and related improvements are underlined and results are generalized. This paper covers the design of a solar and wind based hybrid renewable system presenting calculations and considerations in order to achieve an optimized design. Since hybrid systems performance relies mainly on geographical an d meteorological aspects, the study will consider the case of the Mediterranean area and in particular Lebanon.
IRJET- Solar Energy: Potential and Policies of IndiaIRJET Journal
This document discusses the potential and policies of solar energy in India. It begins by stating that solar energy is playing an important role in meeting electrical energy demands as conventional fuel sources decline. Photovoltaic installations use solar panels to generate electricity in a cost-effective way from sunlight. However, the use and effectiveness of solar energy systems in India remains limited. The document then reviews India's solar energy policies and incentives to promote renewable energy sources. It also discusses technological challenges and the need for continued innovation to improve the output and widespread adoption of solar energy systems in India.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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BUILDING AN EFFICIENT SOLAR CHARGER AND COMPARING ITS CHARGING SPEEDS WITH A ...SukhpreetSingh164
Abstract of the Research Paper
Energy sources using exhaustible energy at its input are being discouraged because they cause significant damage to the environment and human beings. Solar energy is considered one among the clean and green energy sources because it takes sunlight as its input which is a renewable energy source. There are many places in the world where electricity is not constant or not available. There are also cases where solar energy is neglected by people simply because of a lack of knowledge of its efficiency, and it is basically considered non-efficient. The purpose of this research is to build a solar charger, test its workability, and compare its efficiency with a regular wall charger to provide information for it to be used by both rural and urban people. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used appropriately, and most efficient circuit parts and appropriate testers were used in this research study to achieve the objectives. It was found that the solar charger was almost as efficient as a regular wall charger. There were some factors which decrease the efficiency of the solar charger which may be analyzed by future researchers on this concept. In conclusion, after being found that a solar charger is as efficient as a regular wall charger, its use must be encouraged by both rural and urban people.
Keywords: Solar charger, wall charger, comparative study
A Systematic Review of Renewable Energy Trend.pdfssuser793b4e
This paper systematically and successfully reviewed the renewable energy trend from 2010 to 2023. This review
detailed the difference renewable energy and conclusion was drawn that solar photovoltaic (PV) energy has the
leading trend in power generation growth and innovation. This research work explained in detail the most recent
solar photovoltaic optimization techniques and it was observed from the review that hybridization of intelligent and
non-intelligent maximum power point tracking technique has the best tracking power conversion efficiency. The
advantages and disadvantage of solar PV together with the solar optimization and innovational growth trends were
examined. This research showed that clean and renewable energy sources will continue to grow and the solar energy
industry is expected to experience significant growth and rapid innovation in the next 10 years. From the observed
rapid growth and innovation trend in solar energy, the world will have a very cheap, abundant and clean energy
before 2050.
This document describes a proposed design for a parabolic dish solar-thermal powered multi-stage flash desalination plant in Hurghada, Egypt to provide water for 150,000 people. The design involves five smaller plants, each producing water for 30,000 people using two parabolic dishes to concentrate sunlight onto two multi-stage flash desalination units. The document discusses the location, solar resource, system design concepts, thermodynamic performance analysis, water production estimates, economic cost analysis, and conclusions regarding the technical and economic feasibility of the proposed plant design.
This literature review examines research on improving the efficiency of solar energy collection and conversion to electricity. It discusses how silicon is commonly used in solar panels due to its availability when the technology developed, with efficiencies around 15-20%. Studies have sought to increase efficiency through new processes like magneto-hydro-dynamic cycles operating at very high temperatures or using different types of silicon. While some methods show potential for efficiencies over 70%, mass production feasibility is a challenge. Improved efficiency and applications are important as alternatives to finite fossil fuels are needed and solar energy is poised to become more prevalent.
The document discusses the design and testing of a holographic solar module system for powering rural homes in India. The system uses holographic planar concentrators to focus sunlight onto solar cells, increasing efficiency. It includes a PV module, battery, and inverter to convert DC to AC power for household appliances. The authors size system components based on a case study home's daily energy needs. Testing shows the prototype can provide up to 300W of power with over 94% efficiency. The document concludes the system is well-suited for rural electrification applications like home lighting and street lights in villages.
Hybrid Photovoltaic and thermoelectric systems more effectively converts solar energy into electrical energy. Two sources of energy are used one of the energy is solar,that converts radiant light into electrical energy and heat energy which will convert heat into electricity.Photovoltaic cells and thermoelectric modules are used to capture and convert the energy into electricity.Furthermore solar-thermoelectric hybrid system is environmental friendly and has no harmful emissions.Solar-thermoelectric hybrid system increases the overall reliability without sacrificing the quality of power generated.In this paper an overview of the previous research and development of technological advancement in the solar-thermoelectric hybrid systems is presented.
Renewable energy sources by Arun Prasath & Dr.S.SelvaperumalArunPrasath235
This document outlines lecture notes on renewable energy sources. It covers five units: principles of solar radiation and how solar energy is collected and stored; applications of solar energy; wind energy and biomass; geothermal and ocean energy; and direct energy conversion. India has significant potential for renewable energy due to its large untapped resources and growing energy needs. The government has ambitious targets for renewable energy, including 20,000 MW of solar power by 2022. Currently, renewable sources account for around 10% of India's total installed energy capacity.
This document is a project report submitted by five students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. It analyzes a solar photovoltaic system using buck and boost converters. The report includes an introduction that discusses renewable energy sources and trends. It also reviews literature on maximum power point tracking techniques. Components of standalone PV systems and modeling of PV cells are described. Finally, the operation and simulation of PV systems connected to buck and boost converters are explained.
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Design and fabrication of solar conentrator ( content )
1. 1
CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1SOLAR ENERGY
Several scientists have pointed out the relevance of alternate renewable
sources of energy for combating ‘Energy Crisis’. Among the renewable sources
of energy, solar energy offers a practical solution for the energy problem which
is clouding the prospects of mankind. Energy is regarded as a means to improve
the quality of life and increase the productivity and employment, thereby
dictating the regional, national and international policies and programs. The
energy needs of our country are increasing at a rapid rate, and indigenous
energy resources are limited and may not be sufficient in the long run to sustain
economic development. Enhancing the energy efficiency and minimizing the
energy intensity of the economy should obviously constitute the basis of a
timely energy strategy. The energy crisis forces individuals, organization and
governments to better utilize new and renewable sources of energy, which alone
can meet the energy problem. Several strategies have been adopted to meet the
situation such as energy conservation, use and application of renewable energy
technologies.
The appropriate proposition for the developing countries like India is to
harness non-conventional renewable energies on a significant scale. Renewable
energies are gaining importance against the conventional energy sources
because conventional energy sources are embedded with several constraints like
quantity and quality of reserve, logistics of transportation and environmental
pollution. Among the renewable energy sources such as wind energy, solar
energy, biomass and tidal energy, solar energy gains more prominence because
other sources involve high technological development. “Solar energy is the
energy of the future, not just an alternative”
2. 2
The sun is the most plentiful energy source for the earth. All wind, fossil
fuel, hydro and biomass energy have their origins in sunlight. Solar energy falls
on the surface of the earth at a rate of 120petawatts, (1 petawatt = 1015 watt).
This means all the solar energy received from the sun in one days can satisfied
the whole world’s demand for more than 20 years. We are able to calculate the
potential for each renewable energy source based on today’s technology Future
advances in technology will lead to higher potential for each energy source.
However, the worldwide demand for energy is expected to keep increasing at 5
percent each year. Solar energy is the only choice that can satisfy such a huge
and steadily increasing demand.
Figure 1: The Potential for Renewable Energy Sources
(Based on Today’s Technology level)
3. 3
Figure 2: Word Energy Demand and Forecast
There are several applications for solar energy, for instance: electricity
generation, photochemical, solar propulsion, solar desalination, and room
temperate control. The collection of solar energy and its transfer to electricity
energy will have wide application and deep impact on our society, so it has
attracted the attention of the researchers.
Figure 3: Electrical Energy Consumption Percentage of Total Energy
Production in 2008
4. 4
1.2 SOLAR COLLECTORS
Solar radiation has been identified as the largest renewable resource on
earth. Solar energy can be applied in different ways and also many different
methods for collecting the solar energy from incident radiation are available.
The use of concentrators in the forms of solar energy collectors in order to
concentrate sunrays for better usage is on the increase worldwide. To this effect,
different types of solar concentrators have being developed over the years for
various applications. Solar radiation has been identified as the largest renewable
resource on earth. Solar energy can be applied in different ways and also many
different methods for collecting the solar energy from incident radiation are
available
Concentrator is a device which used to concentrated large area sunlight
in to smaller area.
5. 5
CHAPTER – 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
[1]
A. Borah, S.M. Khayer and L.N. Sethi., for efficient drying of product
through indirect drying method, a compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) were
installed. Six numbers of semi-cylindrical parabolic concentrators were
interpolated on a receiver plate for direct conversion of solar energy to thermal
energy by trapping the maximum incident rays into metallic tubes which were
placed on focus lines of the parabolas. Experiments were carried to study the
comparative performance of a solar flat plate collector and compound parabolic
concentrator of same size. Average temperature rise of 9.50
C was observed
during the period. A manual solar tracking was facilitated along the two axes up
to 4.68o
vertical and 11.54o
horizontal. Average temperature increase of 11.2o
C
could be achieved over the ambient. Solar radiation trapping time at a constant
temperature level was increased by 1.5 hours in comparison to fixed CPC.
[2]
Charles Kutscher, Frank Burkholder, Kathleen Stynes., have prescribed about
the overall efficiency of a parabolic trough collector is a function of both the
fraction of direct normal radiation absorbed by the receiver (the optical
efficiency) and the heat lost to the environment when the receiver is at operating
temperature. The overall efficiency can be determined by testing the collector
under actual operating conditions or by separately measuring these two
components. It describes how outdoor measurement of the optical efficiency is
combined with laboratory measurements of receiver heat loss to obtain an
overall efficiency curve. Further, it presents a new way to plot efficiency that is
more robust over a range of receiver operating temperatures.
[3]
R. Forristall., proposed there report which describes the development,
validation, and use of a heat transfer model implemented in Engineering
6. 6
Equation Solver (EES). The model determines the performance of a parabolic
trough solar collector’s linear receiver, also called a heat collector element
(HCE). All heat transfer and thermodynamic equations, optical properties, and
parameters used in the model are discussed. The modeling assumptions and
limitations are also discussed, along with recommendations for model
improvement. The model was implemented in EES in four different versions.
Two versions were developed for conducting HCE design and parameter
studies, and two versions were developed for verifying the model and
evaluating field test data. One- and two-dimensional energy balances were used
in the codes, where appropriate. Each version of the codes is discussed briefly,
which includes discussing the relevant EES diagram windows, parameter tables,
and lookup tables. Detailed EES software instructions are not included;
however, references are provided. Model verification and a design and
parameter study to demonstrate the model versatility are also presented. The
model was verified by comparing the field test versions of the EES codes with
HCE experimental results. The design and parameter study includes numerous
charts showing HCE performance trends based on different design and
parameter inputs. Based on the design and parameter study, suggestions for
HCE and trough improvements and further studies are given. The HCE
performance software model compared well with experimental results and
provided numerous HCE design insights from the design and parameter study.
[4]
Hank Price et al., have proposed about parabolic trough solar technology is
the most proven and lowest cost large-scale solar power technology available
today, primarily because of the nine large commercial-scale solar power plants
that are operating in the California Mojave Desert. These plants developed by
Luz International Limited and referred to as Solar Electric Generating Systems
(SEGS), range in size from 14–80 MW and represent 354 MW of installed
electric generating capacity. More than 2,000,000 m2 of parabolic trough
7. 7
collector technology has been operating daily for up to 18 years, and as the year
2001 ended, these plants had accumulated 127 years of operational experience.
The Luz collector technology has demonstrated its ability to operate in a
commercial power plant environment like no other solar technology in the
world. Although no new plants have been built since 1990, significant
advancements in collector and plant design have been made possible by the
efforts of the SEGS plants operators, the parabolic trough industry, and solar
research laboratories around the world. This paper reviews the current state of
the art of parabolic trough solar power technology and describes the R&D
efforts that are in progress to enhance this technology. The paper also shows
how the economics of future parabolic trough solar power plants are expected to
improve.
[5]
R. McConnell, M. Symko-Davies, and H. Hayden., proposed their views of
about solar energy and its characteristics. Solar energy is more plentiful, more
predictable and is less site specific than wind. Despite solar energy advantages
and our best intentions, wind farms are common place while “sun farms” are
still a rarity. It seems inevitable that the scales will tip but the natural time
scales are too long (for the author at least). How do we pick up the pace. This
above contents represents the author’s view of the solution, which includes a
mixture of technology, commercial management, capital, collaboration and
influence. Dave Holland is the Managing Director of Solar Systems and a
Director of Renewable Energy Generators Australia – an industry group that
represents more than 90% of Australia’s renewable energy based generation
assets.
[6]
Soteris A. Kalogirou. In this paper a survey of the various types of solar
thermal collectors and applications is presented. Initially, an analysis of
environmental problems related to the use of conventional sources of energy is
8. 8
presented and the benefits offered by renewable energy systems are outlined. A
historical introduction into the uses of solar energy is attempted followed by a
description of the various types of collectors including flat-plate, compound
parabolic, evacuated tube, parabolic trough, Fresnel lens, parabolic dish and
heliostat field collectors. This is followed by an optical, thermal and
thermodynamic analysis of the collectors and a description of the methods used
to evaluate their performance. Typical applications of the various types of
collectors are presented in order to show to the reader the extent of their
applicability. These include solar water heating, which comprise thermo
syphon, integrated collector storage, direct and indirect systems and air systems,
space heating and cooling, which comprise, space heating and service hot water,
air and water systems and heat pumps, refrigeration, industrial process heat,
which comprise air and water systems and steam generation systems,
desalination, thermal power systems, which comprise the parabolic trough,
power tower and dish systems, solar furnaces, and chemistry applications. As
can be seen solar energy systems can be used for a wide range of applications
and provide significant benefits, therefore, they should be used whenever
possible.
[7]
Ted Collins all., Parabolic-trough solar water heating is a well-proven
renewable energy technology with considerable potential for application at
Federal facilities. For the United States, parabolic-trough water-heating systems
are most cost effective in the Southwest where direct solar radiation is high.
Jails, hospitals, barracks, and other facilities that consistently use large volumes
of hot water are particularly good candidates, as are facilities with central plants
for district heating. As with any renewable energy or energy efficiency
technology requiring significant initial capital investment, the primary condition
that will make a parabolic-trough system economically viable is if it is replacing
9. 9
expensive conventional water heating. In combination with absorption cooling
systems, parabolic-trough collectors can also be used for air-conditioning.
Industrial Solar Technology (IST) of Golden, Colorado, is the sole current
manufacturer of parabolic-trough solar water heating systems. IST has an
Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ) contract with the Federal Energy
Management Program (FEMP) of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to
finance and install parabolic-trough solar water heating on an Energy Savings
Performance Contract (ESPC) basis for any Federal facility that requests it and
for which it proves viable. For an ESPC project, the facility does not pay for
design, capital equipment, or installation. Instead, it pays only for guaranteed
energy savings. Preparing and implementing delivery or task orders against the
IDIQ is much simpler than the standard procurement process. This Federal
Technology Alert (FTA) of the New Technology Demonstration Program is one
of a series of guides to renewable energy and new energy-efficient technologies.
It is designed to give Federal facility managers the information they need to
decide whether they should pursue parabolic-trough solar water heating or air
conditioning for their facility and to know how to go about doing so. Software
available from FEMP's Federal Renewables Program at the National Renewable
Energy Laboratory (NREL) enables preliminary analysis of whether parabolic-
trough collectors would be cost effective for any situation based on minimum
data.
This FTA describes the technology of parabolic-trough collectors, solar water
heating systems, and absorption cooling. It points out the types of situations
where parabolic-trough solar water heating is most likely to be cost effective
and describes the ESPC process available to Federal facilities for parabolic-
trough projects. In addition, sidebars provide indicators that a system will be
effective, tips for ensuring successful operation, and sources for determining
10. 10
system data. Case studies for a 10-year-old system at a county jail and for one
just starting construction at a Federal prison include economic evaluation data.
11. 11
CHAPTER – 3
OBJECTIVE & SCOPE OF OUR PROJECT
The objective of our project is to construct a solar concentrator which serves as
an energy utilizer for various applications. To design a parabolic trough to
produce heat energy by capturing naturally available sunlight. The process
output is depending upon light energy from the sun.
12. 12
CHAPTER – 4
SOLAR CONCENTRATOR
4.1 SOLAR CONCENTRATOR
Solar concentrator is a device which concentrates the solar energy
incident over a large surface onto a smaller surface. The concentration is
achieved by the use of suitable reflecting or refracting elements, which results in
increased flux density on the absorber surface compared to that existing on the
concentrator aperture. In order to get a maximum concentration an arrangement
for tracking sun’s virtual motion is required. An accurate focusing device is also
required. Thus the solar concentrator consists of a focusing device, a receiver
system and a tracking arrangement. Temperature as high as 3000 o
C can be got
from a solar concentrator. So they have potential application in both thermal
and photovoltaic utilization of solar power at high temperatures. Solar
concentrating device have been used for a long time.
4.2 TYPES OF CONCENTRATORS
4.2.1 STATIONARY COLLECTORS
Solar energy collectors are basically distinguished by their motion, i.e.
stationary, single axis tracking and two axes tracking, and the operating
temperature. Initially, the stationary solar collectors are examined. These
collectors are permanently fixed in position and do not track the sun. Three
types of collectors fall in this category:
a. Flat Plate Collector (FPC)
b. Compound Parabolic Collectors (CPC)
c. Evacuated Tube Collectors
13. 13
4.2.2.1 FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR (FPC)
A typical flat-plate solar collector is shown in Fig.4. When solar radiation
passes through a transparent cover and impinges on the blackened absorber
surface of high absorptivity, a large portion of this energy is absorbed by the
plate and then transferred to the transport medium in the fluid tubes to be
carried away for storage or use. The underside of the absorber plate and the side
of casing are well insulated to reduce conduction losses. The liquid tubes can be
welded to the absorbing plate, or they can be an integral part of the plate. The
liquid tubes are connected at both ends by large diameter header tubes. The
transparent cover is used to reduce convection losses from the absorber plate
through the restraint of the stagnant air layer between the absorber plate and the
glass. It also reduces radiation losses from the collector as the glass is
transparent to the short wave radiation received by the sun but it is nearly
opaque to long-wave thermal radiation emitted by the absorber plate
(greenhouse effect). FPC is usually permanently fixed in position and requires
no tracking of the sun. The collectors should be oriented directly towards the
equator, facing south in the northern hemisphere and north in the southern. The
optimum tilt angle of the collector is equal to the latitude of the location with
angle variations of 10–150
more or less depending on the application.
14. 14
Figure 4: Flat-Plate Collector
4.2.1.2 COMPOUND PARABOLIC COLLECTORS (CPC)
CPC are non-imaging concentrators. These have the capability of
reflecting to the absorber all of the incident radiation within wide limits. Their
potential as collectors of solar energy was pointed out by Winston. The
necessity of moving the concentrator to accommodate the changing solar
orientation can be reduced by using a trough with two sections of a parabola
facing each other, as shown in Fig.5. Compound parabolic concentrators can
accept incoming radiation over a relatively wide range of angles. By using
multiple internal reflections, any radiation that is entering the aperture, within
the collector acceptance angle, finds its way to the absorber surface located at
the bottom of the collector.
15. 15
Figure 5: Compound Parabolic Trough
4.2.1.3 EVACUATED TUBE COLLECTORS
Conventional simple flat-plate solar collectors were developed for use in
sunny and warm climates. Their benefits however are greatly reduced when
conditions become unfavorable during cold, cloudy and windy days.
Furthermore, weathering influences such as condensation and moisture will
cause early deterioration of internal materials resulting in reduced performance
and system Failure. Evacuated heat pipe solar collectors (tubes) operate
differently than the other collectors available on the market. These solar
collectors consist of a heat pipe inside a vacuum-sealed tube, as shown in Fig.6.
ETC has demonstrated that the combination of a selective surface and an
effective convection suppressor can result in good performance at high
temperatures. The vacuum envelope reduces convection and conduction losses,
so the collectors can operate at higher temperatures than FPC. Like FPC, they
collect both direct and diffuse radiation. However, their efficiency is higher at
low incidence angles. This effect tends to give ETC an advantage over FPC in
day-long performance. ETC use liquid–vapor phase change materials to transfer
heat at high efficiency. These collectors feature a heat pipe (a highly efficient
thermal conductor) placed inside a vacuum-sealed tube. The pipe, which is a
sealed copper pipe, is then attached to a black copper fin that fills the tube
16. 16
(absorber plate). Protruding from the top of each tube is a metal tip attached to
the sealed pipe (condenser).The heat pipe contains a small amount of fluid (e.g.
methanol) that undergoes an evaporating-condensing cycle. In this cycle, solar
heat evaporates the liquid, and the vapor travels to the heat sink region where it
condenses and releases its latent heat. The condensed fluid return back to the
solar collector and the process is repeated. When these tubes are mounted, the
metal tips up, into a heat exchanger. Water, or glycol, flows through the
manifold and picks up the heat from the tubes. The heated liquid circulates
through another heat exchanger and gives off its heat to a process or to water
that is stored in a solar storage tank.
Figure 6: Evacuated tube collectors
4.2.2 SUN TRACKING CONCENTRATING COLLECTORS
There are two methods by which the sun’s motion can be readily tracked.
The first is the altazimuth method which requires the tracking device to turn in
both altitude and azimuth, i.e. when performed properly, this method enables
the concentrator to follow the sun exactly. Paraboloidal solar collectors
generally use this system. The second one is the one-axis tracking in which the
17. 17
collector tracks the sun in only one direction either from east to west or from
north to south. Parabolic trough collectors (PTC) generally use this system.
These systems require continuous and accurate adjustment to compensate for
the changes in the sun’s orientation. The collectors falling in this category are:
4.2.2.1 LINEAR FRESENAL REFLECTOR (LFR)
LFR technology relies on an array of linear mirror strips which
concentrate light on to a fixed receiver mounted on a linear tower as shown in.
Fig.7.The greatest advantage of this type of system is that it uses flat or
elastically curved reflectors which are cheaper compared to parabolic glass
reflectors. Additionally, these are mounted close to the ground, thus minimizing
structural requirements.
Figure 7: Linear Fresenal Reflector
4.2.2.2 PARABOLIC DISH REFLECTOR (PDR)
A parabolic dish reflector is a point-focus collector that tracks the sun in
two axes, concentrating solar energy onto a receiver located at the focal point of
the dish. The dish structure must track fully the sun to reflect the beam into the
thermal receiver. For this purpose tracking mechanisms similar to the ones
18. 18
described in previous section are employed in double so as the collector is
tracked in two axes.
The receiver absorbs the radiant solar energy, converting it into thermal
energy in a circulating fluid. The thermal energy can then either be converted
into electricity using an engine-generator coupled directly to the receiver, or it
can be transported through pipes to a central power-conversion system.
Parabolic-dish systems can achieve temperatures in excess of 15000
C. Because
the receivers are distributed throughout a collector field, like parabolic troughs,
parabolic dishes are often called distributed-receiver systems.
4.2.2.3 PARABOLIC TROUGH
A parabolic trough is a type of solar thermal collector that is straight in
one dimension and curved in the other dimension and with a polished metal
mirror. The energy of sunlight which enters the mirror parallel to its plane of
symmetry is focused along the focal lines, where the objects are positioned that
are intended to be heated. For example food can be prepared when the trough is
aimed to the sun is in its plane of symmetry. For other purpose, there is often a
Dewar tube, which runs the length of a trough at its focal line. The mirror is
oriented so that sunlight which it reflects is concentrated on the tube, which
contains a fluid which is heated to a high temperature by the energy of sunlight.
The hot fluid is further converted to steam and made to run the steam turbines.
The trough is usually aligned on a north-south axis and rotated to track
the sun as it moves across the sky each day as shown in Fig.8. Alternatively the
trough can be aligned on the east-west axis; this reduces the overall efficiency
of the collector due to cosine loss but only requires the trough to be aligned with
the change in seasons, avoiding the need for tracking motors. The daily motion
of the sun across the sky also introduces errors, greatest at the sunrise and
19. 19
sunset and smallest at solar noon. Due to these errors seasonally adjusted
parabolic troughs are generally designed with a lower concentration acceptance
product.
Heat transfer fluid runs through the tube to absorb the concentrated
sunlight. This increases the temperature of the fluid to some 400o
C. the heat
transfer fluid is then used to heat steam in a standard turbine generator. The
process is economical and for heating the pipe, thermal efficiency ranges from
60-80%. The overall efficiency from collector to grid, i.e. (electrical output
power)/(total impinging solar power) is about 15% similar to PV but less than
stirling dish collectors.
Figure 8: Parabolic Trough
20. 20
Table 1: Detailed Characteristics of Types of Solar Concentrator
Motion Collector Absorber
type
Concentration
Ratio
Temperature
0
c
Stationary FPC
ETC
CPC
FLAT
FLAT
TUBULAR
1
1
1-1.5
30-50
50-200
60-240
Single axis
tracking
LFR
PTC
TUBULAR
TUBULAR
10-40
15-45
60-250
60-300
Double axis
Tracking
PDR POINT
POINT
100-1000 100-500
Note: Concentration ratio is defined as the aperture area divided by the
receiver/absorber area of the collector.
21. 21
CHAPTER –5
METHODOLOGY
5.1 STUDY OF SOLAR CONCENTRATORS
Before discussing concentrators, a few words about the sun are in order.
Beyond the earth’s atmosphere the intensity of sunlight is about 1,350 watts
per square meter. Passage through the atmosphere depletes the intensity due to
absorption by various gases and vapors in the air and by scattering from these
gases and vapors and from particles of dust and ice also in the air. Thus, sun
light reaching the earth is a mixture of a direct (unscattered) and diffuse
Study of Concentrator
Testing
Fabrication
Design of Parabolic Trough
Selection of Suitable
Concentrator (Parabolic
Trough)
22. 22
(scattered) radiation. At sea level the intensity is reduced to approximately 1000
watts per square meter on a bright clear day. The intensity is further reduced on
overcast days.
Most concentrators utilize direct radiation only. These concentrators work
well on bright clear days, poorly on hazy days, and not at all on drab gray days
when the sunlight intensity is reduced and the light consists principally of
diffuse radiation. Another limiting factor is that the sun is not a point but has a
diameter equivalent to about one half degree of arc.
Although the discussion that follows deals with concentrators are only
portions of an energy collection system. To be useful the concentrated rays must
be directed to a target called receiver, which converts the rays into another form
of energy, heat. The concentrator and receiver must be matched for optimum
performance. Frequently, the receiver is expected to impart heat to a fluid in
order that the heat be utilized or dissipated. When the main purpose of
concentrator is to obtain heat effectively, then the combination of concentrator
and receiver must be carefully designed to reduce stray loss of energy from
either the concentrator or receiver.
5.2 SELECTION OF SUITABLE CONCENTRATOR
We have chosen the parabolic trough because,
It delivers high temperature.
Better efficiency compared to other concentrators.
High performance with low cost.
23. 23
5.2.1 COMPONENTS OF PARABOLIC TROUGH
5.2.1.1 REFLECTOR
PTCs are made by bending a sheet of reflective material into a parabolic
shape. A metal black tube, covered with a glass tube to reduce heat losses, is
placed along the focal line of the receiver. When the parabola is pointed towards
the sun, parallel rays incident on the reflector are reflected onto the receiver
tube. It is sufficient to use a single axis tracking of the sun and thus long
collector modules are produced. The collector can be orientated in an east–west
direction, tracking the sun from north to south, or orientated in a north–south
direction and tracking the sun from east to west. The advantages of the former
tracking mode is that very little collector adjustment is required during the day
and the full aperture always faces the sun at noon time but the collector
performance during the early and late hours of the day is greatly reduced due to
large incidence angles (cosine loss). North–south orientated troughs have their
highest cosine loss at noon and the lowest in the mornings and evenings when
the sun is due east or due west. Over the period of one year, a horizontal north–
south through field usually collects slightly more energy than a horizontal east–
west one. However, the north–south field collects a lot of energy in summer and
much less in winter. The east–west field collects more energy in the winter than
a north–south field and less in summer, providing a more constant annual
output. Therefore, the choice of orientation usually depends on the application
and whether more energy is needed during summer or during winter.
Parabolic trough technology is the most advanced of the solar thermal
technologies because of considerable experience with the systems and the
development of a small commercial industry to produce and market these
systems.
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PTCs are built in modules that are supported from the ground by simple
stands at either end. PTCs are the most mature solar technology to generate heat
at temperatures up to 4000
C for solar thermal electricity generation or process
heat applications.
5.2.1.2 RECEIVER
The receiver of a parabolic trough is linear. Usually, a tube is placed along
the focal line to form an external surface receiver. The size of the tube, and
therefore the concentration ratio, is determined by the size of the reflected sun
image and the manufacturing tolerances of the trough. The surface of the
receiver is typically plated with selective coating that has a high absorptance for
solar radiation, but a low emittance for thermal radiation loss.
A copper tube is usually placed around the receiver tube to reduce the
convective heat loss from the receiver; the copper usually has an antireflective
coating to improve transmissivity. One way to further reduce convective heat
loss from the receiver tube and thereby increase the performance of the
collector, particularly for high temperature applications, is to evacuate the space
between the glass cover tube and the receiver.
5.2.1.3 TRACKING MECHANISM
A tracking mechanism must be reliable and able to follow the sun with
a certain degree of accuracy, return the collector to its original position at the
end of the day or during the night, and also track during periods of intermittent
cloud cover. Additionally, tracking mechanisms are used for the protection of
collectors, i.e. they turn the collector out of focus to protect it from the
hazardous environmental and working conditions, like wind gust, overheating
and failure of the thermal fluid flow mechanism.
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The electronic systems generally exhibit improved reliability and tracking
accuracy. These can be further subdivided into the following:
Mechanisms employing motors controlled electronically through
sensors, which detect the magnitude of the solar Illumination.
Mechanisms using computer controlled motors with feedback control
provided from sensors measuring the solar flux on the receiver.
26. 26
CHAPTER – 6
DESIGN & CALCULATIONS
6.1 DESIGN OF PARABOLIC TROUGH
After conducting more research on solar energy and solar collection, the
decision was made to attempt to build a parabolic trough solar concentrator. In a
parabola all of the incoming rays from a light source are reflected back to the
focal point of the parabola. If the said parabola is extended along an axis
(becoming a trough) the solar rays are concentrated along a line through the
focal point of the trough. The focal point of a parabola is located at 1/4a, if the
equation of the parabola is y = ax2
. The parabolic trough selected fit the
equation y = .04167x2
from x = -26.75 cm to x = 26.75 cm. This equation was
chosen to yield a focal point located at 13.37 cm above the vertex of the
parabola, for ease of construction. Initial sketches and drawings are located. A
mathematical model was developed that would help determine the temperature
of the water leaving the parabolic trough, knowing the temperature of the water
entering the trough and the amount of insolation absorbed by the receiver. The
arrangement for the parabola was made out of steel rod. It would be attached to
the edges which would allow for proper angling of the parabolic trough. The
entire trough was small enough to allow for easy manual adjustment for solar
tracking. The receiver chosen was a simple, half-inch copper pipe, painted black
to absorb more incident radiation. Copper was chosen because of its high
thermal conductivity and it is relatively inexpensive. The water source was
planned as a small reservoir located above the trough, with gravity assisted flow
through the trough, to another reservoir used for collection of the heated water.
But, based on the location of testing, a simple garden hose was used with a
compression fitting to attach the hose to the copper pipe. This proved to be
easier and more efficient, as well as significantly less expensive. A piece of
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polished Aluminum was used for the reflective surface. With the design stage
complete construction began.
Figure 9: Parabolic Graph
28. 28
6.2 CALCULATION
Length of Parabola from X1 to X2 is ‘S’
Let p = 2f, & q=√ (t2
+q2
), P is the distance
From Y-axis to point X
P=53.5 cm
T=2(26.75)-53.5
Q=√ (53.52
+53.52
)
Q=75.6604 cm
S=[ (p*q/t) + t ln ((p + q)/t) ]
30. 30
CHAPTER – 7
FABRICATION
7.1 FABRICATION OF PARABOLIC TROUGH
The plan for construction of solar concentrator consisted of the following.
Based on the initial design sketches materials were bought at Home Depot. A
four feet long piece of ½ inch copper pipe, black heat resistant spray paint, heat
absorbing metallic silver spray paint, an aluminium sheet metal (9900 cm2
),
measuring tape, sheet metal cutter, drilling machine, standard garden hose and
construction materials were purchased. The next step consisted of carefully
drawing a square of (110*90) cm using marker and steel rule on the aluminium
sheet metal. An origin x and y axes were chosen, and the points of the parabola
were plotted. The plan was to fix the sheet metal over a rectangular frame of
size same as that of the sheet metal since the sheet metal could not be welded
we’ve decided to bend the sheet to the parabolic shape and attach the ends of the
sheet with steel rod so that welding action can be done over the steel rod to
achieve the best parabolic trough. The sheet metal and the additional steel rods
are chopped by the aid of cutting machines. Next the copper pipe is cut
according to the sheet metal. The copper pipe is used as a heat absorber or solar
collector. The construction of parabolic trough is to rotate the trough according
to the sunlight which enhances the tracking system but cost wise they are found
to be high a simple compact parabolic trough was planned to construct. To build
the base of the solar collector two triangles shaped steel rod was welded in v-
shaped arrangement followed by the supporting stand with a required height. It
worked out to be a strong connection. To attach the Aluminium sheet to the
steel rod, it was cut into the proper rectangle size using the sheet metal cutter.
Holes were drilled along the edges at increments of 2 inches to serve as places
to screw the Aluminium to the steel rod. Next the Aluminium sheet was
31. 31
manually bent down into the parabolic frame and attached with the steel rod.
Some trouble was encountered here because the Aluminium wasn’t rigid
enough to hold a consistent shape between the two steel rod pieces. The
Aluminium parabola seemed to be nearly perfect. The next items purchased
included copper pipe and garden hose pipe. The copper pipe was sanded lightly
and sprayed with flat black paint. In order to set the copper pipe in the focal
point a separate stand was constructed to move it in vertical position. One end
of the pipe is fitted with garden hose pipe which serves as an inlet of fluid and
the other end is left free to the collector tank. Having finished the construction,
all that was left was putting it all together. The pieces were brought to the test
site, and the trough was attached to the base. The pipe fixing stand was also
welded with the trough holding stand so that the construction found to be
finished. The painted copper pipe is placed in the holding stand and the garden
hose pipe is attached with proper required connection. The solar concentrator
was ready for testing.
7.2 LIST OF MATERIALS
Table 2:
S.NO MATERIALS TYPE OF MATERIALS QUANTITY
1. Parabolic Trough aluminium sheet metal (9900cm2
), 1
2. Coating metallic silver spray paint 200 ml
3. Absorber ½ inch copper pipe 4 ft.
4. Water Collector &
Receiver Tank.
steel or plastic As required
5. standard garden hose Rubber As required
32. 32
7.3 TESTING
In order to test the solar concentrator, the testing equipment’s are
needed to be purchased. The major testing methods include the use of Vernier
technology which has sensors and preloaded software and also the pyrometers.
Since our project is a miniature creation we've purchased ordinary thermometer
from amazon online market place to measure the temperature of the solar
concentrator. The testing went smoothly since the weather condition are apt for
testing of our project. First test is that the copper pipe was filled with water and
kept undisturbed in the sunlight for about half an hour. After the respective time
was over the temperature of the water was noted as 45°C then the second test
was followed by the next half an hour. In this testing the required arrangement
of a solar concentrator was setup. Following the previous testing method
Copper tube was set at the focal point of the parabolic trough and left for half an
hour. The temperature was noted using the thermometer and was found to be
above 70°C. The difference in the results prescribes the working condition of
our solar concentrator.
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CHAPTER – 8
ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
8.1 ADVANTAGES
1. It helps in reducing the cost by replacing an expensive large receiver
by a less expensive reflecting or refracting area.
2. Due to concentration on a smaller area, the heat loss area is reduced.
3. Further the thermal mass as much smaller than that of a flat plate
collector and hence transient effects are small.
4. The delivery temperature being high, a thermodynamic match between
the temperature level the task occurs.
5. It increases the intensity by concentrating the energy available over a
large surface onto a smaller surface (absorber).
8.2 DISADVANTAGES
1. Non uniform flux on absorbers.
2. Maintenance is high.
3. Wide variation in shape.
4. Higher the concentration of the collector, higher is the precision of
optics and more is the cost of the unit.
8.3 APPLICATIONS
1. Cooking
2. Water heating
3. Process heat
4. Water treatment
5. Power generation
34. 34
CHAPTER – 9
CONCLUSION
In this project, the Solar Concentrator has fulfilled the criteria for
practical applications: being technically feasible, eco-friendly, customer
oriented, locally available, saving fossil fuels and providing more employment
opportunities. If such technology is adopted on a large scale, then the energy
crisis can be solved in our country. It is a decisive step towards becoming a
developed nation. By this project, the energy producing technology can be
changed and it became very easier to install the energy producing method for
the long life.
36. 36
CHAPTER - 11
REFERENCES
1. A. Borah, S.M. Khayer and L.N. Sethi., “Development Of A Compound
Parabolic Solar Concentrator To Increase Solar Intensity And Duration
Of Effective Temperature”, International Journal of Agriculture and Food
Science Technology, ISSN 2249-3050, Volume 4, Number 3 , pp. 161-
168, 2013.
2. Charles Kutscher, Frank Burkholder, Kathleen Stynes., “Generation Of A
Parabolic Trough Collector Efficiency Curve From Separate
Measurements Of Outdoor Optical Efficiency And Indoor Receiver Heat
Loss”, October 2010.
3. R. Forristall., “Heat Transfer Analysis And Modelling Of A Parabolic
Trough Solar Receiver Implemented In Engineering Equation Solver”,
October 2003.
4. Hank Price et all., “Advances In Parabolic Trough Solar Power
Technology”, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Vol. 124/109, MAY
2002.
5. R. McConnell, M. Symko-Davies, and H. Hayden., “Solar
Concentrators For The Generation Of Electricity Or Hydrogen”, May
2005.
6. Soteris A. Kalogirou., “Solar Thermal Collectors And Applications”,
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 231–295, 2004.
7. Ted Collins et all., “Parabolic-Trough Solar Water Heating”.