This document discusses modes in optical fibers. It begins with an introduction to the basic principles of light propagation and numerical aperture. It then covers mode theory, modes in planar waveguides, the mode condition, and TE and TM modes. Finally, it discusses single-mode and multi-mode fibers, including their properties and light propagation characteristics. Single-mode fibers only support one mode and allow for higher capacity transmission over longer distances without modal dispersion. Multi-mode fibers have larger cores and support multiple modes, making them suited for shorter transmission lengths.
This narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the various dispersion mechanisms that are observed in optical fibers. Some fundamental terms and concepts are also discussed. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
This narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the various dispersion mechanisms that are observed in optical fibers. Some fundamental terms and concepts are also discussed. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Latest trends in optoelectronics device and communicationMayank Pandey
This Presentation is about the latest trends happen in Optoelectronics device and communication. This PPT is very helpful for students and people working in the field of Optoelectronics devices and communication system.
LEDs are of interest for fibre optics because of five inherent characteristics..
How it works?
Spectrum of an LED
Modulation of LED
LED Vs. Laser diode
disadvantages of LED
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the working principle, types, classifications, merits, demerits, applications,safety and deployment issues related to Raman Amplifiers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Latest trends in optoelectronics device and communicationMayank Pandey
This Presentation is about the latest trends happen in Optoelectronics device and communication. This PPT is very helpful for students and people working in the field of Optoelectronics devices and communication system.
LEDs are of interest for fibre optics because of five inherent characteristics..
How it works?
Spectrum of an LED
Modulation of LED
LED Vs. Laser diode
disadvantages of LED
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the working principle, types, classifications, merits, demerits, applications,safety and deployment issues related to Raman Amplifiers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Microwaves are Electromagnetic Waves that follow the frequency range in between of 30 MHz to 300 GHz. Using this principle, only today frequently used Microwave ovens work. this presentation covers not only the basics of Microwaves but has a detailed explanation of wave guides which act as a guide for any microwave. also frequently used terms like guided wavelength, cut-off frequency, phase velocity , etc has been explained.
Background/Objectives: The main aim of this research paper is to evaluate thedifferent linearly polarized
modes for two channel MDM passive optical network. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In this work mode division
multiplexing from 48 users. Three different combinations of linear polarized modes is tested for odd modes,
even modes and consecutive modes.System evaluated for 55 Km also on higher launched powers.Findings:
Results revealed that mode number 1,3 and 5 perform better and suffered from less mode crosstalk. However
even modes perform less effective than odd modes but better than mode number 1,2 and 3.Further 16 user for
each mode is splitted and 10 dB optimal power is found, beyond this power system performance degrated.LP 01
provide maximum quality factor and worst in case of LP 21 mode.
Background/Objectives: The main aim of this research paper is to evaluate thedifferent linearly polarized
modes for two channel MDM passive optical network. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In this work mode division
multiplexing from 48 users. Three different combinations of linear polarized modes is tested for odd modes,
even modes and consecutive modes.System evaluated for 55 Km also on higher launched powers.Findings:
Results revealed that mode number 1,3 and 5 perform better and suffered from less mode crosstalk. However
even modes perform less effective than odd modes but better than mode number 1,2 and 3.Further 16 user for
each mode is splitted and 10 dB optimal power is found, beyond this power system performance degrated.LP 01
provide maximum quality factor and worst in case of LP 21 mode.
Optical fiber communication Part 1 Optical Fiber FundamentalsMadhumita Tamhane
Optical fiber systems grew from combination of semiconductor technology, which provided necessary light sources and photodetectors and optical waveguide technology. It has significant inherent advantages over conventional copper systems- low transmission loss, wide BW, light weight and size, immunity to interferences, signal security to name a few. One principle characteristic of optical fiber is its attenuation as a function of wavelength. Hence it is operated in two major low attenuation wavelength windows 800-900nm and 1100-1600nm . Light travels inside optical fiber waveguide on principle of total internal reflection. Fiber is available as single mode and multiple mode, step index and graded index depending on applications and expenditures. Principle of fiber can be understood by ray theory or mode theory. ...
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
10. Mode Theory
The mode theory, along with the ray theory, is used to
describe the propagation of light along an optical fiber
The mode theory uses electromagnetic wave behavior to
describe the propagation of light along a fiber
Pro.Byomakesh Mahapatra
12. Then the equation for sustain propagation is depend upon the
diameter of core (d)
Wave length (λ)
And angle of propagation sinӨ
Refractive index of core (n1)
Then the equation represent as
Pro.Byomakesh Mahapatra
13. Modes in planar waveguide
The optical wave is effectively confined within the guide
and the electric field distribution in the x direction does
not change as the wave propagates in z direction.
The stable field distribution in the x direction with only
aperiodic z dependence is known as a mode.
A specific mode is obtained only when the angle
between the propagation vectors or the rays and the
interface has a particular value.
Hence, the light propagating within the guide is formed
into discrete modes, each typified Pro.Byomakesh Mahapatra by a distinct value of θ.
14. Waveguides or fiber optics obey Maxwell equations, for
the light propagation in an isotropic dielectric material
with no free charges are:
(Faraday law, Gauss law)
(Ampere law, Gauss law)
Green: magnetic field
Red : electric field
Pro.Byomakesh Mahapatra
15. And the relationships between field types (for simple,
isotropic dielectric material with no free charges) are:
And corresponding wave equation can be found by using above
value and the vector identity method
which is the same for the magnetic field:
Pro.Byomakesh Mahapatra
17. Mode Condition
The component of plane wave in the x-direction is
reflected at the interface between the higher and lower
refractive index media.
The component of wave in x-direction gives constructive
interference to form standing wave patterns across the guide
when the following condition is met
= m 2π ΔΦ , where m is an integer
The next slide shows examples of such rays for m=1,2,3
together with the electric field distributions in the x direction
Pro.Byomakesh Mahapatra
18. Modes in a Planar Guide
Pro.Byomakesh Mahapatra
19. Mode designation in circular cylindrical
waveguide (Optical Fiber)
TE modes :
lm The electric field vector lies in transverse plane.
TM modes :
Hybrid HE modes :
lm
Hybrid EH modes :
lm
lm
The magnetic field vector lies in transverse plane.
TE component is larger than TM component.
TM component is larger than TE component.
f
l= # of variation cycles or zeros in direction.
m= # of variation cycles or zeros in r direction.
x
y
r
z
f
Linearly Polarized (LP) modes in weakly-guided fibers ( 1 ) 1 2 n - n <<
LP (HE ),LP (TE TM HE ) 0m 1m 1m 0m 0m 0m + +
Fundamental Mode: LP (HE ) 01 11
Pro.Byomakesh Mahapatra
20. TE and TM Modes
Maxwell's equations describe electromagnetic waves or modes
as having two components.
The two components are the electric field, E(x, y, z), and the
magnetic field, H(x, y, z). The electric field, E, and the magnetic
field, H, are at right angles to each other.
Modes traveling in an optical fiber are said to be transverse.
The transverse modes propagate along the axis of the fiber.
In TE modes, the electric field is perpendicular to the
direction of propagation.
In TM modes, the magnetic field is perpendicular to the
direction of propagation. The electric field is in the direction of
propagation
Pro.Byomakesh Mahapatra
26. Practical end view of different fringes pattern in
different hybrid mode from 830nm LASER source
Multimode
o/p
HE pattern
showing
interference
Pro.Byomakesh Mahapatra
27. Mode propagation constant as a
function of frequency
An index value V, defined as the normalized frequency is used to
determines how many different guided modes a fiber can
support.
In order to find a mode propagation constant and cut-off frequencies of
various modes of the optical fiber, V- number is most importance. And
it can be given as:
V = pa n - n = a
2 2 2 NA
2
1 2
l
p
l
a: radius of the core, λ is the optical free space wavelength,
are the refractive indices of the core & cladding. 1 2 n & n
Pro.Byomakesh Mahapatra
28. Mode of fiber based on V-number and
propagation constant:-
Each mode has a specific
– Propagation constant β
(=bz)
– Spatial field distribution
– Polarization
Pro.Byomakesh Mahapatra
29. Single Mode Fibers
Fiber supporting only one mode is called single-mode or
mono-mode fiber.
Single-mode fiber allows for a higher capacity to
transmit information because it can retain the fidelity of each
light pulse over longer distances, and it exhibits no dispersion
caused by multiple modes
The most common type of single-mode fiber has a core
diameter of 4 to 10 μm. The smaller core diameter
makes coupling light into the core more difficult.
Data rates of up to 10 gigabits per second are possible
at distances of over 60 km with commercially available
transceivers.
Pro.Byomakesh Mahapatra
31. Light propagation in single Mode Fiber
Cladding
Cladding
Core
Core
Pro.Byomakesh Mahapatra
32. Multi-mode Fiber
Multimode fiber is best designed for short transmission distances,
and is suited for use in LAN systems and video surveillance
Modes result from the fact that light will only propagate in the
fibercore at discrete angles within the cone of acceptance.
Multi-mode fibers have large core diameters and they can
support applications from 10 Mbit/s to 10 Gbit/s over link lengths
of up to 550meters, more than sufficient for the majority of
premises applications.
Pro.Byomakesh Mahapatra
36. Distortion in Step Index Fibers
Reduction in pulse spreading
– Mode mixing
Due to bends and scattering
– Attenuation of higher ordered modes
Total pulse spreading
Which of the material dispersion or multimode spreading is
greater?
– We can reduce material and waveguide dispersion using a source
with smaller line width like laser but since modal distortion is
much greater, it is in effective and it will be cheaper to use an LED
Pro.Byomakesh Mahapatra
37. Distortion in Graded-Index Fibers
Much Less multi-mode distortion. Why?
Typical pulse spread is just a few nano sec per km
Modal Spread in GRIN Fiber
D2
Δτ/L = n1 /2c
Pulse spread decreases by a factor of 2/Δ by using
GRIN instead of SI
What is the pulse spread for GRIN fiber with n1 = 1.48
and n2 = 1.46?
Pro.Byomakesh Mahapatra
38. Distortion in Single Mode Fibers
Only material and waveguide dispersion
Pulse Spread is smaller for longer
wavelengths and narrower line widths. Why?
Which source is preferable in this case??
Can the sum of material and wave guide
dispersion become zero?
Pro.Byomakesh Mahapatra