LEDs are of interest for fibre optics because of five inherent characteristics..
How it works?
Spectrum of an LED
Modulation of LED
LED Vs. Laser diode
disadvantages of LED
This narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the various dispersion mechanisms that are observed in optical fibers. Some fundamental terms and concepts are also discussed. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
LEDs are of interest for fibre optics because of five inherent characteristics..
How it works?
Spectrum of an LED
Modulation of LED
LED Vs. Laser diode
disadvantages of LED
This narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the various dispersion mechanisms that are observed in optical fibers. Some fundamental terms and concepts are also discussed. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Optical Fiber Basic Concept Which May Help You To Understand More Easily. The Slide Is Specially For Engineering Background. Anyone can get easily understand by studying this material. Thank you.
Presentation on Optical Fiber for UG Physics students by Dr. P D Shirbhate assistant Professor, Department of Physics G S Gawande college, Umarkhed Dist Yavatmal.
Twenty Essential Knowledge of Optical Cable.pdfHYC Co., Ltd
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Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
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Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
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1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
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This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
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Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
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Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
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Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
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We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
2. Motivation
● Fiber optics have very low loss compared to electric wires, the
reason will be explained later in the presentation.
● Fiber optics have very high speed transmission capacity
compared to traditional system.
● For e.g.,Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation
transferred 1 Petabit per second over 50 kilometers over a
single fiber(2012).
3. Introduction
● Fiber optics, or optical fiber, refers to the medium and the technology
associated with the transmission of information as light pulses along a
glass or plastic strand or fiber.
● Optical fiber is divided into three main cross sections i.e. the core,
cladding and jacket.
● The core and cladding are made of glass and the
jacket is made of varying materials (usually PVC).
4. Introduction
● Fiber optics transfer data in the form of photons that pulse through the
optic cable.
● Light passes through the core(SiO2+GeO2), cladding(SiO2) keeps the
light within the core and the jacket prevents from any external
interference.
5. Total Internal Reflection (TIR)
● If θ ≤ θc, the ray will split; some of the ray will reflect off the boundary, and some will
refract as it passes through. This is not total internal reflection.
● If θ > θc, the entire ray reflects from the boundary. None passes through. This is called
total internal reflection.
● Here, n1>n2 and the critical angle is given by θc = sin-1(n2/n1)
6. Total Internal Reflection in
Optical fiber
● The refractive index of Cladding(n2) is less than refractive index of the
core(n1).
● This ensures TIR within the core and due to high contrast between n1 and n2,
this works for considerable range of input beam angles and very minimal data
losses.
7. Types of Fiber Optic cables
● There are three types of Optical fibers used : Single-mode,
Multi-mode and plastic optical fiber.
● Plastic optical fiber is an optical fiber made out of polymer. The
chief advantage of this type over the other glass fibers is its
robustness under bending and stretching.
● Most commonly used fibers are Single-mode and Multi-mode
optical fibers.
8. Single mode
● Single mode transmission is generally used for longer distance
transmission.
● The diameter of core is small compared to multimode transmission.
● The small diameter has less attenuation and hence the distance can travel
longer distances with lesser loss.
● Light source for single mode typically is laser light.
9. Multi mode
● Multimode transmission is used for shorter travel distances e.g. within a
building or campus.
● It has higher core diameter compared to single mode transmission.
● Typical multimode fiber core diameters are 50, 62.5, and 100
micrometers.
● Bigger diameter allows multiple signal transmission and hence more
information transmission.
● Light source used is typically LED light.
10. Optical Fiber Field distribution
● An evanescent wave is a near-field wave with an intensity that exhibits
exponential decay without absorption as a function of the distance from the
boundary at which the wave was formed.
● Evanescence is observed at the edges of an optical fiber where the angle of
reflection is greater than critical angle.
● For the Single Mode propagation, the distribution goes at its peak in the
middle.
MFD-mode field diameter
11. Optical Fiber Field distribution
● The field and intensity distributions for single and multi-mode
propagations are shown.
● For the multi-mode intensity gets zero somewhere near the middle and
again reaches to peak value.
12. Optical Fiber Loss and Attenuation
● The attenuation of an optical fiber measures the amount of light lost
between input and output.
● Optical losses of a fiber are usually expressed in decibels per kilometer
(dB/km). The expression is called the fiber’s attenuation coefficient α
and the expression is
where P(z) is the optical power at a position z from the origin, P(0) is the
power at the origin.
13. Attenuation
Attenuation in an fibre optic can occur due to following reasons.
● Rayleigh Scattering
○ Microscopic variations in the refractive index of the core material
can cause scattering of light which can lead to substantial data loss.
● Absorption
○ Attenuation is caused due to absorption of light due to some
impurities. For e.g 1 parts per million (ppm) of Fe2+ would lead to a
loss of 0.68 dB/km at 1.1um(absorption peak wavelength).
However losses due to metallic ions can be reduced to very low by
refining the glass mixture to an impurity level below 1 ppb.
14. Attenuation
● Bending
○ Macro-bending
■ Macrobending happens when the fiber is bent into a large
radius of curvature relative to the fiber diameter.
○ Micro-bending
■ Microbendings are the small-scale bends in the core-cladding
interface. Microbending can happen in the fiber
manufacturing process. It is sharp but microscopic curvatures
that create local axial displacement of a few microns (um) and
spatial wavelength displacement of a few millimeters.
15. Reason behind low loss
The graph of loss(dB/km) to wavelength
Loss = 0.1db/km = 2%
source:https://pe2bz.philpem.me.uk/Lights/-%20Laser/Info-999-LaserCourse/C00-M08-Laser-FiberOptic-
CommunicationSystems/module8.htm
16. The v number
● The v number is useful as a parameter deciding the mode of the wave
whether is it single or multi-mode.
dc = diameter of core
= wavelength of the transmitted wave
n1 = refractive index of core
n2 = refractive index of cladding
17. Different modes and the v number
● When the v-number is very small, it’s observed that for single mode
most of the light propagates in the cladding than the core.
● As v-number approaches to around 2.4 (for glass), 80% is transmitted
through the core for the single-mode.
● For multi-mode, as v-number increases from 2.4, the light initially
propagates totally through cladding and then slowly through the core,
reaching the single-mode index after certain increase.
18. Different modes and the v number
source:https://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-005-understanding-lasers-and-fiberoptics-spring-2008/fiberoptics-
fundamentals/
20. Directional coupler
● Coupler allows transfer of energy from one fiber to another.
● This can be made by shaving off the cladding between the fibers.
● The amount of energy transmitted depends on length over which it
takes place and proximity of two cores (length of interaction).
● The evanescent nature is what allows the transmission of light to any
one end.
21. Phase Modulator
● To change the phase of light, phase modulators are used.
● If we stretch the fibre in some way, the change in phase is directly
proportional to change in physical length of fibre.
● It turns out change in phase is also proportional to change in refractive
index of fibre.
22. Phase Modulator
● Phase modulators can be created by wrapping optical fibers around a
piezoelectric cylinder and giving a potential difference across the ends.
● Optical fibers can be bonded to piezoelectric sheets, giving a potential
difference which consequently causes change in length and index.
23. Integrated Optics Waveguide
● Integrated optic waveguides can be prepared out of glass irrespective of
the thickness by adding certain impurities in controlled amounts in
specific areas of the substrate.
● It’s like creating a thin waveguide with a higher refractive index within
the substrate surrounded by a lower refractive index.
● The waveguide can be made appropriately as per needs of single-mode
or multi-mode.
25. Phase modulator
● By applying a potential difference across the slightly electro-optic
substance across the ends, the refractive index change causes a phase
change.
● Frequency modulator can be made using the same method.
26. Fixed and Variable Couplers
● Fixed couplers can be made by combining multiple waveguides together
by bringing them closer to each other. The length between cores stays
constant for fixed couplers.
● For Variable couplers, the length between cores can be changed by
applying potential difference between the two layers.
28. Applications
● Gigabit ethernet : As network traffic is increasing day by day, the fiber
optic can be used to achieve high data speed as they have higher degree
of flexibility and future bandwidth/speed expansion as opposed to its
copper counterparts
● Networking : With all broadband and MSO applications using a network
structure to deliver its signal, networking applications have a significant
contribution in virtually every area, so fiber optics can be used as
networking cables for the networking.
● Different types of fiber optics can be used as sensors : polarization
maintaining fibers, coated fibers, doped fibers, twin-core fibers, etc.