The document discusses modal forms and conditionals. It states that modal auxiliaries, also known as modals, are special verbs used with other verbs to express mood. It provides examples of different types of modals and their functions, including ability, obligation, possibility, preference and requests. It also classifies the most common conditionals into present real conditional, present unreal conditional, and past unreal conditional based on the probability of the if-clause.

1. Modal Forms

2. Modal Forms

3. Modal Forms
Modal auxiliaries, also known as modals, are special verbs used
in conjunction with other verbs to express a particular mood.

4. Modal Forms
Modal auxiliaries, also known as modals, are special verbs used
in conjunction with other verbs to express a particular mood.
Remember that modals
have no third-person
singular form.

5. Modal Forms
Modal auxiliaries, also known as modals, are special verbs used
in conjunction with other verbs to express a particular mood.
Remember that modals
have no third-person
singular form.

6. Modal Forms
Modal auxiliaries, also known as modals, are special verbs used
in conjunction with other verbs to express a particular mood.
Jane helps people
Remember that modals
have no third-person
singular form.

7. Modal Forms
Modal auxiliaries, also known as modals, are special verbs used
in conjunction with other verbs to express a particular mood.
Jane helps people
Remember that modals
have no third-person
singular form. Jane can help you.

8. Function of modals

9. Function of modals
1) Ability (can)

10. Function of modals
1) Ability (can)
2) Advisability (should)

11. Function of modals
1) Ability (can)
2) Advisability (should)
3) Obligation (must, have to)

12. Function of modals
1) Ability (can)
2) Advisability (should)
3) Obligation (must, have to)
4)Possibility (may, might, could)

13. Function of modals
1) Ability (can)
2) Advisability (should)
3) Obligation (must, have to)
4)Possibility (may, might, could)
5) Logical conclusion (must)

14. Function of modals
1) Ability (can)
2) Advisability (should)
3) Obligation (must, have to)
4)Possibility (may, might, could)
5) Logical conclusion (must)
6) Preference (would rather)

15. Function of modals
1) Ability (can)
Although have to is
2) Advisability (should) not a modal
auxiliary, it is
3) Obligation (must, have to) included on this list
because it functions
like a modal and has
4)Possibility (may, might, could) the same meaning as
must. Have to
becomes has to in
5) Logical conclusion (must) the third person
6) Preference (would rather)

16. 1. Ability (can)
Example Past form

17. 1. Ability (can)
Example Past form
She can speak English very
well.

18. 1. Ability (can)
Example Past form
I could speak English much
She can speak English very
better when I was in high-
well.
school.

19. 2. Advisability (should,
could)
Example Past form

20. 2. Advisability (should,
could)
Example Past form
She should pay.

21. 2. Advisability (should,
could)
Example Past form
She should pay. She should have paid.

22. 2. Advisability (should,
could)
Example Past form
She should pay. She should have paid.
You could study harder=
You should study harder.

23. 2. Advisability (should,
could)
Example Past form
She should pay. She should have paid.
You could study harder= Could can also be used
You should study harder. to make suggestions.

24. 3. Obligation (must,have
to )
Example Past form

25. 3. Obligation (must,have
to )
Example Past form
Helen must (has to) see
a doctor right away.

26. 3. Obligation (must,have
to )
Example Past form
Helen had to see a
Helen must (has to) see doctor last night
a doctor right away. because she was having
difficulty breathing.

27. 3. Obligation (must,have
to )
Example had to
Only Past form
can be used in the
past to express Helen had to see a
obligation
Helen must (has to) see doctor last night
a doctor right away. because she was having
difficulty breathing.

28. 3. Obligation (must,have
to )
Example Past form
Helen had to see a
Helen must (has to) see doctor last night
a doctor right away. because she was having
difficulty breathing.

29. 3. Obligation (must,have
to )
Do not use must not to express lack of obligation: He
must not does not have to speak.
Example Past form
Helen had to see a
Helen must (has to) see doctor last night
a doctor right away. because she was having
difficulty breathing.

30. 4. Possibility(may, might, could)
Example Past form

31. 4. Possibility(may, might, could)
Example Past form
It may be sunny.

32. 4. Possibility(may, might, could)
Example Past form
It may be sunny.
It might rain.

33. 4. Possibility(may, might, could)
Example Past form
It may be sunny.
It might rain.
It could snow.

34. 4. Possibility(may, might, could)
Example Past form
She may have remembered.
It may be sunny.
It might rain.
It could snow.

35. 4. Possibility(may, might, could)
Example Past form
She may have remembered.
It may be sunny.
He might have had an
It might rain.
accident.
It could snow.

36. 4. Possibility(may, might, could)
Example Past form
She may have remembered.
It may be sunny.
He might have had an
It might rain.
accident.
It could snow.
He could have prevented the
accident.

37. 4. Possibility(may, might, could)
Do not use may in the interrogative to express possibility:
May Might/could it rain?
Example Past form
She may have remembered.
It may be sunny.
He might have had an
It might rain.
accident.
It could snow.
He could have prevented the
accident.

38. 5.Logical conclusion
(must)
Example Past form

39. 5.Logical conclusion
(must)
Example Past form
That must be Carol at the
door.

40. 5.Logical conclusion
(must)
Example Past form
That must be Carol at the He must have been
door. sick.

41. 5.Logical conclusion
(must)
Example Past form
That must be Carol at the He must have been
door. sick.
You must be kidding
me!

42. 5.Logical conclusion
(must)
Example Past form
That must be Carol at the He must have been
door. sick.
She must have been
You must be kidding
very beautiful when she
me!
was young.

43. 7(d). Preference (would
rather)
Example Past form

44. 7(d). Preference (would
rather)
Example Past form
I would rather be tall than
short.

45. 7(d). Preference (would
rather)
Example Past form
I would rather have
I would rather be tall than been poor and healthy
short. than rich and sick when
I was a child.

46. Requests (may,might
would,could,can)
Example (I) Example (You)

47. Requests (may,might
would,could,can)
Example (I) Example (You)
May I help you? (formal)

48. Requests (may,might
would,could,can)
Example (I) Example (You)
May I help you? (formal)
Might I be excused?

49. Requests (may,might
would,could,can)
Example (I) Example (You)
May I help you? (formal)
Might I be excused?
Could I go? (yes you may)

50. Requests (may,might
would,could,can)
Example (I) Example (You)
May I help you? (formal)
Might I be excused?
Could I go? (yes you may)
Can I have some help?
(informal)

51. Requests (may,might
would,could,can)
Example (I) Example (You)
May I help you? (formal) Would you explain this
Might I be excused? to me?
Could I go? (yes you may) Could you pass the
Can I have some help? butter?
(informal)

52. Conditionals

53. Conditionals
A conditional has an “if-clause” and a “result clause”.

54. Conditionals
A conditional has an “if-clause” and a “result clause”.
The most common conditionals can be classified as follows:

55. Conditionals
A conditional has an “if-clause” and a “result clause”.
The most common conditionals can be classified as follows:
1. Present real conditional

56. Conditionals
A conditional has an “if-clause” and a “result clause”.
The most common conditionals can be classified as follows:
1. Present real conditional

57. Conditionals
A conditional has an “if-clause” and a “result clause”.
The most common conditionals can be classified as follows:
1. Present real conditional
The action in the if clause is quite probable.

58. Conditionals
A conditional has an “if-clause” and a “result clause”.
The most common conditionals can be classified as follows:
1. Present real conditional
The action in the if clause is quite probable.
2. Present unreal conditional

59. Conditionals
A conditional has an “if-clause” and a “result clause”.
The most common conditionals can be classified as follows:
1. Present real conditional
The action in the if clause is quite probable.
2. Present unreal conditional

60. Conditionals
A conditional has an “if-clause” and a “result clause”.
The most common conditionals can be classified as follows:
1. Present real conditional
The action in the if clause is quite probable.
2. Present unreal conditional
The action in the if clause is improbable or imaginary.

61. Conditionals
A conditional has an “if-clause” and a “result clause”.
The most common conditionals can be classified as follows:
1. Present real conditional
The action in the if clause is quite probable.
2. Present unreal conditional
The action in the if clause is improbable or imaginary.
3. Past unreal conditional

62. Conditionals
A conditional has an “if-clause” and a “result clause”.
The most common conditionals can be classified as follows:
1. Present real conditional
The action in the if clause is quite probable.
2. Present unreal conditional
The action in the if clause is improbable or imaginary.
3. Past unreal conditional

63. Conditionals
A conditional has an “if-clause” and a “result clause”.
The most common conditionals can be classified as follows:
1. Present real conditional
The action in the if clause is quite probable.
2. Present unreal conditional
The action in the if clause is improbable or imaginary.
3. Past unreal conditional
The situation is purely hypothetical.

64. Conditionals