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The document summarizes key concepts about the OSI physical layer: - The physical layer is layer 1 of the OSI model and is responsible for encoding and transmitting raw bits over a physical medium. - It supports different network media like copper, fiber optic cable, and wireless. Standards bodies define specifications for these media. - Encoding schemes convert bits to signals, like Manchester encoding and NRZ. More advanced schemes group and code bits for higher speeds. - Different network media have advantages - fiber is immune to noise but more expensive than copper wire. Wireless allows mobility but has security and interference issues. - Physical layer standards and technologies have evolved to support higher network speeds up to gigabits per second.
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Media Transmisi_23.pptx
Bluetooth technology allows electronic devices to connect wirelessly within short ranges of up to around 30 feet. It was developed in 1994 to enable both voice and data communication between devices like cell phones, PDAs, headphones, keyboards and other electronics. The technology was named after the Danish king Harald Bluetooth who united Denmark and spread Christianity in the 10th century. Major companies like Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Toshiba and Nokia came together to form the Bluetooth Special Interest Group to develop and support the Bluetooth standard.
وسائط نقل البيانات خلال شبكة الحاسب
محاضرة ضمن محاضرات مادة شبكات الحاسب داخل كلية التربية النوعية قسم تكنولوجيا
التعليم الفرقة الرابعة بجامعة جنوب الوادى وتدرس من خلال أ.د/ ياسر عاصم
Induction(Product) training programme for Schneider-electric , Goa
This presentation provides an overview of copper and fiber optic cabling used in networking. It discusses the basic components and types of twisted pair copper cabling including UTP and STP. It also covers fiber optic cabling fundamentals and components such as single mode vs multimode fiber, fiber connectors, patch cords, fiber patch panels and LIUs. The presentation concludes with providing information on testing copper cables and an overview of solar cables.
Fundamentals of Networking
The document provides an overview of network fundamentals including basic concepts in communication, network structures and topologies, transmission mediums such as twisted pair cables, coaxial cable, and optical fibers, and network protocols. It describes essential components for communication including a message, transmitter, transmission medium, receiver, and destination. Common network topologies like bus, star, ring and variations are explained. Characteristics of different cabling options are also outlined.
Lesson 7 - Structured cabling.ppt
This document provides an overview of structured cabling and transmission media. It discusses different types of transmission media including twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber. It describes the characteristics of each medium and when each is typically used. It also covers structured cabling systems and the key subsystems including entrance facilities, equipment rooms, telecommunications rooms, backbone cabling, horizontal cabling, and work area components. The document compares backbone and horizontal cabling and provides examples of installing Ethernet cables.
Transmision media
The document discusses different types of transmission media used to transmit signals from sender to receiver. It describes guided media like twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable. It provides details on their characteristics, applications, advantages and disadvantages. Twisted-pair cable is commonly used for telephone lines and low-speed LANs. Coaxial cable has higher bandwidth but is more expensive over long distances. Fiber-optic cable has the highest bandwidth and data rates but requires more skilled installation and maintenance.
PCCN unit 4 physical layer notes
The physical layer deals with physical and electrical characteristics of a wire and describes about wired media and wireless medial
Class note 5
This document discusses three main types of network cables: fiber optic cable, twisted pair cable, and coaxial cable. It provides details on the characteristics of each cable type, including that fiber optic cable transmits light through glass fibers and is used for long distance connections, twisted pair cable consists of two copper wires that transmit data and is used for telephone and Ethernet networks, and coaxial cable has a inner conductor surrounded by insulation and outer conductor used to transmit radio frequency signals for applications like cable TV.
Transmission Media, Guided and unguided transmission media
Transmission Media and its types, Guided and unguided transmission media with examples (guided = (i) Twisted pair cable (ii) Coaxial cable (iii) Fiber optical cable, unguided = (i) Radio wave (ii) Microwave (iii) Infra-red wave)
2.a. Wired Media Type and ExplinationTwisted-Pair CableTwiste.pdf
2.
a. Wired Media Type and Explination:
Twisted-Pair Cable
Twisted-pair cable is a type of cabling that is used for telephone communications and most
modern Ethernet networks. A pair of wires forms a circuit that can transmit data. The pairs are
twisted to provide protection against crosstalk, the noise generated by adjacent pairs. When
electrical current flows through a wire, it creates a small, circular magnetic field around the wire.
When two wires in an electrical circuit are placed close together, their magnetic fields are the
exact opposite of each other. Thus, the two magnetic fields cancel each other out. They also
cancel out any outside magnetic fields. Twisting the wires can enhance this cancellation effect.
Using cancellation together with twisting the wires, cable designers can effectively provide self-
shielding for wire pairs within the network media.
Two basic types of twisted-pair cable exist: unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted
pair (STP). The following sections discuss UTP and STP cable in more detail.
UTP Cable
UTP cable is a medium that is composed of pairs of wires . UTP cable is used in a variety of
networks. Each of the eight individual copper wires in UTP cable \\is covered by an insulating
material. In addition, the wires in each pair are twisted around each other.
UTP cable relies solely on the cancellation effect produced by the twisted wire pairs to limit
signal degradation caused by electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency
interference (RFI). To further reduce crosstalk between the pairs in UTP cable, the number of
twists in the wire pairs varies. UTP cable must follow precise specifications governing how
many twists or braids are permitted per meter (3.28 feet) of cable.
UTP cable often is installed using a Registered Jack 45 (RJ-45) connector The RJ-45 is an eight-
wire connector used commonly to connect computers onto a local-area network (LAN),
especially Ethernets.
When used as a networking medium, UTP cable has four pairs of either 22- or 24-gauge copper
wire. UTP used as a networking medium has an impedance of 100 ohms; this differentiates it
from other types of twisted-pair wiring such as that used for telephone wiring, which has
impedance of 600 ohms.
UTP cable offers many advantages. Because UTP has an external diameter of approximately
0.43 cm (0.17 inches), its small size can be advantageous during installation. Because it has such
a small external diameter, UTP does not fill up wiring ducts as rapidly as other types of cable.
This can be an extremely important factor to consider, particularly when installing a network in
an older building. UTP cable is easy to install and is less expensive than other types of
networking media. In fact, UTP costs less per meter than any other type of LAN cabling. And
because UTP can be used with most of the major networking architectures, it continues to grow
in popularity.
Disadvantages also are involved in using twisted-pair cabling, howe.
lecture01_tm.pptx
This lecture discusses transmission media and connecting to networks. It covers wired connections using copper cabling like UTP and STP as well as wireless connections. It describes how switches, wireless access points, and routers connect devices to the network. Network interface cards allow devices to connect via Ethernet or WiFi. Factors like bandwidth, throughput, and the need to share wireless access are discussed. The physical layer and types of physical media like copper cabling categories are reviewed.
Network Media Types.pptx
This document discusses different types of network media used to transmit data in computer networks. It describes wired network media like twisted pair wires, coaxial cable, and fiber optics. Twisted pair wires can be unshielded or shielded. Coaxial cable includes RG-58, RG-59, and RG-6 types. Fiber optics uses either single-mode or multimode fiber. Wireless network media includes radio waves, infrared, Bluetooth, and communication satellites in geostationary orbit or low earth orbit. Each network media type has different data transmission speeds, costs, advantages, and disadvantages.
Best fit topology - lo1 part iv
Ethernet is a LAN technology that transmits data at speeds between 1 Mbps to 1 Gbps. It operates at the physical and data link layers of the OSI model. The original Ethernet specification from 1980 defined the standards, while current specifications are developed by IEEE 802.3. Ethernet evolves through standards like 10BaseT, 10Base2, 10Base5, 10BaseFL, 100BaseVG, 100BaseX, which provide faster speeds and use different cable types like twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables. Ethernet frames data into packets with fields for destination/source addresses, type, and error checking.
Comm. and data communication
Communication involves a sender encoding a message and sending it through a medium to a receiver. It requires a sender, receiver, message, and medium. Common mediums include twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optics, radio waves, infrared, microwaves, and satellites. Twisted pair is commonly used for analog and digital transmission over short distances. Coaxial cable and fiber optics can transmit over longer distances due to better shielding and bandwidth. Wireless technologies like radio, infrared, and microwaves are used for line-of-sight transmission without cables. Satellites are used when direct transmission is not possible due to obstacles like the curvature of the Earth.
LAN TECHNOLOGIES
This was made along with a simple research paper in my Network + course. I don't have any negative intention in uploading of this. I only hope it could help in any ways
Physical Layer- Transmission Media.pdf
1) The physical layer is responsible for transmitting individual bits between nodes using physical media like copper cables, fiber optic cables, or wireless transmission.
2) There are different types of physical media including twisted pair copper cables, coaxial cables, fiber optic cables (single-mode and multi-mode), and wireless transmission using technologies like infrared, microwave, radio, and satellite communication.
3) Each physical medium has its own characteristics regarding bandwidth, distance capability, noise immunity, and data transmission speed that make some better suited for certain applications over others. Selection depends on network needs and environment.
Similar to Mod8 (20)
Induction(Product) training programme for Schneider-electric , Goa
Induction(Product) training programme for Schneider-electric , Goa
Transmission Media, Guided and unguided transmission media
Transmission Media, Guided and unguided transmission media
2.a. Wired Media Type and ExplinationTwisted-Pair CableTwiste.pdf
2.a. Wired Media Type and ExplinationTwisted-Pair CableTwiste.pdf
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Mod8
- 1. OSI Physical layer CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Chapter 8
- 21. Connectors for coaxial cable
- 24. RJ45 connectors Plugs on patch cables (crimped) Sockets to terminate installed cabling (punch down)
- 35. Fibre optic connectors Straight tip (ST) connector single mode Subscriber connector (SC) multimode Single mode lucent connector Multimode lucent connector Duplex multimode lucent connector (LC)
- 36. Which cable for the LAN? 100km or 2km No noise problems Within/between buildings More expensive Harder to install Max 100 m length Noise problems Within building only Cheaper Easier to install Fibre optic UTP copper
- 37. Testing cables Fluke NetTool for twisted pair cables Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) for fibre optic cables
- 41. Labs & Activities * If no previous Packet Tracer experience, else strongly recommended Mandatory* 1.2.4 PT Review carefully 1.3.3 Lab Mandatory 1.3.2 PT Mandatory 1.3.1 Lab Detail Type