The physical layer provides the means to transport the bits that make up a Data Link layer frame across the network media through creating signal that represents each frame.
The three fundamental functions of the physical layer are data encoding, signaling, and the physical components.
Signaling bits on the media using NRZ Signaling, and Manchester Encoding.
Data Transfer can be measured in 3 ways Bandwidth, Throughput and Goodput.
The Physical Connectors: Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable, Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) Cable, Coaxial, Single-mode Fiber Cable, Multi-mode Fiber Cable and different types of wireless media and wireless network devices
A complete ppt for network connectors and interface standards. Modems with types and version are also added in it. utility of cable modem alongwith null modem are described in it. a useful presentation for persons looking for networking devices at physical layer.
The physical layer provides the means to transport the bits that make up a Data Link layer frame across the network media through creating signal that represents each frame.
The three fundamental functions of the physical layer are data encoding, signaling, and the physical components.
Signaling bits on the media using NRZ Signaling, and Manchester Encoding.
Data Transfer can be measured in 3 ways Bandwidth, Throughput and Goodput.
The Physical Connectors: Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable, Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) Cable, Coaxial, Single-mode Fiber Cable, Multi-mode Fiber Cable and different types of wireless media and wireless network devices
A complete ppt for network connectors and interface standards. Modems with types and version are also added in it. utility of cable modem alongwith null modem are described in it. a useful presentation for persons looking for networking devices at physical layer.
UNIT II MEDIA ACCESS & INTERNETWORKING 9
Media access control – Ethernet (802.3) – Wireless LANs – 802.11 – Bluetooth – Switching and bridging – Basic Internetworking (IP, CIDR, ARP, DHCP,ICMP )
difference between hub, bridge, switch and routerAkmal Cikmat
An additional information that might be useful for Computing/Computer Science students especially.
made this as a homework assigned to me.
Hope this may be the thing that you've been looking for
The IEEE 802 is a family of IEEE standards dealing with Local Area Networks and Metropolitan Area Networks. The IEEE 802 family of standards is maintained by the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee (LMSC).
The most widely used standards are for the Bridging and Virtual Bridged LANs (802.1), Ethernet family (802.3), Token Ring (802.5) and Wireless LAN (802.11).
Advanced computer network lab manual (practicals in Cisco Packet tracer)VrundaBhavsar
Book include how we can execute practical in cisco packet tracer.There are around 18 experiment covered .It contains topology also information about basic elements hub router.how we established
connection using HTTP and FTP protocols Also transferring Gmail and VOIP (Voice over IP) experiment. DHCP experiment included. How we create subnetmask.
Wireless network (cellular network architecture and http.)Abdullah Moin
Cellular architecture is constituted of the following − A network of cells each with a base station. A packet-switched network for communication between the base stations and mobile switching centres. The public switched telephone networks to connect subscribers to the wider telephony network.
In all cellular systems, land area is divided into a number of cells each with its radio service. In AMPS the area is large which in digital services, the area is much smaller. Conventionally cells are hexagonal in shape. Each cell uses a frequency range that is not used by its adjacent cells. However, frequencies may be reused in non-adjacent cells.
UNIT II MEDIA ACCESS & INTERNETWORKING 9
Media access control – Ethernet (802.3) – Wireless LANs – 802.11 – Bluetooth – Switching and bridging – Basic Internetworking (IP, CIDR, ARP, DHCP,ICMP )
difference between hub, bridge, switch and routerAkmal Cikmat
An additional information that might be useful for Computing/Computer Science students especially.
made this as a homework assigned to me.
Hope this may be the thing that you've been looking for
The IEEE 802 is a family of IEEE standards dealing with Local Area Networks and Metropolitan Area Networks. The IEEE 802 family of standards is maintained by the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee (LMSC).
The most widely used standards are for the Bridging and Virtual Bridged LANs (802.1), Ethernet family (802.3), Token Ring (802.5) and Wireless LAN (802.11).
Advanced computer network lab manual (practicals in Cisco Packet tracer)VrundaBhavsar
Book include how we can execute practical in cisco packet tracer.There are around 18 experiment covered .It contains topology also information about basic elements hub router.how we established
connection using HTTP and FTP protocols Also transferring Gmail and VOIP (Voice over IP) experiment. DHCP experiment included. How we create subnetmask.
Wireless network (cellular network architecture and http.)Abdullah Moin
Cellular architecture is constituted of the following − A network of cells each with a base station. A packet-switched network for communication between the base stations and mobile switching centres. The public switched telephone networks to connect subscribers to the wider telephony network.
In all cellular systems, land area is divided into a number of cells each with its radio service. In AMPS the area is large which in digital services, the area is much smaller. Conventionally cells are hexagonal in shape. Each cell uses a frequency range that is not used by its adjacent cells. However, frequencies may be reused in non-adjacent cells.
It provide the basic features of bottom two layers i.e. Physical layer and Data Link Layer with the features, functionality and services provided by them. It also includes the concepts related to the various protocols.
Introduction to data communication, TCP/IP protocol suite ,OSI reference model ,logical connections between layers of the TCP/IP Protocol suite ,encapsulation and decapsulation, data and signals ,signal impairment, data modulation
Data communication : entails electronically exchanging data or information. It is the movement of computer information from one point to another by means of electrical or optical transmission system. This system often is called data communication networks.
This slide describe the data communication and model, including transmission media (Guided, Unguided) and communication types. This slides also describe different topologies
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
This chapter introduces the general functions of the Physical layer as well as the standards and protocols that manage the transmission of data across local media.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) The Electronics Industry Alliance/Telecommunications Industry Association (EIA/TIA) National telecommunications authorities such as the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) in the USA
The figure depicts some of the purposes of signaling patterns.
Data transfer can be measured in three ways: bandwidth, throughput and goodput
As an example, consider two hosts on a LAN transferring a file. The bandwidth of the LAN is 100 Mbps. Due to the sharing and media overhead the throughput between the computers is only 60 Mbps. With the overhead of the encapsulation process of the TCP/IP stack, the actual rate of the data received by the destination computer, goodput, is only 40Mbps.
The susceptibility of copper cables to electronic noise can be limited by any one of the above methods.
The allocation of these addresses inside the networks should be planned and documented.
There are benefits to using a layered model to describe network protocols and operations.
The ISO 8877 specified RJ-45 connector is used for a range of Physical layer specifications, one of which is Ethernet. Another specification, EIA-TIA 568, describes the wire color codes to pin assignments (pinouts) for Ethernet straight-through and crossover cables.
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