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The document discusses application layer functionality and protocols. It defines the application layer as the source and destination of data across networks. It explains how applications, services, and protocols allow the conversion of communication to network-transferable data. It also describes common application layer protocols like HTTP, DNS, SMTP, and their roles in supporting functions like accessing web pages, domain name resolution, and email. Finally, it outlines additional protocols like Telnet, SMB, and Gnutella and their usage in tasks such as network management, file sharing, and peer-to-peer services.

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Application Layer Functionality and Protocols Network Fundamentals – Chapter 3

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Please help!!! I can change a link layer protocol and the application layer protocol does not need to know or be made aware of the change. Explain why? Solution Answer :- The protocols are like a pile of building blocks stacked one upon another. Because of this appearance, the structure is often called a stack or protocol stack. A layer does not define a single protocol it defines a data communications function that may be performed by any number of protocols. Therefore, each layer may contain multiple protocols, each providing a service suitable to the function of that layer. For example, a file transfer protocol and an electronic mail protocol both provide user services, and both are part of the Application Layer. 1) Application Layer :- The Application Layer is the level of the protocol hierarchy where user-accessed network processes reside. In this text, a TCP/IP application is any network process that occurs above the Transport Layer. This includes all of the processes that users directly interact with as well as other processes at this level that users are not necessarily aware of. 2) Presentation Layer :- For cooperating applications to exchange data, they must agree about how data is represented. In OSI, the Presentation Layer provides standard data presentation routines. This function is frequently handled within the applications in TCP/IP, though TCP/IP protocols such as XDR and MIME also perform this function. 3) Session Layer :- As with the Presentation Layer, the Session Layer is not identifiable as a separate layer in the TCP/IP protocol hierarchy. The OSI Session Layer manages the sessions (connections) between cooperating applications. In TCP/IP, this function largely occurs in the Transport Layer, and the term “session” is not used; instead, the terms “socket” and “port” are used to describe the path over which cooperating applications communicate. 4) Transport Layer: Much of our discussion of TCP/IP is directed to the protocols that occur in the Transport Layer. The Transport Layer in the OSI reference model guarantees that the receiver gets the data exactly as it was sent. In TCP/IP, this function is performed by the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). However, TCP/IP offers a second Transport Layer service, User Datagram Protocol (UDP), that does not perform the end-to-end reliability checks. 5) Network Layer :- The Network Layer manages connections across the network and isolates the upper layer protocols from the details of the underlying network. The Internet Protocol (IP), which isolates the upper layers from the underlying network and handles the addressing and delivery of data, is usually described as TCP/IP’s Network Layer. 6) Data Link Layer :- The reliable delivery of data across the underlying physical network is handled by the Data Link Layer. TCP/IP rarely creates protocols in the Data Link Layer. Most RFCs that relate to the Data Link Layer discuss how IP can make use of existing data link protocols. 7) Physi.

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