Mobilizing Renewable Energy to Overcome the Energy and Financial Crisis: The Need for a Credible Renewable Electricity Tariff Anil Cabraal, Ph.D.nil Cabraal Article.pdf
- The document discusses the need to revise renewable energy (NCRE) tariffs in Sri Lanka to reflect current economic conditions. The prevailing 2012 tariffs are no longer sufficient given rising costs.
- A committee proposed new 2021 tariffs but they are even lower than the 2012 rates. The author calculates required 2022 tariffs that account for factors like currency depreciation, higher fuel and financing costs, and lower capacity factors.
- At appropriate 2022 tariffs, NCRE electricity would be financially competitive against oil and coal-fired power. Revising tariffs could unlock over 4,000 MW of blocked NCRE projects, saving on fuel imports and benefiting the national electricity system.
India has significant hydroelectric potential, estimated at 148,700 MW. Currently, hydroelectric power accounts for approximately 21.5% of India's total electricity generation capacity, with 37,367 MW installed. However, demand for power continues to outpace supply, with peak demand shortages averaging around 9%. The government aims to increase hydroelectric capacity through developing new projects and integrating small solar installations at existing hydroelectric facilities.
Small Hydro power plant. Small Hydro Power (SHP) is hydro plant with power under 10 MW as defined by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO):
Choice of technology and site
Small hydro technology is mature and well-established in the market
Improvements: equipment designs, differents materials, control sistem
Typologies of Hydropower plants
a) Run of River Plants
b) Pondage Plants
c) Reservoir Plants
Typologies of Hydropower plants
a) Run of River Plants
A Run of River plant uses the available river flow
A Run of River plant has a little cumulative water
High cost
Typologies of Hydropower plants
b) Pondage Plants
Cumulative water flows permits storage of water for few weeks
Pondage Plant can works when the level of river is low.
Typology of hydropower plants
c) Reservoir Plants
Energy prodution of a Reservoir Plant is based on cumulative water flows
Construction of a very large dam to cumulate water
Usually this kind of plant is not a SHP
Plan SHP
Control national and regional law
Who using the water and how
Story analisis of river flow
Study hidrogeologic and hidrografic of site
Chek principal parameters (Q) river flow avieble and (H) head for calculate power of site
Pubblicity of project and consalting citizen.
Hydroelectric plants
Start easily and quickly and change power output rapidly
Complement large thermal plants (coal and nuclear), which are most efficient in serving base power loads.
Save millions of barrels of oil
SHP emissions
As all other renewable energy sources, SHP plays an important role in reducing the emissions.
Externality of SHP are very low.
This is very important and positive, expecially for Kyoto protocol.
What to do for goal with SHP
Act cordinated strategy:
Informing
Including the people in the projects
Dialogue with opponents
Implementing social compain
Solar Panel Installation And Maintenance PowerPoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
World is moving towards a sustainable future and renewable energy is playing a vital role in achieving that goal. There are various sources of renewable energy but solar energy is dominant when it comes to meet both industrial and residential energy demand at low cost. This presentation will benefit the manufacturing organization that wants to optimize their energy consumption and electricity bill cost by shifting to solar energy. The presentation includes sections namely energy consumption analysis that will help the firm in defining its current electricity composition by resource, its daily, monthly and annual energy utilization rate, share of electricity demand in current year, energy star rating of current appliances and machineries and monthly electricity bill of the plant. Issues we are currently facing section will highlight the current challenges faced by the manufacturer in terms of machine downtime, energy consumption and Co2 emission. Firm can illustrate various solution along with their cost overview to counter their current challenges with help of Available solutions to counter energy issues section. Solar system overview section will help the firm in providing overview about solar system types and its applications along with system workflow. Permission and regulatory key considerations section will help the manufacturer to describe the essential permission and regulatory key consideration required for solar system installation. Manufacturer can provide detailed specification about the project, it objective and expected outcomes with the help of Project description and specifications section. Manufacturer can ensure the best quality of solar panels, mounting structure and inverter with decision making checklist for solar project section. Estimated cost of solar project section will shed a light on total cost required to install solar system. Implementation schedule will help the firm in illustrating the different stages to install solar system. Maintenance plan and schedule section will help the organization in maintaining the solar panel and inverter health. Manufacturer can portrays the stats of plant capacity per annum and electricity bill saving with impact on performance section. Risk and mitigation strategies section will help the manufacturer in illustrating possible risk that may occur during solar system installation and right measures to overcome them. Company can portray possible challenges that may arise while opting for solar energy and solution to overcome them with the help of barriers and solutions for solar energy application section. Finally, performance tracking dashboard will help the manufacturer in tracking plant electricity consumption, solar production and export to grid. https://bit.ly/2MP2gfF
HOMER is a free software application developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in the United States. This software application is used to design and evaluate technically and financially the options for off-grid and on-grid power systems for remote, stand-alone and distributed generation applications.
A detail discussion on hydro power plant.
It include
Introduction of Hydro Power plant
Elements require for Hydro Power plant
Working Principle
Layout of hydro power plant
Advantages of hydro power plant
Disadvantages of hydro power plant
Thanks
and please share your experience by reading this
Steam turbine in Geothermal Power StationS. Ady Candra
The document discusses the main equipment and systems used in geothermal power plants, including boilers, turbines, condensers, cooling systems, and other auxiliary equipment. It focuses on steam turbines, describing the types of steam turbines used (e.g. axial exhaust design), their key components (e.g. casings, shafts, blades), and advantages of the axial exhaust design, which requires less space and construction time. An example geothermal plant in Iceland using a single-cylinder axial exhaust condensing turbine is provided.
India has significant hydroelectric potential, estimated at 148,700 MW. Currently, hydroelectric power accounts for approximately 21.5% of India's total electricity generation capacity, with 37,367 MW installed. However, demand for power continues to outpace supply, with peak demand shortages averaging around 9%. The government aims to increase hydroelectric capacity through developing new projects and integrating small solar installations at existing hydroelectric facilities.
Small Hydro power plant. Small Hydro Power (SHP) is hydro plant with power under 10 MW as defined by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO):
Choice of technology and site
Small hydro technology is mature and well-established in the market
Improvements: equipment designs, differents materials, control sistem
Typologies of Hydropower plants
a) Run of River Plants
b) Pondage Plants
c) Reservoir Plants
Typologies of Hydropower plants
a) Run of River Plants
A Run of River plant uses the available river flow
A Run of River plant has a little cumulative water
High cost
Typologies of Hydropower plants
b) Pondage Plants
Cumulative water flows permits storage of water for few weeks
Pondage Plant can works when the level of river is low.
Typology of hydropower plants
c) Reservoir Plants
Energy prodution of a Reservoir Plant is based on cumulative water flows
Construction of a very large dam to cumulate water
Usually this kind of plant is not a SHP
Plan SHP
Control national and regional law
Who using the water and how
Story analisis of river flow
Study hidrogeologic and hidrografic of site
Chek principal parameters (Q) river flow avieble and (H) head for calculate power of site
Pubblicity of project and consalting citizen.
Hydroelectric plants
Start easily and quickly and change power output rapidly
Complement large thermal plants (coal and nuclear), which are most efficient in serving base power loads.
Save millions of barrels of oil
SHP emissions
As all other renewable energy sources, SHP plays an important role in reducing the emissions.
Externality of SHP are very low.
This is very important and positive, expecially for Kyoto protocol.
What to do for goal with SHP
Act cordinated strategy:
Informing
Including the people in the projects
Dialogue with opponents
Implementing social compain
Solar Panel Installation And Maintenance PowerPoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
World is moving towards a sustainable future and renewable energy is playing a vital role in achieving that goal. There are various sources of renewable energy but solar energy is dominant when it comes to meet both industrial and residential energy demand at low cost. This presentation will benefit the manufacturing organization that wants to optimize their energy consumption and electricity bill cost by shifting to solar energy. The presentation includes sections namely energy consumption analysis that will help the firm in defining its current electricity composition by resource, its daily, monthly and annual energy utilization rate, share of electricity demand in current year, energy star rating of current appliances and machineries and monthly electricity bill of the plant. Issues we are currently facing section will highlight the current challenges faced by the manufacturer in terms of machine downtime, energy consumption and Co2 emission. Firm can illustrate various solution along with their cost overview to counter their current challenges with help of Available solutions to counter energy issues section. Solar system overview section will help the firm in providing overview about solar system types and its applications along with system workflow. Permission and regulatory key considerations section will help the manufacturer to describe the essential permission and regulatory key consideration required for solar system installation. Manufacturer can provide detailed specification about the project, it objective and expected outcomes with the help of Project description and specifications section. Manufacturer can ensure the best quality of solar panels, mounting structure and inverter with decision making checklist for solar project section. Estimated cost of solar project section will shed a light on total cost required to install solar system. Implementation schedule will help the firm in illustrating the different stages to install solar system. Maintenance plan and schedule section will help the organization in maintaining the solar panel and inverter health. Manufacturer can portrays the stats of plant capacity per annum and electricity bill saving with impact on performance section. Risk and mitigation strategies section will help the manufacturer in illustrating possible risk that may occur during solar system installation and right measures to overcome them. Company can portray possible challenges that may arise while opting for solar energy and solution to overcome them with the help of barriers and solutions for solar energy application section. Finally, performance tracking dashboard will help the manufacturer in tracking plant electricity consumption, solar production and export to grid. https://bit.ly/2MP2gfF
HOMER is a free software application developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in the United States. This software application is used to design and evaluate technically and financially the options for off-grid and on-grid power systems for remote, stand-alone and distributed generation applications.
A detail discussion on hydro power plant.
It include
Introduction of Hydro Power plant
Elements require for Hydro Power plant
Working Principle
Layout of hydro power plant
Advantages of hydro power plant
Disadvantages of hydro power plant
Thanks
and please share your experience by reading this
Steam turbine in Geothermal Power StationS. Ady Candra
The document discusses the main equipment and systems used in geothermal power plants, including boilers, turbines, condensers, cooling systems, and other auxiliary equipment. It focuses on steam turbines, describing the types of steam turbines used (e.g. axial exhaust design), their key components (e.g. casings, shafts, blades), and advantages of the axial exhaust design, which requires less space and construction time. An example geothermal plant in Iceland using a single-cylinder axial exhaust condensing turbine is provided.
Designed a complete system of solar cell arrays required for a commercial complex. Researched and derived mathematical equations to install the system using given budget constraints. Made CAD drawings of the arrangement of inverter arrays required for installing the system.
A wind mill converts the kinetic energy of moving air into Mechanical energy that can be either used directly to run the Machine or to run the generator to produce electricity.
This document discusses wind resource assessment for wind farm development. It covers how wind is generated, accessing wind resources through measurement and modeling, and estimating energy production with uncertainties. Key steps include measuring wind speeds on site, correlating to long-term reference stations to predict long-term distributions, modeling wind flows, planning turbine layouts, and estimating annual energy yields while accounting for production losses and uncertainties. Accurate wind assessment is critical for maximizing energy production estimates and ensuring project viability.
This document provides a seminar report on Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) presented by two students. It discusses the working principle of OTEC, which uses the temperature difference between warm surface ocean water and cold deep water to run a heat engine and generate electricity. It classifies OTEC plants as either closed-cycle or open-cycle, and as either land-based or floating/offshore. It then reviews the history of OTEC development from the 1880s to recent projects. The future potential of OTEC and its benefits are also mentioned.
This document discusses the design aspects of standalone solar PV systems. It begins by providing background on solar PV technology and India's solar energy potential. The key components of a standalone solar system are then explained - solar modules, batteries, charge controller, inverter. The document outlines the steps to design a system, including assessing the load, sizing the battery bank and solar panels. An example design for a 436W system is presented along with component selection and cost estimation of around 175,000 INR. Proper design considering location factors is emphasized to satisfy load demand economically.
Concentrating solar power (CSP) uses mirrors to focus sunlight and convert it to heat that can power a generator. There are four main types of CSP systems: parabolic troughs, solar towers, dishes, and linear Fresnel reflectors. CSP provides clean, renewable energy and can integrate thermal storage to provide power when the sun is not shining. While CSP currently has higher costs, these are expected to decrease as the technology matures and deployment increases. The document discusses India's plans to develop CSP through demonstration projects and evaluates CSP's potential to contribute to the world's energy needs in the future.
Solar Proposal Template PowerPoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
If your company needs to submit a Solar Proposal Template PowerPoint Presentation Slides look no further. Our researchers have analyzed thousands of proposals on this topic for effectiveness and conversion. Just download our template, add your company data and submit to your client for a positive response. http://bit.ly/2SJvT1o
Floating Solar Photovoltaic system An Emerging TechnologyPooja Agarwal
Floating solar photovoltaic systems are an emerging renewable energy technology that provides several benefits. Installing solar panels on water bodies conserves valuable land, uses otherwise unused space, and produces more electricity than land-based systems since the panels are cooled by the water. The aquatic environment also benefits from shading and reduced evaporation. The document discusses India's renewable energy goals and the concept and advantages of floating solar photovoltaic technology, including its economic and environmental benefits. It provides examples of floating solar installations in India and other countries.
Geothermal energy harnesses the natural heat from within the Earth. Heat from the Earth's core radiates outward through conduction and convection, and in some areas reaches the surface in the form of hot springs, geysers, or shallow magma. This heat can be used directly for applications like heating buildings and greenhouses or generating electricity. The main types of geothermal power plants are dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle plants. Geothermal energy has advantages of being renewable, continuous, and emitting fewer emissions than fossil fuels. Potential challenges include localized air pollution from gases and possible ground instability from fluid extraction. Globally, geothermal energy accounts for a small percentage of electricity but has significant unt
Photovoltaic Systems: System Design ToolsGavin Harper
Prepared for the Welsh Energy Sector Training program, this presentation takes a whistlestop tour through some of the different tools used in PV system design. From tools that are used to collect data about the site - angles, overshadowing e.t.c. to software tools used to simulate PV systems designs.
A brief overview of PV market globally and regionally is presented and how it has disrupted the current network business model. Energy Storage has become a necessity as penetration of PV in the current network increases and created challenging ramping issues as the daily load curves have changed to what is now popularly called “Duck” curves. The value of energy storage in the network is presented, clearly demonstrating that maximum value is realised at end users, commercial and residential. Battery storage is one of the most practical option. Commercial battery technologies are presented, followed by selected case studies.
Energy Storage Opportunities and Challenges ECOFYS Andrew Gelston
Energy storage provides multiple benefits to power systems but faces valuation challenges due to its ability to act as both generation and load. A wide range of energy storage technologies exist at various stages of development, from mature pumped hydro to promising new battery chemistries. As variable renewable energy increases, so does the need for energy storage to provide balancing services. However, energy storage development has lagged renewable growth. Accurately valuing energy storage benefits and implementing supportive policies can help address this gap.
1) Hydroelectric power plants utilize the kinetic energy of flowing water to generate electricity. Water turns turbines which spin generators to produce electricity.
2) There are several types of hydroelectric turbines suited for different water head and flow conditions including Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan turbines. Pelton turbines work best for high head applications while Francis and Kaplan are used for lower heads and higher flows.
3) The key components of a hydroelectric power plant include an intake, penstock, turbine, generator, and tailrace. Water is diverted from a source through the intake and penstock before passing through the turbine which spins the generator to produce electricity which is then transmitted through power lines.
This document discusses pyranometers and pyrheliometers. A pyranometer is a sensor that measures solar irradiance over 180 degrees using a thermopile sensor with a black coating inside a glass dome. It measures diffuse sunlight. A pyrheliometer specifically measures direct beam sunlight using a thermopile sensor that tracks the sun inside an instrument with a window. They are both used to study solar energy, meteorology and climate but a pyrheliometer additionally helps assess solar panel efficiency.
koteshwar hydro electric power plant 400 mwSAIF ALI ZAIDI
This document provides an overview of the Koteshwar Hydroelectric Power Plant in India. It discusses the history of hydroelectric power development in the region beginning in 1907. The Koteshwar project is one of three components of the Tehri Hydroelectric Power Complex with a capacity of 400MW. The document describes the layout of the Koteshwar plant and key equipment used including turbines, generators, governors, and more. Both advantages like renewable energy production and flood control, and disadvantages like high capital costs and variability due to water availability are summarized.
Photovoltaic Training Course - Module 1.3 - PV facility calculationsLeonardo ENERGY
This document provides information on photovoltaic system design and calculations. It discusses performance ratio, system losses evaluation, keys to optimize performance ratio, shadowing evaluation for fixed and tracking systems, electrical calculations, and overvoltage protection. The goal is to help designers understand factors that impact solar facility output and properly size system components.
A turbine is a machine that converts kinetic energy or pressure from fluids like water, steam, gas or air into rotational motion. There are different types of turbines including impulse turbines like Pelton and cross-flow turbines which use kinetic energy, and reaction turbines like Francis and Kaplan which use pressure changes. Advanced cycles have been developed for gas turbines like wet compression, steam injection and combined cycles to improve efficiency. Nano-turbines have also been designed but have much lower efficiencies than macro-scale turbines due to effects like water slippage and flow disruption at the nanoscale.
Immediate steps that needs to be taken for optimization and reduction of Power Purchase Costs which have huge impact on the retail tariffs being paid by the consumers of Delhi.
Solar in India have its own importance. It's the best opportunity for investors and this presentation explores it. If you need any further info please feel free to contact me. Viraj
Designed a complete system of solar cell arrays required for a commercial complex. Researched and derived mathematical equations to install the system using given budget constraints. Made CAD drawings of the arrangement of inverter arrays required for installing the system.
A wind mill converts the kinetic energy of moving air into Mechanical energy that can be either used directly to run the Machine or to run the generator to produce electricity.
This document discusses wind resource assessment for wind farm development. It covers how wind is generated, accessing wind resources through measurement and modeling, and estimating energy production with uncertainties. Key steps include measuring wind speeds on site, correlating to long-term reference stations to predict long-term distributions, modeling wind flows, planning turbine layouts, and estimating annual energy yields while accounting for production losses and uncertainties. Accurate wind assessment is critical for maximizing energy production estimates and ensuring project viability.
This document provides a seminar report on Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) presented by two students. It discusses the working principle of OTEC, which uses the temperature difference between warm surface ocean water and cold deep water to run a heat engine and generate electricity. It classifies OTEC plants as either closed-cycle or open-cycle, and as either land-based or floating/offshore. It then reviews the history of OTEC development from the 1880s to recent projects. The future potential of OTEC and its benefits are also mentioned.
This document discusses the design aspects of standalone solar PV systems. It begins by providing background on solar PV technology and India's solar energy potential. The key components of a standalone solar system are then explained - solar modules, batteries, charge controller, inverter. The document outlines the steps to design a system, including assessing the load, sizing the battery bank and solar panels. An example design for a 436W system is presented along with component selection and cost estimation of around 175,000 INR. Proper design considering location factors is emphasized to satisfy load demand economically.
Concentrating solar power (CSP) uses mirrors to focus sunlight and convert it to heat that can power a generator. There are four main types of CSP systems: parabolic troughs, solar towers, dishes, and linear Fresnel reflectors. CSP provides clean, renewable energy and can integrate thermal storage to provide power when the sun is not shining. While CSP currently has higher costs, these are expected to decrease as the technology matures and deployment increases. The document discusses India's plans to develop CSP through demonstration projects and evaluates CSP's potential to contribute to the world's energy needs in the future.
Solar Proposal Template PowerPoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
If your company needs to submit a Solar Proposal Template PowerPoint Presentation Slides look no further. Our researchers have analyzed thousands of proposals on this topic for effectiveness and conversion. Just download our template, add your company data and submit to your client for a positive response. http://bit.ly/2SJvT1o
Floating Solar Photovoltaic system An Emerging TechnologyPooja Agarwal
Floating solar photovoltaic systems are an emerging renewable energy technology that provides several benefits. Installing solar panels on water bodies conserves valuable land, uses otherwise unused space, and produces more electricity than land-based systems since the panels are cooled by the water. The aquatic environment also benefits from shading and reduced evaporation. The document discusses India's renewable energy goals and the concept and advantages of floating solar photovoltaic technology, including its economic and environmental benefits. It provides examples of floating solar installations in India and other countries.
Geothermal energy harnesses the natural heat from within the Earth. Heat from the Earth's core radiates outward through conduction and convection, and in some areas reaches the surface in the form of hot springs, geysers, or shallow magma. This heat can be used directly for applications like heating buildings and greenhouses or generating electricity. The main types of geothermal power plants are dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle plants. Geothermal energy has advantages of being renewable, continuous, and emitting fewer emissions than fossil fuels. Potential challenges include localized air pollution from gases and possible ground instability from fluid extraction. Globally, geothermal energy accounts for a small percentage of electricity but has significant unt
Photovoltaic Systems: System Design ToolsGavin Harper
Prepared for the Welsh Energy Sector Training program, this presentation takes a whistlestop tour through some of the different tools used in PV system design. From tools that are used to collect data about the site - angles, overshadowing e.t.c. to software tools used to simulate PV systems designs.
A brief overview of PV market globally and regionally is presented and how it has disrupted the current network business model. Energy Storage has become a necessity as penetration of PV in the current network increases and created challenging ramping issues as the daily load curves have changed to what is now popularly called “Duck” curves. The value of energy storage in the network is presented, clearly demonstrating that maximum value is realised at end users, commercial and residential. Battery storage is one of the most practical option. Commercial battery technologies are presented, followed by selected case studies.
Energy Storage Opportunities and Challenges ECOFYS Andrew Gelston
Energy storage provides multiple benefits to power systems but faces valuation challenges due to its ability to act as both generation and load. A wide range of energy storage technologies exist at various stages of development, from mature pumped hydro to promising new battery chemistries. As variable renewable energy increases, so does the need for energy storage to provide balancing services. However, energy storage development has lagged renewable growth. Accurately valuing energy storage benefits and implementing supportive policies can help address this gap.
1) Hydroelectric power plants utilize the kinetic energy of flowing water to generate electricity. Water turns turbines which spin generators to produce electricity.
2) There are several types of hydroelectric turbines suited for different water head and flow conditions including Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan turbines. Pelton turbines work best for high head applications while Francis and Kaplan are used for lower heads and higher flows.
3) The key components of a hydroelectric power plant include an intake, penstock, turbine, generator, and tailrace. Water is diverted from a source through the intake and penstock before passing through the turbine which spins the generator to produce electricity which is then transmitted through power lines.
This document discusses pyranometers and pyrheliometers. A pyranometer is a sensor that measures solar irradiance over 180 degrees using a thermopile sensor with a black coating inside a glass dome. It measures diffuse sunlight. A pyrheliometer specifically measures direct beam sunlight using a thermopile sensor that tracks the sun inside an instrument with a window. They are both used to study solar energy, meteorology and climate but a pyrheliometer additionally helps assess solar panel efficiency.
koteshwar hydro electric power plant 400 mwSAIF ALI ZAIDI
This document provides an overview of the Koteshwar Hydroelectric Power Plant in India. It discusses the history of hydroelectric power development in the region beginning in 1907. The Koteshwar project is one of three components of the Tehri Hydroelectric Power Complex with a capacity of 400MW. The document describes the layout of the Koteshwar plant and key equipment used including turbines, generators, governors, and more. Both advantages like renewable energy production and flood control, and disadvantages like high capital costs and variability due to water availability are summarized.
Photovoltaic Training Course - Module 1.3 - PV facility calculationsLeonardo ENERGY
This document provides information on photovoltaic system design and calculations. It discusses performance ratio, system losses evaluation, keys to optimize performance ratio, shadowing evaluation for fixed and tracking systems, electrical calculations, and overvoltage protection. The goal is to help designers understand factors that impact solar facility output and properly size system components.
A turbine is a machine that converts kinetic energy or pressure from fluids like water, steam, gas or air into rotational motion. There are different types of turbines including impulse turbines like Pelton and cross-flow turbines which use kinetic energy, and reaction turbines like Francis and Kaplan which use pressure changes. Advanced cycles have been developed for gas turbines like wet compression, steam injection and combined cycles to improve efficiency. Nano-turbines have also been designed but have much lower efficiencies than macro-scale turbines due to effects like water slippage and flow disruption at the nanoscale.
Similar to Mobilizing Renewable Energy to Overcome the Energy and Financial Crisis: The Need for a Credible Renewable Electricity Tariff Anil Cabraal, Ph.D.nil Cabraal Article.pdf
Immediate steps that needs to be taken for optimization and reduction of Power Purchase Costs which have huge impact on the retail tariffs being paid by the consumers of Delhi.
Solar in India have its own importance. It's the best opportunity for investors and this presentation explores it. If you need any further info please feel free to contact me. Viraj
Sustainable Infrastructure Assistance Program (46380-023)
TA 9511–INO: Indonesia Energy Sector Assessment and Priorities 2020–2024
Energy Policy Feedback (Power)
Focus Group Discussion
Jakarta, 18 October 2019
The document is a market handbook published by CEEW Centre for Energy Finance that aims to help investors, executives and policymakers with evidence-based decision making regarding India's energy transition. It provides data and analysis on key trends in generation capacity, renewable energy auctions, discom payables, power markets, and other topics. Some highlights include that renewable energy capacity additions have slowed but 12 GW of new solar capacity was sanctioned in Q1 2021, renewable energy now accounts for 11.8% of electricity generation, and the lowest ever solar tariff of 2.36 INR/kWh was discovered in a recent SECI auction.
Wind Force Newsletter January, Edition, 2012rupeshsingh_1
This newsletter provides updates on policy and regulatory developments in the renewable energy sector in India.
It summarizes new draft regulations from the Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Central Electricity Regulatory Commissions related to renewable purchase obligations, transmission charges, and tariffs for renewable technologies. It also outlines a new order from the Tamil Nadu Electricity Regulatory Commission regarding concessional transmission and wheeling charges.
REC trading data is presented, showing increasing prices and volumes traded on exchanges each month. Electricity prices from bilateral arrangements are generally higher than at power exchanges.
Upcoming renewable energy events are listed. Contact information is provided for questions or feedback on the newsletter.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Dr. Khondaker Golam Moazzem of the Centre for Policy Dialogue on the energy and power sector in Bangladesh's national budget for fiscal year 2022-23. It discusses the context of this budget, including growth in power generation capacity and consumption from 2017-2022. It also reviews key aspects of the power sector such as generation costs, capacity payments, energy imports, transmission and distribution infrastructure, and the financial state of the Bangladesh Power Development Board. The document concludes by noting the sector's large dependence on government subsidies.
Indonesia's emission cap and trade in power sector - Bayu Nugroho, MEMROECD Environment
This document discusses Indonesia's plans to implement an emission cap and trade system in the power sector. Key points include:
- Indonesia has committed to reducing emissions by 29-41% by 2030 under the Paris Agreement and plans to use carbon pricing mechanisms like carbon taxes and trading to help meet this goal.
- The Directorate General of Electricity is conducting an emission trading system trial in 2021-2024 before implementing a mandatory program in 2025. The trial focuses on power plants and uses a cap-and-trade approach.
- Simulation results from the 2021 trial showed over 42,000 tons of CO2 transferred between power plants and 4,500 tons offset through international carbon credits.
- Indonesia also plans to
National Renewable Energy Program (NREP) 2020-2040 and sector updates, Ruby G...OECD Environment
2nd OECD-DOE Clean Energy Finance and Investment Consultation Workshop: Unlocking finance and investment for clean energy in the Philippines, 24-25 November 2022, Bohol, Philippines
The document discusses regulatory asset build up in Delhi and potential ways to amortize it. Some key points:
- Delhi distribution companies (discoms) have accumulated massive regulatory assets of Rs. 16,000-20,000 crores due to factors like costly long-term PPAs, non-cost reflective tariffs, inadequate PPAC formulas, and losses from selling surplus power.
- Regulatory assets in other states like Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal also run into thousands of crores. The build up is hampering discoms' ability to raise funds and invest in infrastructure.
- Options proposed to address the issue include time-bound recovery
The ppt gives an overview on recent policy initiatives on Renwable Energy, like cerc\'s new regulation, national solar mission and renewable energy certificate
This document summarizes the key findings of a study that analyzed Indian government support for the energy sector from fiscal year 2014 to 2022. Some of the main findings include:
- Total estimated government energy subsidies in FY 2022 were at least INR 5 lakh crore (USD 68 billion), though fossil fuel subsidies remained four times higher than clean energy subsidies.
- Revenues from energy taxes and duties totaled INR 9 lakh crore (USD 120 billion) in FY 2022, with the majority coming from taxes on diesel and petrol.
- The estimated social costs of energy from factors like air pollution, climate change, and road damage were at least four times higher than the government's energy
PPT Devi Ebtke - OECD Stakeholder Dialogue on Mobilising Clean Energy Finance...OECD Environment
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The document is a quarterly market handbook published by CEEW Centre For Energy Finance that aims to help investors, executives and policymakers with evidence-based decision making regarding India's energy transition. It provides data and analysis on key topics such as generation capacity and energy mix, renewable energy auction trends, payment issues faced by distribution companies, power market reforms, and developments in electric vehicles and energy storage. The summary highlights recent trends seen in the first quarter of 2021, including a slowdown in overall electricity generation due to COVID-19 but an impressive amount of new solar capacity sanctioned, an increase in renewable energy's share of total generation, and declining costs from renewable energy auctions.
The document discusses India's policies and frameworks for promoting renewable energy. It outlines India's renewable energy targets of installing 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022, including 100 GW of solar and 60 GW of wind. It describes the key bodies involved in renewable energy development and various financial incentives available, such as feed-in tariffs, renewable purchase obligations, and renewable energy certificates. It also summarizes the Electricity Act of 2003, National Electricity Policy, and draft renewable energy policies and frameworks in India aimed at promoting renewable energy growth.
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Mobilizing Renewable Energy to Overcome the Energy and Financial Crisis: The Need for a Credible Renewable Electricity Tariff Anil Cabraal, Ph.D.nil Cabraal Article.pdf
1. Mobilizing Renewable Energy to Overcome the Energy and Financial Crisis: Page 1 | 9
The Need for a Credible Renewable Electricity Tariff, Anil Cabraal, Ph.D.
Mobilizing Renewable Energy to Overcome the Energy and Financial Crisis:
The Need for a Credible Renewable Electricity Tariff
Anil Cabraal, Ph.D.
Much has changed in the past decade, and more so in the past year. Internationally, wind and solar
technology costs have declined. Oil and coal prices have risen and become more volatile with supply
security compromised. Meanwhile Sri Lanka’s financial condition has worsened. In Sri Lanka, Non-
conventional Renewable Energy (NCRE) electricity has become more competitive in many aspects
against oil- and coal-powered electricity. NCRE includes mini-hydro, wind, solar, biomass, and others
that use renewable energy for power generation.
Despite the potential for NCRE in Sri Lanka, the tariff offered by CEB for NCRE electricity under the
small power purchase program, has remained unchanged since 2012 depressing the financial
viability of such projects. A Cabinet-appointed Committee proposed a new NCRE tariff regime in
December 2021. The proposed 2021 NCRE tariff is lower than the 2012 tariff, despite exchange rate
and other factors deteriorating. NCRE which is no longer financially viable in 2022 at the prevailing
2012 tariff, will be worse off if the 2021 tariff is adopted. It is against the CEB and national interest,
to offer unjustifiably low tariffs for NCRE, thereby depressing NCRE generation and increasing the
use of more costly electricity from imported fuels.
This paper highlights the importance of revising the NCRE tariffs to reflect conditions today. It
proposes NCRE tariffs based on more realistic 2022 assumptions. It shows that NCRE electricity, at
those tariffs, is financially competitive against oil and coal-fired power generation. It is imperative
that the Tariff Committee be reconvened and with advice from sector specialists in both renewable
energy and finance, revise the tariffs to reflect today’s reality.
NCRE tariffs, revised appropriately, could trigger significant near-term investment in NCRE by
unlocking investments in over 1,300 NCRE projects comprising 4,000 MW that the CEB has blocked
since 2017. By doing so, the CEB and Sri Lanka can reap considerable financial benefits in offsetting
diesel fuel purchases, thereby saving scarce foreign exchange.
The Need for NCRE Tariff Revision
The PUCSL approved the 2012 NCRE cost-reflective tariff as applicable for 2012-2013. However,
the CEB has offered this tariff, unchanged, for new NCRE projects for the past ten years. This has
depressed private sector NCRE investment which are no longer financially viable under this tariff
regime. To rectify the problem, a Cabinet Memorandum dated 24/04/2021 and a subsequent
Cabinet Decision dated 17/05/2021 instructed a Tariff Committee to update the NCRE tariff to
reflect current technology and market conditions. The Committee submitted the NCRE tariff
report in December 2021 to the State Minister for Solar Power, Wind and Hydro Power
Generation Projects Development.a
The NCRE tariff applies to projects up to 10 MW capacity, that supply electricity to CEB under a
Small Power Purchase (SPP) Program. Today, there are 1,200 MW of NCRE plants owned and
operated by Sri Lankan companies, supplying 13 percent of the electricity, of which about half are
under the Program.
2. Mobilizing Renewable Energy to Overcome the Energy and Financial Crisis: Page 2 | 9
The Need for a Credible Renewable Electricity Tariff, Anil Cabraal, Ph.D.
Meanwhile, the CEB had blocked 1,374 NCRE projects since 2017. The Auditor General, W.P.C.
Wickramaratne in a 08/02/2022 report stated, “The operation of 1,374 projects with 4,014.85
MW submitted for network agreement and licenses, temporary approvals were granted by the
Sustainable Energy Authority from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2019, which was approved
by the Project Approval Committee (PAC). But these had to be stopped as the CEB had rejected
the signing of the agreements due to entering competitive bidding.”b Had they been operating;
they would have received the low 2012 tariff with significant savings to CEB, offset some of the
generation shortfall and reduced fuel imports.
If NCRE investments are to be encouraged, which is even more necessary during these challenging
times, the NCRE tariff must be revised to reflect today’s reality. This note provides a comparison
of the prevailing 2012 tariff, the new tariff drafted by the Tariff Committee in 2021 and proposes
a 2022 tariff reflecting realistic 2022 technical and financial conditions.
Table 1 shows a comparison of the author’s calculated 2022 tariff compared to prevailing 2012
tariff and the proposed 2021 tariff for four NCRE technologies – mini-hydro, solar, wind and
biomass (dendro, sustainably harvested fuelwood). The required tariff for financially viability
under 2022 conditions ranges from Rs. 34.83/kWh for wind to Rs.48.85/kWh for biomass
(dendro). It is not surprising that the tariff calculated in 2022 is higher than that calculated in
2021 given the massive economic shock Sri Lanka has had to endure. The Tariff Committee 2021
tariff is less than the prevailing 2012 tariff. If the proposed 2021 tariff is approved for use in 2022,
it could spell the end of substantial NCRE investments under the SPP Program. As an example,
even if return-on-equity is zero, the mini-hydro tariff would only drop to Rs.21.78/kWh which is
higher than the proposed 2021 tariff.
Table 1 Comparison of Indicative NCRE 2022 Tariff with 2012 Tariff Approved by PUCSL
Technology
Flat NCRE Tariff (Current Rs/kWh)
Prevailing
2012 Tariff
Committee Proposed
2021 Tariff
Required 2022 Tariff
Calculated by Author
Mini hydro 16.70 14.15 35.56
Solar 25.09 15.67 35.54
Wind 20.62 16.96 34.83
Biomass Dendro 25.09 21.85 48.85
Principal factors influencing the proposed 2022 NCRE tariff
The proposed 2022 tariffs were calculated by the author using the PUCSL/CEB 2012 tariff
methodology.c The calculation reflects the 2022 conditions for technology costs and performance,
and financial parameters. Some of the assumptions that principally influence the differences in
the calculated 2022 tariff and the 2021 Tariff Committee tariff are in Table 2, with all assumptions
given in Annex 1. The principal reasons for the need of higher tariff than the proposed 2021 tariffs
are discussed below.
3. Mobilizing Renewable Energy to Overcome the Energy and Financial Crisis: Page 3 | 9
The Need for a Credible Renewable Electricity Tariff, Anil Cabraal, Ph.D.
Table 2 Comparison of Key Assumptions
Technology
Investment Cost *
Capacity Factor
Millions of LKR [USD] per MW
2021 Tariff
Committee
2022 Author
Estimate
2021 Tariff
Committee
2022 Author
Estimate #
Mini hydro 300 [1.48] 426 [1.33] 40% 35%
Solar 161 [0.79] 231 [0.72] 21% 20%
Wind 290 [1.43] 341 [1.07] 35% 30%
Biomass Dendro 300 [1.50] 540 [1.69]
80% at
1.6 kg/kWh
80% at
1.7 kg/kWh
* Without Interest During Construction
# See Annex 1 for details
Other Assumptions 2021 Tariff Committee 2022 Author Estimate
Exchange rate (Rupees/USD) 203 320
Loan interest rate 9.45% 18%
Equity return 15% 22%
Biomass use (kg/kWh) 1.6 1.7
Year 1 fuelwood price (LKR/kg) 6.66 12.00
(1) The rupee has depreciated sharply, making investment costlier in rupee terms, as 70-80% of
NCRE investment is in foreign equipment, materials, and services. The impact of rupee
depreciation is clearly seen in Figure 1, where the prevailing 2012, Tariff Committee’s proposed
2021 and the author’s calculated 2022 tariffs are compared in US cents per kWh. The 2022 tariffs
are less than the prevailing 2012 tariffs (in US dollar terms), due to the investment cost reductions
that NCRE technologies have enjoyed. In US dollars, the calculated 2022 wind tariffs show a 33%
decline, mini hydro 15%, solar 44% and biomass dendro 23%, compared to 2012 tariffs.
Figure 1 Comparison of 2012, 2021 and 2022 NCRE Tariffs in US Cents/kWh
16.2
13.1
19.8 19.8
7.0
7.7
8.4
10.8
10.9 11.1 11.1
15.3
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Wind Mini Hydro Solar Biomass Dendro
NCRE
Cost
Reflective
Tariff
(US
cents
per
kWh)
Comparison of Prevailing 2012 Tariff, Tariff Committee 2021 Tariff ,
Calculated 2022 Tariffs for NCRE
Prevailing 2012 Tariff at Rs.127/USD Tariff Committee 2021 Tariff at Rs.203/USD
Calculated 2022 Tariff at Rs.320/USD
4. Mobilizing Renewable Energy to Overcome the Energy and Financial Crisis: Page 4 | 9
The Need for a Credible Renewable Electricity Tariff, Anil Cabraal, Ph.D.
(2) Credit has become more expensive. Even the author’s assumption of 18% interest rate may
be too low. The one-year T-Bill rate is now more than 25%.
(3) Fuelwood prices have risen sharply. This increase is due to oil and LPG shortages and price
increases of these fuels. The Tariff Committee assumption of no change in biomass fuel price from
2012 to 2021 at Rs.6.66/kg in current rupees, is unrealistic. The Tariff Committee has also
assumed that the fuelwood needed per kWh in 2021 (1.6 kg/kWh) is less than 2012 (1.84
kg/kWh).
(4) The escalation factors used by the Tariff Committee must be realistic. A more rational
approach is needed to determine suitable escalation rates and deserves further study:
• The Committee assumed the escalation rate for Operations and Maintenance (O&M) as the
average of the CCPI and LKR/USD rates of change for the three preceding years. In the 2012
tariff, O&M escalation was set at 2/3 this value based on a five-year moving average. While
the 2021 assumption is an improvement, in these volatile times, even a three-year moving
average will make the rate too slow.
• Unlike for large Independent Power Producers (IPPs such as West Coast, Sojitz, ACE), where
fuel cost is passed through, the fuelwood price risk is borne by the biomass plant. The
Committee assumed that the fuelwood price escalation is half the previous year’s increase in
CCPI for new projects. Under the 2012 tariff, it is half the five-year moving average. While the
2021 proposal is an improvement, it does not adequately cover the fuel price risk. The
Committee justified the linkage to CCPI claiming that fuelwood supply is labour intensive.
More likely, fuelwood price change is more closely correlated with furnace oil and LPG prices
in addition to labour and transport costs.
• The Tariff Committee assumes a fixed loan interest rate (2021 Average Weighted Prime
Lending Rate + 3%), for the 6-year loan term. Domestic banks do not normally offer such fixed
rate loans for longer term debt. A European Investment Bank credit line did offer fixed 8%
interest rupee debt for NCRE investments, but that facility is no longer available.d Updating
the cost of financing (annually) could help mitigate this risk and could also result in lower
tariffs if interest rate drops, as they have in the past.
A different approach to determining escalation rates is needed. In India, for example, the
escalation rates are set for the first year. The Central Electricity Regulatory Commission has the
right to review and change the escalation rates in future years, based on normative experience
rather than a fixed formula as in Sri Lanka.e This permits the risk to be mitigated when
extraordinary conditions are encountered, such as now.
Urgent actions needed as existing biomass power plants are facing bankruptcy threat
The existing biomass power plants (37 MW) are presently facing an existential threat to their
financial survival due to the sharp rise in fuelwood prices (about Rs.12/kg for sustainably
harvested chipped fuelwood in 2022). Unless mitigatory actions are taken immediately to offer
a higher price for biomass-powered electricity from existing plants, these plants may be forced to
cease operations and Sri Lanka may lose access to these 37 MW. It may also discourage new
investments in biomass power plants. In the meantime, oil-fired IPPs as noted above, can pass
through the fuel cost to CEB and avoid the fuel price risk. (Full disclosure: The author is a minority
shareholder with less than 10% equity share in a 4.2 MW biomass power plant).
5. Mobilizing Renewable Energy to Overcome the Energy and Financial Crisis: Page 5 | 9
The Need for a Credible Renewable Electricity Tariff, Anil Cabraal, Ph.D.
Is NCRE investment in 2022 worthwhile at these higher tariffs?
Figure 2 helps answer this question. It compares the flat (“levelized”) electricity cost from NCRE
against electricity cost from coal and oil under a range of conditions. It also shows the “Base Case”
electricity cost from NCRE and fossil-fuelled plants. The answer is a yes. Oil-fired generation is
more expensive than NCRE electricity even from efficient combined cycle plants.
Figure 2 Comparison of Cost of Electricity from NCRE, Coal and Oil
Lower bound cost for coal electricity (at $100 per ton of coal), is lower than the upper bound for
NCRE electricity, but higher than their lower bound costs. Coal-fired power generation will be
more expensive than the most expensive NCRE electricity (biomass dendro), when coal price is
more than US$164 per ton, delivered. For comparison, Australian FOB coal price was US$197 per
ton in January 2022,f and in March 2022, Sri Lanka bought coal from the Singapore unit of Russian
coal trader SUEK AG for US$283 per ton.g Since the Norochchalai coal plant is essential at the
present for energy security, the need to purchase even very expensive coal is understandable.
The results are not surprising. NCRE recurring investments are only marginally affected by
currency depreciation. However, imported oil and coal fuel which must be purchased every year,
are affected by currency depreciation. For example, Dubai Fateh crude oil was about Rs.14,000
per barrel in 2012, Rs.15,000 in 2021 and rising to Rs.36,000 in early 2022. Australian coal FOB
price was about Rs.11,000 per ton in 2012, Rs.17,000 in 2021 and rising to Rs.63,000 in early
2022.
As an acknowledgement of market realities, the comparison uses more favourable financing
terms for CEB-owned coal and oil power investments, than for private sector NCRE or emergency
6. Mobilizing Renewable Energy to Overcome the Energy and Financial Crisis: Page 6 | 9
The Need for a Credible Renewable Electricity Tariff, Anil Cabraal, Ph.D.
diesel investments. It assumes that coal and oil power plant investments can get 12-year USD
financing at 6% interest, compared to NCRE plants that get 6-year rupee financing at 18%
interest. An 8% return-on-equity for coal and combined cycle oil plants is assumed, while it is
22% for private sector NCRE and emergency diesel investment. International oil and coal prices
remained unchanged in nominal USD terms, though in LKR it is escalated at the currency
depreciation rate. Assumptions are in Annex 1.
What are the savings to CEB and to Sri Lanka from unblocking NCRE Investments?
Today there are 4,000 MW of NCRE projects awaiting CEB approval since 2017. If the tariffs can
be revised and investments in these projects realized, the savings can be considerable to CEB by
avoiding paying for diesel fuel and to the country from reduced diesel fuel imports. However, the
2021 recommended tariffs will not catalyse any NCRE investments.
As an example, if 800 MW (or 20% of the blocked projects), are implemented, they could supply
about 1,800 GWh of electricity annually, based on historical NCRE performance. For comparison,
in 2020, Oil thermal IPPs supplied 2,717 GWh of electricity to CEB and CEB oil thermals generated
1,462 GWh.h Therefore 1,800 GWh of NCRE electricity could be accommodated by displacing
more expensive oil thermal generation.
The 800 MW of NCRE generation could offset about 400 million litres of diesel fuel annually. The
net financial savings to CEB is Rs.37 billion per year (assumes paying flat 2022 tariff for NCRE,
while avoiding paying for diesel fuel at US$883/MT (40,000 MT diesel fuel procurement in April
2022).i The saving to Sri Lanka for avoiding import of diesel fuel is about US$313 million
for the year from these 800 MW of NCRE investments. The NCRE investment required is
about US$1,000 million, or a simple payback of about 3 years in diesel fuel import savings.
As Mr. Manjula Perera, CEO of Windforce Ltd., representing the renewable energy community,
stated in a recent presentation: “If the Power Ministry, CEB, SEA [Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy
Authority], and PUCSL work hand in hand and get the necessary policies in place, adding 1,000MW’s
from NCRE within the next 2 years by local RE developers will not be a challenge “.j
What must the Government and CEB do?
Given the very significant benefits that can accrue from investments in NCRE, it is recommended
that the Government direct the CEB, PUCSL and SLSEA to immediately undertake the following:
• Update the NCRE cost-reflective tariffs to 2022 conditions. Technology and project
finance specialists should be invited as advisors to help revise the tariff to 2022.
• PUCSL must approve the tariff as soon as possible and CEB must adopted it. The CEB and
PUCSL must commit to updating the tariffs at least every 2 years.
• CEB must commit to unblocking the over 1,000 NCRE projects that were submitted to
them in 2017-2019 and invite other NCRE proposals.
• SLSEA should invite companies to revise the feasibility studies and update their NCRE
applications, and companies must respond quickly. SLSEA should, without delay and with
no additional fees, review and approve the compliant proposals.
• CEB must issue letters of intent and sign PPAs without delay for compliant NCRE
proposals.
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The Need for a Credible Renewable Electricity Tariff, Anil Cabraal, Ph.D.
• CEB must commit to providing other support and necessary infrastructure upgrades
required to connect these NCRE facilities to the CEB grid.
• SLSEA with assistance from the Ministry of Finance, could seek support from commercial
banks and international financiers to mobilize financing for these projects.
In conclusion, successfully accomplishing these actions, will permit the NCRE technologies and
the private sector to contribute to achieving the Government's goal of 70% RE generation by 2030
and, more importantly, to helping Sri Lanka overcome its near-term energy-sector and balance of
payment challenges.
27 April 2022
Disclaimer: The views, data and other assumptions, analyses, results interpretations, and
opinions expressed in the text belong solely to the author, and not necessarily to any other group
or individual, including those cited in the article.
The author is former Lead Energy Specialist at the World Bank with specialization in renewable
energy project development and financing in Asian and African countries, including in Sri Lanka.
Annex 1 Assumptions Used in 2022 Comparative Analysis
Financial Assumptions Units NCRE Fossil Fuel
Fixed Interest Rate 18% LKR 6% in USD
Loan Term Years 6 12
Return on Equity 22% in LKR
8% in USD (Coal, Diesel CC)
22% in LKR (Emergency Diesel)
Debt Equity Ratio 60:40 60:40
Weighted Average Cost of Capital 19.6%
9.1% Oil and Diesel CC
14.5% Emergency Diesel
Exchange Rate Year 1 LKR/USD 320 320
LKR Depreciation vs US$, after
2022
per Annum 4% 4%
VAT on Electricity Sales 0% 8%
8. Mobilizing Renewable Energy to Overcome the Energy and Financial Crisis: Page 8 | 9
The Need for a Credible Renewable Electricity Tariff, Anil Cabraal, Ph.D.
Base Case Assumptions for Comparative Analysis of Levelized Cost of Electricity
Assumptions Mini Hydro Wind Solar Biomass Dendro
Coal High
Efficiency
Diesel
Combined
Cycle
Emergency
Diesel
(Internal
Combustion)
Parameters Units
Capital Cost *
Millions Rs/MW 426 341 231 540 636 323 345
Millions USD/MW 1.33 1.07 0.72 1.69 1.99 1.01 1.08
Capital Cost with IDC *
Millions Rs/MW 480 384 256 608 730 366 367
Millions Rs/MW 1.50 1.20 0.80 1.90 2.28 1.14 1.15
Specific Fuel Consumption kg/kWh 0 0 0 1.70 0.38 0.19 0.21
Fuel Price 0 0 0 Rs.12 per kg US$150/ton US$650/MT US$650/MT
Fuel Price Escalation Rate 4.6% in LKR 0% in USD 0% in USD 0% in USD
Plant Load/Capacity Factor # kW 35.0% 30.0% 20.0% 90.0% 85.0% 84.4% 79%
Output Degradation Per Year 0.0% 0.0% 0.40% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0%
Transmission Loss from HV to
MV 0.0% 0.0% 0.00% 0.0% 1.57% 1.57% 1.57%
Net Output kW 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 90.0% 90.0% 94.0% 90%
Fixed O&M Cost
Share of Capital
Cost
2% (years 1-8)
3% of
capex
3% of
capex
3% (years 1-15)
3% (years 9-
20)
4% (years 16-
20)
Millions Rs/
MW/Year
17.3 7.6 3.8
Variable O&M Rs/MWh - 1,885 733 1,694
O&M Escalation Rate 4.81% 4.81% 4.81% 4.81% 4.81% 4.81% 4.81%
Economic Life Year 20 20 20 20 30 30 20
# Capacity factors: Mini hydro based on median value in 2015 which was a good rainfall year. Wind based on median capacity factor experienced in 2016.
Biomass based on actual plant experience. Solar based on Trincomalee site with average output of single axis tracked module (22%) and fixed module 10 deg tilt)
(NREL System Advisor Model)k
*Diesel and coal power plant investment costs from the 2021 CEB Long Term Generation Expansion Plan 2022-2041 inflated 3.2% in US dollar terms to 2022.
NCRE investment costs from Windforce Ltd. and Mirigama Dendro Power Ltd.l
9. Mobilizing Renewable Energy to Overcome the Energy and Financial Crisis: Page 9 | 9
The Need for a Credible Renewable Electricity Tariff, Anil Cabraal, Ph.D.
References
a Hemantha Samarakoon (State Secretary, Chairman), et al. “New Renewable Energy (NRE)
purchase Tariff for Year 2021”, Unsigned Letter Report to Hon. State Minister Ministry of Solar
Power, Wind and Hydro Power Generation Projects Development, December 27, 2021.
b Reported by Nirmala Kannangara. “Why does CEB shun renewable energy projects?” Daily
Mirror, March 25, 2022. https://www.dailymirror.lk/opinion/Why-does-CEB-shun-
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2041_Web_compressed.pdf