1) Hydroelectric power plants utilize the kinetic energy of flowing water to generate electricity. Water turns turbines which spin generators to produce electricity. 2) There are several types of hydroelectric turbines suited for different water head and flow conditions including Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan turbines. Pelton turbines work best for high head applications while Francis and Kaplan are used for lower heads and higher flows. 3) The key components of a hydroelectric power plant include an intake, penstock, turbine, generator, and tailrace. Water is diverted from a source through the intake and penstock before passing through the turbine which spins the generator to produce electricity which is then transmitted through power lines.

1. BY Saurabh Mahajan
Assistant Director
NPTI-HPTI, Nangal

3. HISTORY
1. MAN KIND KNEW ABOUT WIND AND WATER POWER SINCE
BEGINNING
2. FIRST COMMERCIAL HEP – 200KW IN 1881 IN USA ON RIVER
NIAGARA
3. 130 KW – AT DARJEELING, INDIA IN 1897

4.  Hydrologic
cycle

5.  Water from the
reservoir flows due to
gravity to drive the
turbine.
 Turbine is connected
to a generator.
 Power generated is
transmitted over
power lines.

6. GENERAL CROSS SECTION

7.  The potential is about 84000 MW at 60% load factor spread
across six major basins in the country.
 Pumped storage sites have been found recently which leads
to a further addition of a maximum of 94000 MW.
 Annual yield is assessed to be about 420 billion units per
year though with seasonal energy the value crosses600
billion mark.
 The possible installed capacity is around 228721 MW
(Based on the report submitted by CEA to the Ministry of
Power)

8. The theoretically power available from falling
water can be expressed as
Pth = ρ q g h
where
Pth = power theoretically available (W)
ρ = density (kg/m3) (~ 1000 kg/m3 for water)
q = water flow (m3/s)
g = acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s2)
h = falling height, head (m)

10. The Classification may be based upon
a)Quantity of Water Available
b)Available head
c) Nature of load
A) Quantity of Water Available
1. RUN OF THE RIVER Plant without pondage
2. R-O-R WITH SMALL PONDAGE
3. STORAGE TYPE (Reservoir Plant)-MULTI PURPOSE –
POWER + IRRIGATION + FLOOD CONTROL
4. PUMP STORAGE

11. It does not store water
It uses water as it comes
Generation of power is done
when water is available
Generation of power is not
done when water is not
available
Its generating capacity is
dependent on rate of flow of
water.

12.  It increases the usefullness of
Run-Off River plant by
pondage
 Pondage permits storage of
water during off period& use
of this water during peak
periods.
 Its generating capacity is less
dependent on rate of flow of
water
 This type of plant is more
reliable than that of RUN-OFF
THE RIVER PLANT
WITHOUT PONDAGE

13.  A Storage( Reservoir)
plant is that which has a
reservoir of such size as
to permit carrying over
storage from wet season
to the next dry season.
 Water is stored behind
the dam and is available
to the plant with control
as required.
 Such type of plant has
better capacity & can be
used efficiently
throughout the year.

14.  High Head Plant
 Medium Head Plant
 Low Head Plant
 >300 m
 30-300 m
 < 30 m

15. Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

16. Heel
Gallery
Toe
Spillway
(inside dam)
Crest
NWL
Normal
water level
MWL
Max. level
Free board
Sluice way
Upstream Down stream
UPSTREAM
DOWNSTREAM

17.  Avg. Gross Head = MDDL + 2/3 (FRL - MDDL) -TWL(ALL Units
Running)
 Rated/Net Head = Avg. Gross Head - Head Loss.
 Max. Gross Head = FRL - min TWL.
 MDDL- Minimum Draw Down level.

18.  Base Load Plant
 Peak Load Plant

19.  It caters to power demand at base of the load
curve
 It operates continuously at a constant or nearly
constant power
 It operates at high load factor

20.  It is designed for the purpose of operating to
supply the peak load of power system.

21.  During Storage, water
pumped from lower
reservoir to higher one.
 Water released back to
lower reservoir to
generate electricity.

22.  Operation : Two pools of Water
 Upper pool – impoundment
 Lower pool – natural lake, river
or storage reservoir
 Advantages :
 Production of peak power
 Can be built anywhere with
reliable supply of water
The Raccoon Mountain project

23. Hydropower
Technology
Impoundment Diversion
Pumped
Storage

25.  Arch
 Gravity
 Buttress
 Embankment or Earth

26.  Arch shape gives
strength
 Less material
(cheaper)
 Narrow sites
 Need strong
abutments

27.  These type of dams are
concrete or masonry dams
which are curved or
convex upstream in plan
 This shape helps to
transmit the major part of
the water load to the
abutments
 Arch dams are built across
narrow, deep river gorges,
but now in recent years
they have been considered
even for little wider
valleys.
Arch Dams:

28. Idukki Dam(780
MW )
•Located in Kerala, India
•168.91 m (554 ft) Tall
•The dam stands
between the two
mountains -
Kuravanmala (839)m
and Kurathimala (925)m
•It was constructed and
is owned by the Kerala
State Electricity Board

29.  Weight holds dam in
place
 Lots of concrete
(expensive)

30.  Gravity Dams:
 These dams are
heavy and massive
wall-like structures
of concrete in which
the whole weight acts
vertically
downwards
Reservoir
Force
As the entire load is transmitted on the small area of foundation, such
dams are constructed where rocks are competent and stable.

31.  Bhakra Dam is the
highest Concrete
Gravity dam in Asia
and Second Highest in
the world.
 Bhakra Dam is across
river Sutlej in Himachal
Pradesh
 The construction of this
project was started in
the year 1948 and was
completed in 1963 .
• It is 1740 ft. high above the deepest foundation as straight concrete dam being more than three
times the height of Qutab Minar.
• Length at top 518.16 m (1700 feet); Width at base 190.5 m (625 feet), and at the top is 9.14 m (30
feet)
• Bhakra Dam is the highest Concrete Gravity dam in Asia and Second Highest in the world.

32.  Face is held up by
a series of
supports
 Flat or curved face

33.  Buttress Dam – Is a
gravity dam
reinforced by
structural supports
 Buttress - a support
that transmits a force
from a roof or wall to
another supporting
structure
This type of structure can be considered even if the foundation
rocks are little weaker

34.  Earth or rock
 Weight resists
flow of water

35.  They are trapezoidal in
shape
 Earth dams are
constructed where the
foundation or the
underlying material or
rocks are weak to
support the masonry
dam or where the
suitable competent
rocks are at greater
depth.
 Earthen dams are
relatively smaller in
height and broad at the
base
 They are mainly built
with clay, sand and
gravel, hence they are
also known as Earth fill
dam or Rock fill dam

37.  Doesn’t require dam
 Facility channels portion
of river through canal or
penstock

38. POWER CHANNEL DEVELOPMENT
FALL
DIVERSION STUCTURE
POWER INTAKE
TAIL RACE
POOL
POWER CHANNEL
FOREBAY PENSTOCK
POWER HOUSE
FIGURE-1

39. RESERVOIR
PRESSURE TUNNEL
PENSTOCK
SURGE TANK
STEADY STATE
HYDROSTATIC LEVEL
UNSTEADY UPSURGE
SURGE TANK SYSTEM
FIGURE-1

40.  Definitions may vary.
 Large plants : capacity >100 MW
 Small Plants : capacity b/w 10 MW to 100 MW
 Micro Plants : capacity up to 100 kW

41.  Many creeks and rivers are permanent, i.e., they never dry
up, and these are the most suitable for micro-hydro power
production
 Micro hydro turbine could be a waterwheel
 Newer turbines : Pelton wheel (most common)
 Others : Turgo, Crossflow and various axial flow turbines

42. 1 Intake
2 Penstock
3 Transformer
4. Power House
5. Generator
6. Runner
7. Draft tube
8. Tail Race
Principle of operation of a Hydro Station
The kinetic energy of falling water is first converted into mechanical energy in
Turbine & then the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy in
Generator.

43. GENERAL CROSS SECTION

46. Components
Generator
Turbine
Auxiliaries

47. Penstock
Gate
MIV

49. Operating –
Ring
Pit-Liner
G
V
By-pass
valve
Spiral
DT
Cone
DT
Servo-
motors
Head
cover
Links &
Levers
Franci
s
Blade
s

50. SPIRAL CASING
SPIRAL
CASE

51. spiral case
distributor

52. Spiral Casing
Stay Ring
Stay Vane
Guide Van

53. STAY RING AND STAY VANE

54. Head Cove
Operating
Ring
Servomo
tor
Wicket Gate
Bottom
Ring
Lever
DISTRIBUTOR

55. WICKET GATES AND OPERATING MECHANISM
REGULATING RING

56. KAPLAN
AXIAL
FRANCIS
MIXED
(RADIAL+AXIALFLOW
PELTON
TANGENTIALFLOW
(BASEDONFLOW)

57. Types of
Turbines
Francis (Ns=80-
430)
( Reaction
Turbine)
Kaplan ( Ns=300-
1000)
( Reaction Turbine )
Pelton(Ns=40
-80)
( Impulse
Turbine)
H=50-400 M
H=Upto 50
M
H= > 300 M
High Head
Low Head
Medium
Runaway=1.75 times (normal
speed)
Runaway=3 times (normal
speed)
Runaway=2 times (normal
speed)

59.  Uses the velocity of the water to move the runner and
discharges to atmospheric pressure.
 The water stream hits each bucket on the runner.
 No suction downside, water flows out through turbine
housing after hitting.
 High head, low flow applications.
 Types : Pelton wheel, Cross Flow

60.  Nozzles direct forceful
streams of water against
a series of spoon-shaped
buckets mounted around
the edge of a wheel.
 Each bucket reverses the
flow of water and this
impulse spins the
turbine.

61. Runner of a
PELTON TURBINEBuckets or Vanes
Runner Hubb or Boss
Splitter
Shaft

64.  In a Pelton wheel or Pelton Turbine, water
strikes the vanes along the tangent of the
Runner and the energy available at the inlet of
the turbine is only kinetic energy, therefore it is
a tangential flow Impulse Turbine.
 This Turbine is used for high head.

65.  Nozzle-: It controls the amount of water striking the
vanes of Runner
 Casing-: It is used to prevent the splashing of water
and plays no part of Power Generation.
 Runner with Buckets-: Runner is a circular disk on
the periphery of which a number of evently spaced
buckets are fixed.
 Breaking Jet-: To stop the Runner in short time.

66. Nozzle
Runner Hubb o
Boss
Bucket or W
or Vane

67. Jet(Current of
water)

68.  The high speed water(Jet) coming out of the Nozzle strikes the splitter
,which divides the jet into two equal streams. These stream flow along the
inner curve of the bucket and leave it in the direction opposite to that of
incoming jet. The high pressure water can be obtained from any water body
situated at some heights or streams of water flowing down the hills. The
change in momentum (direction as well as speed) of water stream produces
an impulse on the blades of the wheel of Pelton Turbine. This impulse
generates the torque and rotation in the shaft of Pelton Turbine.

69.  drum-shaped
 elongated, rectangular-
section nozzle directed
against curved vanes on
a cylindrically shaped
runner
 “squirrel cage” blower
 water flows through the
blades twice

70.  First pass : water flows from the outside of the
blades to the inside
 Second pass : from the inside back out
 Larger water flows and lower heads than the Pelton.

71.  Combined action of pressure and moving water.
 Runner placed directly in the water stream flowing
over the blades rather than striking each
individually.
 lower head and higher flows than compared with the
impulse turbines.

72.  Runner with three to six
blades.
 Water contacts all of the
blades constantly.
 Through the pipe, the
pressure is constant
 Pitch of the blades - fixed or
adjustable
 Scroll case, wicket gates, and
a draft tube
 Types: Bulb turbine, Straflo,
Tube turbine, Kaplan

73. BLADEHUB
Propeller Runner

74.  The inlet is a scroll-shaped
tube that wraps around the
turbine's wicket gate.
 Water is directed tangentially,
through the wicket gate, and
spirals on to a propeller
shaped runner, causing it to
spin.
 The outlet is a specially
shaped draft tube that helps
decelerate the water and
recover kinetic energy.

75. 75

76.  The turbine and
generator are a sealed
unit placed directly in
the water stream.

78.  The inlet is spiral shaped.
 Guide vanes direct the water
tangentially to the runner.
 This radial flow acts on the
runner vanes, causing the
runner to spin.
 The guide vanes (or wicket
gate) may be adjustable to
allow efficient turbine
operation for a range of water
flow conditions.

79. Stay
Vane
Spiral
Case
Francis
Runner
Wicket
gate
Shaft
Draft Tube
Servomo
tor
Head
Cover
Bottom
Ring
Operating
Ring
FRANCIS
TURBINE

80. RUNNER

81. Blades
Francis Turbine

82.  Best suited for sites with
high flows and low to
medium head.
 Efficiency of 90%.
 expensive to design,
manufacture and install,
but operate for decades.

84. DRAFT TUBE CONE

86. TURBINE
TYPE
SPECIFIC
SPEED
(m-kW)
HEAD
(m)
PELTON 40-80 2000-400
FRANCIS 80-430 650-30
KAPLAN 300-1000 75-3
BULB Less than
15m

87. Specific speed is defined as the speed in revolutions per
minute at which a turbine would run at the best
efficiency for full guide-vane/nozzle opening under a
head of one unit and its dimensions having been
adjusted to produce unit power output.
Mathematical expression,
NS= N * (P1/2/H5/4)
Where, N= Shaft speed in rpm, H= Rated head in m, P=
Rated output on kW

88. IMPULSE REACTION
COMPARISON
-HIGH HEAD
-LOW DISCHARGE
-TCL ABOUT TAILRACE
-WORKS AT ATM
PRESSURE
-DT – NOT REQUIRED
-MEDIUM AND LOW
HEAD
-MEDIUM & HIGH
DISCHARGE
-TCL IS SUBMERGED
-WORKS BELOW ATM PR
-DT IS REQUIRED

89. KAPLAN – 93%
FRANCIS – 94%
PELTON – 92%

91. •Asynchronous Generator
•Synchronous Generator

92. •Mostly In Hydro Power Plant synchronous
generators are used
•In Mini hydro power plants Induction
Generators can be used

93. Types:-
1. Salient Type
• Run on synchronous Speed
• Having Huge Dia
1. Non Salient Type
Small in Dia and Long in length

94. Generator
Cooler
Rotor
Stator
Thrust Bearings
Air Gap

96. Stator Core
 Made up of Silicon Steel laminated sheet with high permeability and low
hystersis & eddy current losses

97.  windings are copper conductors which carries the generated voltage.

98. It carries magnetic pole
& is revolved by
turbine, resulting in
power generation in
stator.

100.  Pole are mounted on
rotor and It fulfills the
need of a rotating
magnetic field
Damper Bars
Dovetail keys
Core

101. Slip rings are installed on rotor to
transfer the field current from the
external excitation equipment to the
field winding.
The current flows through the
stationary carbon brushes to the
rotating slip rings, through insulated
bars mounted in the hollow shaft and to
the pole coil connections.

102. To restrict the radial
movement of machine.
GENERATOR

103. Segmented type guide bearing assembly

104. Thrust Bearing carries the whole weight of the machine.
Thrust Bearing high
pressure lubrication
port
Thrust Bearing
H S Lubrication system to
safeguard thrust pads during
starting & stopping of
machine.

105. Bearing Pad Arrangement
Thrust Pad
H S
Lub Oil
Guide Pad
C
O
o
l
e
r
Cold Water
Hot Water
Oil
GENERATOR
TURBINE

107. Baspa II Binwa

108. Gaj Nathpa Jakri

109. Rangit Sardar Sarovar