Sony h/usic Entertainment and the
Evolution of the Music Industry
A. J. Strickland
The Ilniversitg of Alabama
Andrew Pharaoh
2015 Undergraduate,
The Universitg of Alabama
d d A t such a pivotal time for music, it's more
ffi imRortant than ever to develop a fertile,d \ creative environment that generates the
highest quality of artists and music, while seeking to
fully exploit the many opportunities that new digital
services and products provide in reaching audiences
around the world."r
The remarks of Sony Music Entertainment CEO
Doug Morris in 2011 illustrated an accurate under-
standing of the environment of music sales. Morris,
a globally influential executive and music innovator,
agreed to join Sony Music Entertainment as chief
executive officer effective July 1, 201l. In a time of
great change in the music marketplace, it was abso-
lutely necessary that Sony take active steps to remain
competitive. Morris took the job graciously, but he
placed himself into a business whose margins were
becoming thinner and thinner. With a declining
industry that had been made less lucrative by the
wide availability of substitutes, Morris was forced to
develop a strategy to contend with industry change
and unfavorable competitive forces in 2014.
F"$$ST#ffiV #ffi S#NY f'1U$$*
ffiNTKreT&!Iq P--$ffiNY
American Record Company, the company that would
laterbecome Sony Music Entertainment, was founded
in 1929 and then acquired by Columbia Broadcasting
Company in 1938. In March 1968, Sony, at that rime
Seth Kennedg
2014 Llndergraduate,
The Universitg of Alabama
a Japanese company, began a joint venture with the
American company CBS to form CBS/Sony Records
Inc. In September 1976, Sony introduced the optical
digital audio disc, now known as the compact disc
(CD). In 1983, CBS Inc., as an American company,
allowed introduction of the CD to American markets.
In January 1988, CBS Records Inc. was absorbed,
and in January 1991, the new company was renamed
Sony Music Entertainment Inc.
In August 2004, Sony BMG Music Entertain-
ment was established as a new joint venture with Ber-
telsmann AG. Later, in August 2008, Sony acquired
BMG's 50 percent stake in Sony Music Entertain-
ment and began operation once again as Sony Music
Entertainment, a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony
Corporation. In July 2012, Sony/AIV Music Publish-
ing, a joint venture between Sony and the Michael
Jackson Family Trust, along with a consortium of
other investment firms, bought the publishing arm of
the EMI Group, which solidified Sony's position as
the world's largest music publisher.
#VffiRV!HW ffiT THffi ML,}$$T
il N,EM M$TruV
Before the 1900s, music and entertainment media had
a strong emphasis on performance. If theater, magic,
or music was wanted in a certain venue, individuals
Copyright O 2014 by A. J. Strickland. All rights reserved.
who could perform the arl personally were found and
paid to do so. At the beginning of the 20th century,
music began to become ownership-driven. .
In this unit, you will experience the powerful impact communication .docxwhitneyleman54422
In this unit, you will experience the powerful impact communication and miscommunication can have on cultural diversity.
Download the Communication: The Journey of Message Template
Follow the template instructions
Demonstrate your understanding of key concepts from the weekly content by including analysis of specific evidence in your responses within the template.
Use in-text citations and APA formatting for all source material references in your template.
Upload the completed template to this assessment.
.
In this task, you will write an analysis (suggested length of 3–5 .docxwhitneyleman54422
In this task, you will write an analysis (
suggested length of 3–5 pages
) of one work of literature. Choose
one
work from the list below:
Classical Period
• Sappho, “The Anactoria Poem” ca. 7th century B.C.E. (poetry)
• Aeschylus, “Song of the Furies” from
The Eumenides
, ca. 458 B.C.E. (poetry)
• Sophocles,
Antigone
, ca. 442 B.C.E. (drama)
• Aristotle, Book 1 from the
Nichomachean Ethics
, ca. 35 B.C.E. (philosophical text)
• Augustus,
The Deeds of the Divine Augustus
, ca. 14 C.E. (funerary inscription)
• Ovid, “The Transformation of Daphne into a Laurel” an excerpt from Book 1 of
The Metamorphoses
, ca. 2 C.E. (poetry)
Renaissance
• Francesco Petrarch, “The Ascent of Mount Ventoux” 1350 (letter)
• Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, the first seven paragraphs of the “Oration on the Dignity of Man” ca. 1486 (essay excerpt)
• Leonardo da Vinci, Chapter 28 “Comparison of the Arts” from
The Notebooks
ca. 1478-1518 (art text)
• Edmund Spenser, Sonnet 30, “My Love is like to Ice” from
Amoretti
1595 (poetry)
• William Shakespeare, Sonnet 18, “Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day” 1609 (poetry)
• Francis Bacon, “Of Studies” from
The Essays or Counsels…
1625 (essay)
• Anne Bradstreet, “In Honour of that High and Mighty Princess, Queen Elizabeth” 1643 (poetry)
• Andrew Marvell, “To his Coy Mistress” 1681 (poetry)
Enlightenment
• René Descartes, Part 4 from
Discourse on Method
, 1637 (philosophical text)
• William Congreve,
The Way of the World
, 1700 (drama-comedy)
• Jonathan Swift, “A Modest Proposal” 1729 (satirical essay)
• Voltaire, “Micromégas” 1752 (short story, science fiction)
• Phillis Wheatley, “To S.M., a Young African Painter, on Seeing his Works” 1773 (poetry)
• Thomas Paine, “Common Sense” 1776 (essay)
• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, “The Fisherman” 1779 (poetry)
• Immanuel Kant, “An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?” 1784 (essay)
Romanticism
• Lord Byron, “She Walks in Beauty” 1813 (poetry)
• Samuel Taylor Coleridge, “Kubla Khan” 1816 (poetry)
• Edgar Allan Poe, “The Fall of the House of Usher” 1839 (short story)
• Alexander Dumas,
The Count of Monte Cristo
, 1844 (novel)
• Emily Brontë,
Wuthering Heights
, 1847 (novel)
• Herman Melville, “Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Story of Wall-Street” 1853 (short story)
• Emily Dickinson, “A Narrow Fellow in the Grass” 1865 (poetry)
• Friedrich Nietzsche, Book 4 from
The Joyful Wisdom
, 1882 (philosophical text)
Realism
• Charles Dickens,
A Christmas Carol
, 1843 (novella)
• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles,
The Communist Manifesto
, 1848 (political pamphlet)
• Christina Rossetti, “Goblin Market” 1862 (poetry)
• Matthew Arnold, “Dover Beach” 1867 (poetry)
• Robert Louis Stevenson,
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
, 1886 (novella)
• Kate Chopin, “The Story of an Hour” 1894 (short story)
• Mark Twain, “The.
In this SLP you will identify where the major transportation modes a.docxwhitneyleman54422
In this SLP you will identify where the major transportation modes are used in the EESC from SLP3: rail, inland water, ocean steamer, and/or OTR.
There are five basic transportation modes: rail, inland water ways, ocean, over-the-road, and air. We will not be concerned about air transport in this SLP as it is the least used and most expensive in general supply chain transportation.
Review and read these resources on these three transportation modes: rail, inland water, and OTR. Ocean is not included in these readings since it is mainly used for importing and exporting. This will be covered in more detail in LOG502. But you are asked to identify where ocean transport is used, but not in detail.
RESOURCES - SEE SLP 3 RESOURCES IN BACKGROUND PAGE
Session Long Project
Review the EESC from SLP2. Identify in the EESC where each of the four modes of transportation are used: rail, inland water, ocean, and OTR. You can use topic headings for each mode. Identify the materials being transported from which industry to which industry. Discuss why this mode is being used and what the costs are on a per ton-mile basis.
SLP Assignment Expectations
The paper should include:
Background:
Briefly
review and discuss the targeted product, company, and industry
Diagram: Include the diagram of the EESC
Transportation Discussion: Discuss each of the four transportation modes (rail, inland water, ocean, OTR) in the EESC and where each one is used. Discuss why this mode is used and the costs of using.
Clarity and Organization: The paper should be well organized and clearly discuss the various topics and issues in depth and breadth.
Use of references and citations: at least six (6) proper references should be used correctly, cited in the text, and listed in the references using proper APA format.
Length: The paper should be three to four pages – the body of the paper excluding title page and references page.
NOTE: You can use the transportation resources. You should also do independent research and find at least two additional appropriate references, for a total of at least six.
SLP Resources
Waterways
American Society of Civil Engineers. (2014). Report card for America’s infrastructure.
Infrastructure Report Card.
Retrieved from
http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/fact-sheet/inland-waterways
Texas Transportation Institute. (2009). A Modal Comparison Of Domestic Freight Transportation Effects On The General Public, retrieved from
http://www.nationalwaterwaysfoundation.org/study/FinalReportTTI.pdf
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (2014). The U.S. Waterway System, Transportation Facts & Information; Navigation Center. Retrieved from
http://www.navigationdatacenter.us/factcard/factcard12.pdf
Railroads
Bureau of Transportation Statistics (Rail), retrieved from
https://www.bts.gov/topics/rail
USDOT (2012). Freight rail: data & resources. Retrieved on 20 Sep 2016 from
https://www.fra.dot.gov/Page/P0365
American Association of Railroads. Ret.
In this module the student will present writing which focuses attent.docxwhitneyleman54422
In this module the student will present writing which focuses attention on himself or herself (personal writing). We will start into college composition by reading a series of essays that explore the rhetorical modes of narration and decscription. If you think about your own lives, you'll note the importance of the stories that surround you. Think of your family's story, your friends' stories, and your very own story. Think of the detail that constitute these stories, of how they engage your sense of taste, touch, sound, smell, and sight. This module will focus on how you can better craft your own story and share it with others.
Competencies Addressed in this Module:
Competency #1: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the writing process by:
Choosing and limiting a subject that can be sufficiently developed within a given time, for a specific purpose, for a specific purpose and audience.
Developing and refining pre-writing and planning skills.ormulating the main point to reflect the subject and purpose of the writing.
Formulating the main point to reflect the subject and purpose of the writing.
Supporting the main point with specific details and arranging them logically.
Writing an effective conclusion.
Competency #3: The student will demonstrate the ability to proofread, edit, and revise by:
Recognizing and correcting errors in clarity
Recognizing and correcting errors in unity and coherence.
Using conventional sentence structure and correcting sentence errors such as fragments, run-ons, comma splices, misplaced modifiers and faulty parallelism.
Recognizing and correcting errors in utilizing the conventions of Standard American English including:
Using standard verb forms and consistent tense.
Maintaining agreement between subject and verb, pronoun and antecedent.
Using proper case forms--consistent point of view.
Using standard spelling, punctuation, and capitalization.
Selecting vocabulary appropriate to audience, purpose, and occasion.
Aditional inf: I am a woma. I am 25 years old. I have a husband and a one year old son
.
In this module, we looked at a variety of styles in the Renaissa.docxwhitneyleman54422
In this module, we looked at a variety of styles in the Renaissance in Italy. Artists like Botticelli, Bellini, Michelangelo, and Bronzino all incorporated Renaissance characteristics into their works, and yet their works look different from each other.
To address form and content in the artistic developments and trends that took place in the Renaissance, look closely at examples from each of these artists.
Choose one painting by one of the artists listed above, and identify characteristics and techniques of the Renaissance style.
Then, address how the work departed from typical Renaissance formulas to become signature to that artist's particular style.
Finally, why did you select this artist? What draws you to their work?
.
In this experiential learning experience, you will evaluate a health.docxwhitneyleman54422
In this experiential learning experience, you will evaluate a healthcare plan using the attached worksheet. The selected plan can be your own health insurance or another plan.
Step 1
Use published information on the selected health insurance plan to complete the
assignment 5.1 worksheet
.
Step 2
Create a 7-10 slide Power Point presentation to include the following:
Introduction to the plan, including geographic boundaries
Major coverage inclusions and exclusions (Medical, Dental, Vision etc.)
Costs to consumer for insurance under the plan (include premiums, deductibles, copays, prescription costs)
Health insurance plan ratings if available. If no ratings are found for this plan, include a possible explanation for this situation.
Evaluation of the health insurance plan-include your evaluation of this plan from two standpoints:
a consumer-focused on costs, coverage, and ease of use
a public health nurse- focused on access to care for populations and improving health outcomes.
Cite all sources in APA format on a reference slide and with on-slide citations.
.
In this essay you should combine your practice responding and analyz.docxwhitneyleman54422
In this essay you should combine your practice responding and analyzing short stories with support derived from research. So far in class, we have practiced primarily formal analysis. Now I want you to practice "joining the conversation." In this essay you will write a literary analysis that incorporates the ideas of others. The trick is to accurately present ideas and interpretations gathered from your research while adding to the conversation by presenting
your own
ideas and analysis.
You will be evaluated based on how well you use external sources. I want to see that you can quote, paraphrase and summarize without plagiarizing. Remember, any unique idea must be credited, even if you put it in your own words.
Choose one of the approaches explained in the "Approaches to Literary Analysis" located at the bottom of this document. Each approach will require research, and that research should provide the context in which you present your own ideas and support your thesis. Be sure to properly document your research. Review the information, notes, and pamphlets I have distributed in class as these will help guide you.
While I am asking you to conduct outside research, do not lose sight of the primary text to which you are responding---the story! Your research should support
your
interpretations of the story. Be sure that your thesis is relevant to the story and that you quote generously from the story.
Purpose:
critical analysis, Argument, writing from sources
Length:
approx 1200 words
Documentation:
Minimum of 4 sources required (one primary source—the story or poem analyzed, and three secondary, peer reviewed journals). (Note: review the material in "finding and evaluating sources.ppt" to help you choose relevant and trustworthy sources.)
Choose from the following short stories:
The Lottery,
Shirley Jackson
A Rose for Emily,
William Faulkner
The Dead
, James Joyce
The Veldt
, Ray Bradbury
Hills Like White Elephants,
Ernest Hemingway
The Cask of Amontillado or The Tell-Tale Heart,
Edgar Allen Poe
Below are some examples.
They are just here to give you an idea of the type of approaches that will work for this essay.
1. Philosophical analysis: How do the stories by Jean Paul Sartre and Albert Camus reflect the philosophy of existentialism?
2. Socio/cultural analysis: What opinion about marriage and gender roles does Hemingway advance in "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber"?
3. Historical analysis:: What social dilemmas faced by African Americans in the 1960s might have inspired Toni Cade Bambara to write "The Lesson"?
4. Biographical analysis: What events in Salman Rushdie's life might have influenced the events in "At the Auction of the Ruby Slippers"?
5. Psychological analysis: How is John Cheever's "The Swimmer" a metaphor for the psychology of addiction?
Approaches to Literary analysis
Formal analysis
- This type of analysis focuses on the formal elements of the work (language.
In this Discussion, pick one film to write about and answer ques.docxwhitneyleman54422
In this Discussion, pick one film to write about and answer questions below the film descriptions. If it has been a while since you have seen these films, they are available through online sources and various rental outlets. Although I have provided links to some of the films, I cannot guarantee they are still operable. If the links do not work, try your own online sources.
Dances with Wolves
(1990). Lt. John Dunbar (Kevin Costner) is assigned to the Western frontier on his own request after an act of bravery. He finds himself at an abandoned outpost. At first he maintains strict order using the methods and practices taught to him by the military, but as the film progresses, he makes friends with a nearby Native American tribe, and his perceptions of the military, the frontier, and Native Americans change dramatically.
Working Girl
(1988) Tess McGill (Melanie Griffith) works as a secretary for a large firm involved in acquiring media corporations such as radio and television. When her boss has a skiing accident, Tess gets a chance to use her own ideas and research, ideas that she has been keeping within herself for years – ideas that are arguably better, and more insightful into mass media practices, than her boss’s ideas were.
Schindler’s List
(1993). In Poland during World War II, Oskar Schindler (Liam Neeson) gradually becomes concerned for his Jewish workforce after witnessing their persecution by the Nazis. He initially was motivated by profit, but as the war progressed he began to sympathize with his Jewish workers and attempted to save them. He was credited with saving over 1000 Jews from extermination. (Based on a true story.)
Gran Torino
(2008). Walt Kowalski (Clint Eastwood), a recently widowed Korean War veteran alienated from his family and angry at the world. Walt's young neighbor, an Asian American, is pressured into stealing Walt's prized 1972 Ford Gran Torino by his cousin for his initiation into a gang. Walt thwarts the theft and subsequently develops a relationship with the boy and his family.
Describe the specific theories, assumptions, or “schools of thought” that the characters in the film have. How do their schools of thought differ?
How do the main characters change over the course of a film? How do their goals or desires change? Do they see themselves differently by the end of the film?
Which reflective theory from the course best illustrates the process the main characters go through during the film? How so?
Would you say that the main characters evolved or grew after learning something that was new, or a new approach, a new theory, or a new understanding of their place in the world?
I suggest that you refrain from reiterating the plotline. Rather, stay focused on character changes and the influences on those changes. Be sure to refer to the readings; use proper citations! This discussion will be scored based on the
Grading Rubric for Discussions
Please include the name of your film in the d.
In this assignment, you will identify and interview a family who.docxwhitneyleman54422
In this assignment, you will identify and interview a family who is currently undergoing stress. The stress may arise from a new baby, new marriage, new divorce or separation, new job, new house, having a child with special needs, etc. Explain the assignment to the family and obtain written consent for participation. Please acknowledge that this information will only be used for classroom purposes, that no information will be published or disseminated and that their names will not be used.
Part 1: Interview
Interview family members to gain information about the following:
Family information – nuclear, extended family, ages, siblings, etc.
History – how and when the stress started
Life cycle events – have members describe events and how they responded to them (i.e., beginning of school, IEP, transition times, family events, interaction with siblings)
Family dynamics between members
Strengths of family
Cultural, religious, social networks and involvement
Family needs
Coping strategies
Community resources and support
Family goals for child
Other (i.e., personal stories)
Analyze the family from this information based on current research and theory,
Provide research-based recommendations for the family – this may include continuing things that they are currently doing and may include resources/agencies/supports that they can or could be receiving. Note: These resources can be ones that you are using for your major resource file (see Module 5).
Provide a personal reflection on this experience including the communication skills needed for effective interviewing.
Part 2: Results of the Interview
Create a 6 to 8-page paper (not including title or reference pages) in a Word document for your response.
Use APA format for the title page, references page, and in-text citations.
Develop an introduction and conclusion for your paper.
.
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In this unit, you will experience the powerful impact communication .docxwhitneyleman54422
In this unit, you will experience the powerful impact communication and miscommunication can have on cultural diversity.
Download the Communication: The Journey of Message Template
Follow the template instructions
Demonstrate your understanding of key concepts from the weekly content by including analysis of specific evidence in your responses within the template.
Use in-text citations and APA formatting for all source material references in your template.
Upload the completed template to this assessment.
.
In this task, you will write an analysis (suggested length of 3–5 .docxwhitneyleman54422
In this task, you will write an analysis (
suggested length of 3–5 pages
) of one work of literature. Choose
one
work from the list below:
Classical Period
• Sappho, “The Anactoria Poem” ca. 7th century B.C.E. (poetry)
• Aeschylus, “Song of the Furies” from
The Eumenides
, ca. 458 B.C.E. (poetry)
• Sophocles,
Antigone
, ca. 442 B.C.E. (drama)
• Aristotle, Book 1 from the
Nichomachean Ethics
, ca. 35 B.C.E. (philosophical text)
• Augustus,
The Deeds of the Divine Augustus
, ca. 14 C.E. (funerary inscription)
• Ovid, “The Transformation of Daphne into a Laurel” an excerpt from Book 1 of
The Metamorphoses
, ca. 2 C.E. (poetry)
Renaissance
• Francesco Petrarch, “The Ascent of Mount Ventoux” 1350 (letter)
• Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, the first seven paragraphs of the “Oration on the Dignity of Man” ca. 1486 (essay excerpt)
• Leonardo da Vinci, Chapter 28 “Comparison of the Arts” from
The Notebooks
ca. 1478-1518 (art text)
• Edmund Spenser, Sonnet 30, “My Love is like to Ice” from
Amoretti
1595 (poetry)
• William Shakespeare, Sonnet 18, “Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day” 1609 (poetry)
• Francis Bacon, “Of Studies” from
The Essays or Counsels…
1625 (essay)
• Anne Bradstreet, “In Honour of that High and Mighty Princess, Queen Elizabeth” 1643 (poetry)
• Andrew Marvell, “To his Coy Mistress” 1681 (poetry)
Enlightenment
• René Descartes, Part 4 from
Discourse on Method
, 1637 (philosophical text)
• William Congreve,
The Way of the World
, 1700 (drama-comedy)
• Jonathan Swift, “A Modest Proposal” 1729 (satirical essay)
• Voltaire, “Micromégas” 1752 (short story, science fiction)
• Phillis Wheatley, “To S.M., a Young African Painter, on Seeing his Works” 1773 (poetry)
• Thomas Paine, “Common Sense” 1776 (essay)
• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, “The Fisherman” 1779 (poetry)
• Immanuel Kant, “An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?” 1784 (essay)
Romanticism
• Lord Byron, “She Walks in Beauty” 1813 (poetry)
• Samuel Taylor Coleridge, “Kubla Khan” 1816 (poetry)
• Edgar Allan Poe, “The Fall of the House of Usher” 1839 (short story)
• Alexander Dumas,
The Count of Monte Cristo
, 1844 (novel)
• Emily Brontë,
Wuthering Heights
, 1847 (novel)
• Herman Melville, “Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Story of Wall-Street” 1853 (short story)
• Emily Dickinson, “A Narrow Fellow in the Grass” 1865 (poetry)
• Friedrich Nietzsche, Book 4 from
The Joyful Wisdom
, 1882 (philosophical text)
Realism
• Charles Dickens,
A Christmas Carol
, 1843 (novella)
• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles,
The Communist Manifesto
, 1848 (political pamphlet)
• Christina Rossetti, “Goblin Market” 1862 (poetry)
• Matthew Arnold, “Dover Beach” 1867 (poetry)
• Robert Louis Stevenson,
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
, 1886 (novella)
• Kate Chopin, “The Story of an Hour” 1894 (short story)
• Mark Twain, “The.
In this SLP you will identify where the major transportation modes a.docxwhitneyleman54422
In this SLP you will identify where the major transportation modes are used in the EESC from SLP3: rail, inland water, ocean steamer, and/or OTR.
There are five basic transportation modes: rail, inland water ways, ocean, over-the-road, and air. We will not be concerned about air transport in this SLP as it is the least used and most expensive in general supply chain transportation.
Review and read these resources on these three transportation modes: rail, inland water, and OTR. Ocean is not included in these readings since it is mainly used for importing and exporting. This will be covered in more detail in LOG502. But you are asked to identify where ocean transport is used, but not in detail.
RESOURCES - SEE SLP 3 RESOURCES IN BACKGROUND PAGE
Session Long Project
Review the EESC from SLP2. Identify in the EESC where each of the four modes of transportation are used: rail, inland water, ocean, and OTR. You can use topic headings for each mode. Identify the materials being transported from which industry to which industry. Discuss why this mode is being used and what the costs are on a per ton-mile basis.
SLP Assignment Expectations
The paper should include:
Background:
Briefly
review and discuss the targeted product, company, and industry
Diagram: Include the diagram of the EESC
Transportation Discussion: Discuss each of the four transportation modes (rail, inland water, ocean, OTR) in the EESC and where each one is used. Discuss why this mode is used and the costs of using.
Clarity and Organization: The paper should be well organized and clearly discuss the various topics and issues in depth and breadth.
Use of references and citations: at least six (6) proper references should be used correctly, cited in the text, and listed in the references using proper APA format.
Length: The paper should be three to four pages – the body of the paper excluding title page and references page.
NOTE: You can use the transportation resources. You should also do independent research and find at least two additional appropriate references, for a total of at least six.
SLP Resources
Waterways
American Society of Civil Engineers. (2014). Report card for America’s infrastructure.
Infrastructure Report Card.
Retrieved from
http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/fact-sheet/inland-waterways
Texas Transportation Institute. (2009). A Modal Comparison Of Domestic Freight Transportation Effects On The General Public, retrieved from
http://www.nationalwaterwaysfoundation.org/study/FinalReportTTI.pdf
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (2014). The U.S. Waterway System, Transportation Facts & Information; Navigation Center. Retrieved from
http://www.navigationdatacenter.us/factcard/factcard12.pdf
Railroads
Bureau of Transportation Statistics (Rail), retrieved from
https://www.bts.gov/topics/rail
USDOT (2012). Freight rail: data & resources. Retrieved on 20 Sep 2016 from
https://www.fra.dot.gov/Page/P0365
American Association of Railroads. Ret.
In this module the student will present writing which focuses attent.docxwhitneyleman54422
In this module the student will present writing which focuses attention on himself or herself (personal writing). We will start into college composition by reading a series of essays that explore the rhetorical modes of narration and decscription. If you think about your own lives, you'll note the importance of the stories that surround you. Think of your family's story, your friends' stories, and your very own story. Think of the detail that constitute these stories, of how they engage your sense of taste, touch, sound, smell, and sight. This module will focus on how you can better craft your own story and share it with others.
Competencies Addressed in this Module:
Competency #1: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the writing process by:
Choosing and limiting a subject that can be sufficiently developed within a given time, for a specific purpose, for a specific purpose and audience.
Developing and refining pre-writing and planning skills.ormulating the main point to reflect the subject and purpose of the writing.
Formulating the main point to reflect the subject and purpose of the writing.
Supporting the main point with specific details and arranging them logically.
Writing an effective conclusion.
Competency #3: The student will demonstrate the ability to proofread, edit, and revise by:
Recognizing and correcting errors in clarity
Recognizing and correcting errors in unity and coherence.
Using conventional sentence structure and correcting sentence errors such as fragments, run-ons, comma splices, misplaced modifiers and faulty parallelism.
Recognizing and correcting errors in utilizing the conventions of Standard American English including:
Using standard verb forms and consistent tense.
Maintaining agreement between subject and verb, pronoun and antecedent.
Using proper case forms--consistent point of view.
Using standard spelling, punctuation, and capitalization.
Selecting vocabulary appropriate to audience, purpose, and occasion.
Aditional inf: I am a woma. I am 25 years old. I have a husband and a one year old son
.
In this module, we looked at a variety of styles in the Renaissa.docxwhitneyleman54422
In this module, we looked at a variety of styles in the Renaissance in Italy. Artists like Botticelli, Bellini, Michelangelo, and Bronzino all incorporated Renaissance characteristics into their works, and yet their works look different from each other.
To address form and content in the artistic developments and trends that took place in the Renaissance, look closely at examples from each of these artists.
Choose one painting by one of the artists listed above, and identify characteristics and techniques of the Renaissance style.
Then, address how the work departed from typical Renaissance formulas to become signature to that artist's particular style.
Finally, why did you select this artist? What draws you to their work?
.
In this experiential learning experience, you will evaluate a health.docxwhitneyleman54422
In this experiential learning experience, you will evaluate a healthcare plan using the attached worksheet. The selected plan can be your own health insurance or another plan.
Step 1
Use published information on the selected health insurance plan to complete the
assignment 5.1 worksheet
.
Step 2
Create a 7-10 slide Power Point presentation to include the following:
Introduction to the plan, including geographic boundaries
Major coverage inclusions and exclusions (Medical, Dental, Vision etc.)
Costs to consumer for insurance under the plan (include premiums, deductibles, copays, prescription costs)
Health insurance plan ratings if available. If no ratings are found for this plan, include a possible explanation for this situation.
Evaluation of the health insurance plan-include your evaluation of this plan from two standpoints:
a consumer-focused on costs, coverage, and ease of use
a public health nurse- focused on access to care for populations and improving health outcomes.
Cite all sources in APA format on a reference slide and with on-slide citations.
.
In this essay you should combine your practice responding and analyz.docxwhitneyleman54422
In this essay you should combine your practice responding and analyzing short stories with support derived from research. So far in class, we have practiced primarily formal analysis. Now I want you to practice "joining the conversation." In this essay you will write a literary analysis that incorporates the ideas of others. The trick is to accurately present ideas and interpretations gathered from your research while adding to the conversation by presenting
your own
ideas and analysis.
You will be evaluated based on how well you use external sources. I want to see that you can quote, paraphrase and summarize without plagiarizing. Remember, any unique idea must be credited, even if you put it in your own words.
Choose one of the approaches explained in the "Approaches to Literary Analysis" located at the bottom of this document. Each approach will require research, and that research should provide the context in which you present your own ideas and support your thesis. Be sure to properly document your research. Review the information, notes, and pamphlets I have distributed in class as these will help guide you.
While I am asking you to conduct outside research, do not lose sight of the primary text to which you are responding---the story! Your research should support
your
interpretations of the story. Be sure that your thesis is relevant to the story and that you quote generously from the story.
Purpose:
critical analysis, Argument, writing from sources
Length:
approx 1200 words
Documentation:
Minimum of 4 sources required (one primary source—the story or poem analyzed, and three secondary, peer reviewed journals). (Note: review the material in "finding and evaluating sources.ppt" to help you choose relevant and trustworthy sources.)
Choose from the following short stories:
The Lottery,
Shirley Jackson
A Rose for Emily,
William Faulkner
The Dead
, James Joyce
The Veldt
, Ray Bradbury
Hills Like White Elephants,
Ernest Hemingway
The Cask of Amontillado or The Tell-Tale Heart,
Edgar Allen Poe
Below are some examples.
They are just here to give you an idea of the type of approaches that will work for this essay.
1. Philosophical analysis: How do the stories by Jean Paul Sartre and Albert Camus reflect the philosophy of existentialism?
2. Socio/cultural analysis: What opinion about marriage and gender roles does Hemingway advance in "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber"?
3. Historical analysis:: What social dilemmas faced by African Americans in the 1960s might have inspired Toni Cade Bambara to write "The Lesson"?
4. Biographical analysis: What events in Salman Rushdie's life might have influenced the events in "At the Auction of the Ruby Slippers"?
5. Psychological analysis: How is John Cheever's "The Swimmer" a metaphor for the psychology of addiction?
Approaches to Literary analysis
Formal analysis
- This type of analysis focuses on the formal elements of the work (language.
In this Discussion, pick one film to write about and answer ques.docxwhitneyleman54422
In this Discussion, pick one film to write about and answer questions below the film descriptions. If it has been a while since you have seen these films, they are available through online sources and various rental outlets. Although I have provided links to some of the films, I cannot guarantee they are still operable. If the links do not work, try your own online sources.
Dances with Wolves
(1990). Lt. John Dunbar (Kevin Costner) is assigned to the Western frontier on his own request after an act of bravery. He finds himself at an abandoned outpost. At first he maintains strict order using the methods and practices taught to him by the military, but as the film progresses, he makes friends with a nearby Native American tribe, and his perceptions of the military, the frontier, and Native Americans change dramatically.
Working Girl
(1988) Tess McGill (Melanie Griffith) works as a secretary for a large firm involved in acquiring media corporations such as radio and television. When her boss has a skiing accident, Tess gets a chance to use her own ideas and research, ideas that she has been keeping within herself for years – ideas that are arguably better, and more insightful into mass media practices, than her boss’s ideas were.
Schindler’s List
(1993). In Poland during World War II, Oskar Schindler (Liam Neeson) gradually becomes concerned for his Jewish workforce after witnessing their persecution by the Nazis. He initially was motivated by profit, but as the war progressed he began to sympathize with his Jewish workers and attempted to save them. He was credited with saving over 1000 Jews from extermination. (Based on a true story.)
Gran Torino
(2008). Walt Kowalski (Clint Eastwood), a recently widowed Korean War veteran alienated from his family and angry at the world. Walt's young neighbor, an Asian American, is pressured into stealing Walt's prized 1972 Ford Gran Torino by his cousin for his initiation into a gang. Walt thwarts the theft and subsequently develops a relationship with the boy and his family.
Describe the specific theories, assumptions, or “schools of thought” that the characters in the film have. How do their schools of thought differ?
How do the main characters change over the course of a film? How do their goals or desires change? Do they see themselves differently by the end of the film?
Which reflective theory from the course best illustrates the process the main characters go through during the film? How so?
Would you say that the main characters evolved or grew after learning something that was new, or a new approach, a new theory, or a new understanding of their place in the world?
I suggest that you refrain from reiterating the plotline. Rather, stay focused on character changes and the influences on those changes. Be sure to refer to the readings; use proper citations! This discussion will be scored based on the
Grading Rubric for Discussions
Please include the name of your film in the d.
In this assignment, you will identify and interview a family who.docxwhitneyleman54422
In this assignment, you will identify and interview a family who is currently undergoing stress. The stress may arise from a new baby, new marriage, new divorce or separation, new job, new house, having a child with special needs, etc. Explain the assignment to the family and obtain written consent for participation. Please acknowledge that this information will only be used for classroom purposes, that no information will be published or disseminated and that their names will not be used.
Part 1: Interview
Interview family members to gain information about the following:
Family information – nuclear, extended family, ages, siblings, etc.
History – how and when the stress started
Life cycle events – have members describe events and how they responded to them (i.e., beginning of school, IEP, transition times, family events, interaction with siblings)
Family dynamics between members
Strengths of family
Cultural, religious, social networks and involvement
Family needs
Coping strategies
Community resources and support
Family goals for child
Other (i.e., personal stories)
Analyze the family from this information based on current research and theory,
Provide research-based recommendations for the family – this may include continuing things that they are currently doing and may include resources/agencies/supports that they can or could be receiving. Note: These resources can be ones that you are using for your major resource file (see Module 5).
Provide a personal reflection on this experience including the communication skills needed for effective interviewing.
Part 2: Results of the Interview
Create a 6 to 8-page paper (not including title or reference pages) in a Word document for your response.
Use APA format for the title page, references page, and in-text citations.
Develop an introduction and conclusion for your paper.
.
In this assignment, you will assess the impact of health legisla.docxwhitneyleman54422
In this assignment, you will assess the impact of health legislation on nursing practice and communicate your analysis to your peers. GovTrack.us provides a list of federal health bills that are currently in process in Congressional Committees.
CO4: Integrates clinical nursing judgment using effective communication strategies with patients, colleagues, and other healthcare providers. (PO#4)
CO7: Integrates the professional role of leader, teacher, communicator, and manager of care to plan cost-effective, quality healthcare to consumers in structured and unstructured settings. (PO#7)
.
In this assignment, you will create a presentation. Select a topic o.docxwhitneyleman54422
In this assignment, you will create a presentation. Select a topic of your choice from any subject we have covered in this course.
TOPICS..
INTERNET
COMPUTERS
MOBILE AND GAME DEVICES
DATA AND INFORMATION
THE WEB
DIGITAL SECURITY AND PRIVACY
PROGRAMS AND APPS
COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS
TECHNOLOGY USERS
THE INTERNET
GRAPHICS AND MEDIA APPLICATIONS
FILE, DISK AND SYSTEM MANAGEMENT TOOLS
PROCESSORS
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADAPTERS
POWER SUPPLY AND BATTERIES
WIRELESS SECURITY
Explain why you select this topic.
Explain why this topic is important.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of your select topic.
Include any other information you might thing is relative to your topic.
Your presentation should be a minimum of 15-20 slides in length. Include the title, references, images, graphics, and diagrams.
.
In this assignment, the student will understand the growth and devel.docxwhitneyleman54422
In this assignment, the student will understand the growth and development of executive leadership by looking at the dynamics between the president and Congress in the period from the founding to the Spanish-American War. In a 6–8- page paper, the student will focus on: 1) how presidents pursued international relations, 2) how presidents were able to project force, and 3) congressional restrictions on presidential actions. The student may write about the president of his/her choice.
.
In this assignment, I want you to locate two pieces of news detailin.docxwhitneyleman54422
In this assignment, I want you to locate two pieces of news detailing how an organization is responding to the COVID-19 crisis. You will turn this assignment into me via a Word Document attached to a separate email titled "extra credit assignment, Your Name" with your actual name in the subject line so I know to save the email for grading.
You need to analyze how businesses are handling the current COVID-19 crisis and I want to see if you can track down a press release from the organization, an email to their stakeholders, or even a screenshot of their website in which they explicitly address the actions they are taking in light of this new world we find ourselves in. However, the screenshots, hyperlinks to news stories, etc. are only one component of the assignment, your analysis is far and away from the more important component. Once you have tracked down two examples of how a business/organization is responding to the COVID-19 crisis, I want you to tell me how effective you perceive its action to be. Use any of the vocabulary or concepts that we have learned thus far in the semester to support your analysis. For example, is the business/organization using appropriate new media platforms to reach stakeholders? Is communication timely? Is the organization's tone sincere? What could have been done better? I am expecting one page, double-spaced for the length of your analysis, APA format. The images and or hyperlinks you compile will not be counted towards the length of your writing.
.
In this assignment worth 150 points, you will consider the present-d.docxwhitneyleman54422
In this assignment worth 150 points, you will consider the present-day relevance of history with a current event from a legitimate news source (your instructor will provide several options to choose from) and do the following: (1) summarize the article¿s main idea in a paragraph (5 sentences minimum), (2) write two paragraphs in which you utilize your textbook and notes to analyze how your current event selection relates to the past.
the topics are below, just choose one of the topic from list below..
Neanderthals and string
Neanderthals Left Africa Sooner Than We Think?
Discovery of Neanderthal Skeleton and Burial
Searching for Nefertiti
Discovery of Donkeys Used in Polo (Ancient China)
Ancient Maya Capital Found in Backyard
Long Lost Greek City Found
Ancient Roman Weapon
Viking Burial Discovery
Saving Timbuktu's Treasures
.
In the readings thus far, the text identified many early American in.docxwhitneyleman54422
In the readings thus far, the text identified many early American interests in the Middle East from geopolitical to missionary. Using the text and your own research, compare these early interests with contemporary American interests in the Middle East.
In particular, how has becoming 1) a global hegemon after WWII and 2) the concurrent process of ‘secularization’ transformed American foreign policy thought and behavior toward Israel and the Middle East region generally? What themes have remained constant and what appear new? Would you attribute changes more to America’s new geopolitical role after WWII, or to the increasing secularization of American society? Explain carefully. In 500 words
.
In the Roman Colony, leaders, or members of the court, were to be.docxwhitneyleman54422
In the Roman Colony, leaders, or members of the court, were to be:
•Local elites•Be freeborn•Between the ages of 22 – 55•Community resident•Moral integrity
From the members, two were chosen as unpaid chief magistrates (Judges). They would have to “buy into” that position, but the recognition was worth the financial output. This week's discussion prompter is:
Money alone influences others. Please analyze and critically discuss.
In your response, remember that all this is about leadership, the context which is set in Rome.
.
In the provided scenario there are a few different crimes being .docxwhitneyleman54422
In the provided scenario there are a few different crimes being committed and each could be argued multiple ways.
Steve could be charged with attempted murder. He was stabbing Michelle in the chest repeatedly. Due to the details of the scenario his charge could only be attempted because Michelle got up from the attack and charged Stacy. If she later died from her injuries Steve would/could be charged with murder. Even though he was “visibly drunk” he still maintained the purposely, knowing, or reckless intent to cause harm. He was coherent enough to make statements to her about how much he loved her, but still showed an extreme indifference to life and intent cause serious bodily harm. The biggest obstacle to a murder charge for Steve is his death. He cannot be charged with anything if he cannot be alive to defend himself. This takes care of the Steve factor.
Initially Stacy could be found guilty of murder. She knowingly and intentionally took the life of another (Steve). She also expresses an intent to kill when she stated, “I have had enough of you Steve”. From the scenario it is documented that she did not care for Steve and along with her statements, it can be shown that she was “just waiting for the opportunity” to kill Steve. In her favor is the fact that she attempted to stop Steve from harming another person. Her actions, while resulting in the death of another, were in the defense of a harmed person. She possibly saved the life of Michelle by using reasonable force to stop the stabbing.
Michelle could be charged with attempted murder as well. She stabbed Stacey in the chest while screaming, “how dare you”. She intended to cause death or serious physical injury. Again, if Stacey died from the wounds suffered, Michelle could/would be charged with murder. It could also be argued that Michelle had no malice aforethought. She was being stabbed and may not have known her actions were wrong. Her extreme circumstance clouded her reasonable decision making and all she was aware of is that her boyfriend, whom she loved, was just killed. This is unlikely but still a small possibility. Without more facts from the scenario it is difficult to fully play out all possibilities.
respond to this discussion question in 150 words no references please
.
STOP THE MEETING MADNESS HOW TO FREE UP TIME FOR ME.docxwhitneyleman54422
STOP
THE
MEETING
MADNESS
HOW TO FREE UP TIME FOR
MEANINGFUL WORK
BY LESLIE A. PERLOW, CONSTANCE NOONAN HADLEY, AND EUNICE EUN
SHARE THIS ARTICLE. HBR LINK MAKES IT EASY.
SEE PAGE 41 FOR INSTRUCTIONS.
FEATURE STOP THE MEETING MADNESS
62 HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW JULY–AUGUST 2017
EL
EN
A
K
U
LI
KO
VA
/G
ET
TY
IM
A
G
ES
JULY–AUGUST 2017 HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW 63
P
Poking fun at meetings is the stuff of Dilbert car-
toons—we can all joke about how soul-sucking and
painful they are. But that pain has real consequences
for teams and organizations. In our interviews with
hundreds of executives, in fields ranging from high
tech and retail to pharmaceuticals and consulting,
many said they felt overwhelmed by their meetings—
whether formal or informal, traditional or agile, face-
to-face or electronically mediated. One said, “I cannot
get my head above water to breathe during the week.”
Another described stabbing her leg with a pencil to
stop from screaming during a particularly torturous
staff meeting. Such complaints are supported by re-
search showing that meetings have increased in length
and frequency over the past 50 years, to the point
where executives spend an average of nearly 23 hours
a week in them, up from less than 10 hours in the
1960s. And that doesn’t even include all the impromptu
gatherings that don’t make it onto the schedule.
Much has been written about this problem, but the
solutions posed are usually discrete: Establish a clear
agenda, hold your meeting standing up, delegate
someone to attend in your place, and so on. We’ve
observed in our research and consulting that real im-
provement requires systemic change, because meet-
ings affect how people collaborate and how they get
their own work done.
Yet change of such scope is rarely considered. When
we probed into why people put up with the strain that
meetings place on their time and sanity, we found
something surprising: Those who resent and dread
meetings the most also defend them as a “necessary
evil”—sometimes with great passion. Consider this
excerpt from the corporate blog of a senior executive
in the pharmaceutical industry:
I believe that our abundance of meetings at our
company is the Cultural Tax we pay for the inclusive,
learning environment that we want to foster…
and I’m ok with that. If the alternative to more
meetings is more autocratic decision-making, less
input from all levels throughout the organization,
and fewer opportunities to ensure alignment and
communication by personal interaction, then give
me more meetings any time!
To be sure, meetings are essential for enabling col-
laboration, creativity, and innovation. They often foster
relationships and ensure proper information exchange.
They provide real benefits. But why would anyone ar-
gue in defense of excessive meetings, especially when
no one likes them much?
Because executives want to be good soldiers. When
they sacrifice their own .
Stoichiometry Lab – The Chemistry Behind Carbonates reacting with .docxwhitneyleman54422
Stoichiometry Lab – The Chemistry Behind Carbonates reacting with Vinegar
Objectives: To visually observe what a limiting reactant is.
To measure the change in mass during a chemical reaction due to loss of a gas.
To calculate CO2 loss and compare actual loss to expected CO2 loss predicted by the balanced chemical equation.
Materials needed: Note: Plan ahead as you’ll need to let Part 1 sit for at least 24 hours.
plastic beaker graduated cylinder
electronic balance 2 eggs
1 plastic cup baking soda (5 g)
dropper vinegar (500mL)
2 identical cups or glasses (at least 500 mL)
Safety considerations: Safety goggles are highly recommended for this lab as baking soda and vinegar chemicals can be irritating to the eyes. If your skin becomes irritated from contact with these chemicals, rinse with cool water for 15 minutes.
Introduction:
The reaction between baking soda and vinegar is a fun activity for young people. Most children (and adults!) enjoy watching the foamy eruption that occurs upon mixing these two household substances. The reaction has often been used for erupting volcanoes in elementary science classes. The addition of food coloring makes it even more fun. The reaction involves an acid-base reaction that produces a gas (CO2). Acid-base reactions typically involve the transfer of a hydrogen ion (H+) from the acid (HA) to the base (B−):
HA + B− --> A− + BH (eq #1)
acid base
The base often (although not always) carries a negative charge. The acid usually (although not always) becomes negatively charged through the course of the reaction because it lost an H+. An example of a typical acid base reaction is below:
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) --> NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) (eq #2)
The reaction is actually taking place between the hydrogen ion (H+) and the hydroxide ion (OH−). The chloride and sodium are spectator ions. To write the reaction in the same form as eq #1:
HCl(aq) + OH- --> Cl- + H2O (l) (eq #3)
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) will dissociate in water to form sodium ion (Na+) and bicarbonate ion (HCO3−).
NaHCO3 --> Na+ + HCO3− (eq #4)
Vinegar is usually a 5% solution of acetic acid in water. The bicarbonate anion (HCO3−) can act as a base, accepting a hydrogen ion from the acetic acid (HC2H3O2) in the vinegar. The Na+ is just a spectator ion and does nothing.
HCO3− + HC2H3O2 --> H2CO3 + C2H3O2− (eq#5)
Bicarbonate acetic acid carbonic acid acetate ion
The carbonic acid that is formed (H2CO3) decomposes to form water and carbon dioxide:
H2CO3 --> H2O(l) + CO2(g) (eq#6)
carbonic acid water carbon dioxide
The latter reaction (production of carbon dioxide) accounts for the bubbles and the foaming that is observed upon mixing vinegar and baki.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
Sony husic Entertainment and theEvolution of the Music Indu.docx
1. Sony h/usic Entertainment and the
Evolution of the Music Industry
A. J. Strickland
The Ilniversitg of Alabama
Andrew Pharaoh
2015 Undergraduate,
The Universitg of Alabama
d d A t such a pivotal time for music, it's more
ffi imRortant than ever to develop a fertile,d creative
environment that generates the
highest quality of artists and music, while seeking to
fully exploit the many opportunities that new digital
services and products provide in reaching audiences
around the world."r
The remarks of Sony Music Entertainment CEO
Doug Morris in 2011 illustrated an accurate under-
standing of the environment of music sales. Morris,
a globally influential executive and music innovator,
agreed to join Sony Music Entertainment as chief
executive officer effective July 1, 201l. In a time of
great change in the music marketplace, it was abso-
lutely necessary that Sony take active steps to remain
competitive. Morris took the job graciously, but he
placed himself into a business whose margins were
becoming thinner and thinner. With a declining
industry that had been made less lucrative by the
wide availability of substitutes, Morris was forced to
2. develop a strategy to contend with industry change
and unfavorable competitive forces in 2014.
F"$$ST#ffiV #ffi S#NY f'1U$$*
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American Record Company, the company that would
laterbecome Sony Music Entertainment, was founded
in 1929 and then acquired by Columbia Broadcasting
Company in 1938. In March 1968, Sony, at that rime
Seth Kennedg
2014 Llndergraduate,
The Universitg of Alabama
a Japanese company, began a joint venture with the
American company CBS to form CBS/Sony Records
Inc. In September 1976, Sony introduced the optical
digital audio disc, now known as the compact disc
(CD). In 1983, CBS Inc., as an American company,
allowed introduction of the CD to American markets.
In January 1988, CBS Records Inc. was absorbed,
and in January 1991, the new company was renamed
Sony Music Entertainment Inc.
In August 2004, Sony BMG Music Entertain-
ment was established as a new joint venture with Ber-
telsmann AG. Later, in August 2008, Sony acquired
BMG's 50 percent stake in Sony Music Entertain-
ment and began operation once again as Sony Music
Entertainment, a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony
Corporation. In July 2012, Sony/AIV Music Publish-
ing, a joint venture between Sony and the Michael
Jackson Family Trust, along with a consortium of
other investment firms, bought the publishing arm of
the EMI Group, which solidified Sony's position as
the world's largest music publisher.
3. #VffiRV!HW ffiT THffi ML,}$$T
il N,EM M$TruV
Before the 1900s, music and entertainment media had
a strong emphasis on performance. If theater, magic,
or music was wanted in a certain venue, individuals
Copyright O 2014 by A. J. Strickland. All rights reserved.
who could perform the arl personally were found and
paid to do so. At the beginning of the 20th century,
music began to become ownership-driven. Listen-
ing to music was still done live, but, as the quality
of technology improved, artists began to produce
recordings of their music. Recordings initially made
the music industry more efficient, because artists
were able to receive royalties on physical recordings
and were able to reach a wider audience with their
songs. This allowed more time to be spent on cre-
ating new music, and the field became more lucra-
tive and more attractive. However, aftet a shorl-lived
heyday came a long decline, beginning in the early
2000s, as a result ofpiracy (discussed later) and digi-
tal distribution.
The 1993 release of the MP3 algorithm enabled
the reduction of song files to a size that made Internet
broadcasting and uploading and downloading fea-
sible. Shortly afterward, in 1994, WXYC (89.3 FM,
Chapel Hill, North Carolina) became the first tradi-
tional radio station to announce broadcasting on the
Intemet. In 1998, the newfound portability of music
was coupled with a naming service and comprehen-
sive databases of music information developed by
4. Gracenote (later purchased by Sony in 2008 for $260
million), making it possible to retain the information
associated with the song files. Technologies like these
opened the floodgates of digital distribution. Napster,
the popular (illegal) file-sharing service, was started
shortly afterward, in 1999, and iTunes, a legal online
music store, was launched by Apple in 2001.
In February 2003, Warehouse Music, a retail
music store selling physical albums, declared bank-
ruptcy. The followingyear, in February 2004,Tower
Records filed for the first of three bankruptcies, which
ended with the closing of its 93 stores across the
United States. Virgin and Circuit City lasted some-
what longer, until 2009, but were also eventual fod-
der to digital music. Sellers of other types of physical
media, such as Borders (books) and Blockbuster
(DVDs), also chose to shut their doors in the 2000s
as a result of the digital music and video age. These
companies, however, tended to blame piracy for their
financial downtum, not digital media, and certainly
not an outdated business model.
Album sales continued the decline that put
brick-and-mortar record stores out of business, with
sales falling from about 575 million in2006 to about
290 million in2013.Internet and digital track sales,
on the other hand, continued to rise, topping out
c-179
at an estimated I.34 billion tracks in 2072. Digital
sales declined slightly in2013 to 1.26 billion. This
roughly 6 percent decline was the first decline in
digital sales since the iTunes store debuted more
than a decade earlier. However, industry revenues
5. steadily declined from a peak of $17 billion in 2000
to $7.9 billion in2013.
Copyright Infringement and Piracy
The early 2000s saw a huge increase in copyright
infringement in the music world. For products such
as Rolex watches and Gucci bags, imitations had
always existed. Third-party manufacturers, especially
abroad, re-created the look of the original product
with cheaper raw materials and sold the counterfeits
at a discount. With music, however (and most digital
media, for that matter), the duplicates were identical
in quality, simple and costless to the duplicator, and
able to be redistributed digitally. To make matters
worse for the profitability of the industry the likeli-
hood of being held responsible for the crime was quite
low Sharing music was so easy, so ubiquitous, and so
socially acceptable that it was not long before it gave
birth to popular flle sharing on a much larger scale,
like that through Napster (1999), LimeWire (2000),
and Kazaa (2006)-not to mention sharing by indi-
viduals who bumed physical CDs to give to friends.
As of May 2014, two bills were under consid-
eration by the U.S. Congress that addressed digital
piracy. The Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and the
Protect IP Act (PIPA) aimed to stop copyright infringe-
ment and to stop the trafficking of copyright material
by requiring that search engines abstain from linking
to websites violating copyright laws and that Intemet
service providers block access to these websites. Both
bills were met with public opposition, and votes on
the bills were postponed until the issues regarding the
bills could be resolved.
The Institute for Policy Innovation estimated
6. that "global music piracy causes $12.5 billion of
economic losses every year,7l,O60 U.S. jobs lost, a
loss of $2.7 billion in workers' earnings, and a loss
of $422 million in tax revenues, $291 million in per-
sonal income tax and $131 million in lost corporate
income and production taxes."
Music Publishing
Record labels scout for promising musicians and
bands, sign them to publishing contracts, and help
CASE 12 Sony Music Entertainment and the Evolution of the
Music Industry
c-180 PART 2 Cases in Crafting and Executing Strategy
them through the process of creating and marketing
their music. Record labels (or the artists themselves)
will typically own all rights to the master recordings
that their artists produce and then compensate the
artists according to the amount of sales that the spe-
cific sound recording produces. Labels record the
music of artists in studios, manufacture recordings,
and promote and distribute that music by various
means to the consumer. Through copyrights, labels
are responsible for the protection of the music and
artists they sponsor.
There was an increasing simplicity to digital
music distribution, and it was becoming easier and
easier for artists to record, publish, and promote
their music themselves without the help of corpora-
tions. The trend of using the Internet and technology
that was more accessible than ever had initiated a
7. bypass of the middlemen and was a difficult obsta-
cle for music companies to overcome.
In January 2014, Sony Music Entertainment
was the second-largest record label, with 20 percent
of total industry market share. In terms of total
album sales, Sony Music Entertainment was posi-
tioned with 30.4 percent of market share, behind the
leader Universal by 7.3 percent; however, Sony's
artist Justin Timberlake was the top-selling artist
in 2013.In digital sales, Sony still lagged behind
Universal by 6.2 and 9.5 percent in album sales
and individual-track sales, respectively. Sony/ATV
Music Publishing was the largest music publisher,
with 16.9 percent of the total market share.
Whereas record companies owned the physi-
cal sound recording, publishers (or the artists
themselves) typically owned the rights to license
and collect royalties on the specific melody, lyr-
ics, rhythm, and so on, every time they were used.
A "use" of a song was typically classified as fall-
ing under one of three "rights" controlled by a pub-
lisher: Mechanical rights represented the ability of
an owner to collect royalties when the song was dig-
itally downloaded; performing arts royalties were
collected when a song was played on the radio; and
synchronization royalties would be collected when
a song was used in a movie or commercial. Pub-
lishers typically worked closely with record labels
in the same way that a hardware store might have
worked with a carpenter or plumber. In the case of
Sony Music Entertainment and the other two lead-
ing music industry giants, both the publisher and
the label were vertically integrated as subsidiaries
8. of the same parent company. Publishers also helped
to market recordings and performed services for a
musician much as a bank did for a businessperson-
providing advances and loans with future income as
collateral.
NIGITAL MUSIC
DISTRIBUTION IN 2O'I4
In 2014, there were three main methods of digital
music distribution: digital download, Internet radio,
and interactive streaming. For the digital purchases
of music, iTunes was the clear leader, accounting
for 63 percent of digital music sales in 2013, and it
had facilitated over $25 billion in digital music sales
since its inception. According to Apple's 2013 10-K
report, filed October 30,2013, the iTunes Store gen-
erated a total of $9.3 billion in net sales during 2013,
representing a 24 percent increase over 2012 sales.
The iTunes sales figure included digital music down-
loads through iTunes, purchases through the App
Store, and purchases on iBooks. In September 2013,
iTunes had launched its own free Internet radio ser-
vice, iTunes Radio. The service tailored radio sta-
tions on the basis of users' iTunes libraries and user
input. The service was available in Australia and the
United States and boasted over 20 million users.
Self-Publishing in the Music Industry
The same technologies and social environment that
facilitated the rise in digital distribution through
services like iTunes and Amazon were also facili-
tating self-publishing, and in 2014 the allure to
an artist was strong. The creator had control over
the creation; the profit margin was much higher
and paid monthly, in contrast to the annual roy-
alty remuneration typical of labels; and the whole
9. process was completed much faster. Avoiding the
30 percent cut that distributors like iTunes and
Amazon took was an incentive in and of itself, if
avoiding the typical 10 percent cut to record labels
wasn't enough.
For example, the band Radiohead digitally self-
published two albums, In Rainbows (October 2007)
and King of Limbs (February 20II), by means of
the band's website, radiohead.com. Additionally,
In Rainbows was released on a donation-based sys-
tem, which effectively allowed fans to download
the album free. In the first month after its release.
40 percent of the approximately I million fans who
had downloaded the album paid an average of $6,
earning almost $3 million for the band.
Artists without a substantial preexisting constit-
uency also had options to bypass the record labels
through a growing number of services such as Ama-
zon's Create Space and CD Baby. Exhibit 1 presents
a breakdown of the split in royalties with CD Baby.
Interactive Streaming
and lnternet Radio
There were many Internet radio and subscription
streaming services in 2014, but Spotify, Slacker
Radio, Rdio, Pandora, Last.fm, Beats Music, Napster,
Zune Marketplace, Grooveshark, Myspace, iTunes
Radio, and Rhapsody were among the largest. From
2008 to 2013, Intemet radio grew at an annual rate of
42percent, to a $767 million industry. It was projected
that Intemet and streaming radio would continue to
10. grow at an annual rate of 72.7 percenta year until 2018
and that in2016 almost 161 million consumers would
be subscribing to a streaming music or Intemet radio
service. Increasingly, many music companies saw
revenue from music streaming and Internet radio as
a substitute for sales. This meant that, instead of pur-
chasing a physical CD or even downloading a CD on
iTunes, the consumer would instead turn to a cheaper
(in many cases, free), more convenient Intemet stream-
ing source. A business model that relied on scarcity to
c-181
force consumers to buy, download, or have ownership
of the product in any way waned in efficacy.
Despite manifold flaws in licensing models and
remuneration of artists (Grooveshark, another popu-
lar interactive streaming service, had been sued by
all of the Big Three record labels over licensing
problems since its inception), the period from 2010
to 2012 saw rapid growth of Internet distribution.
Possibly stimulated by the threat of file sharing
and reductions in physical CD sales, record labels
and music publishers were willing to look to new
monetization methods, such as streaming services,
that might save their profitability. A common goal
of salespeople was to make their product as attrac-
tive and accessible as possible to the consumer. In
the early to mid-2000s, the constraints of technology
were still a problem, but advancements quickly pro-
gressed to reduce these constraints. Music streaming
services weren't a new idea by any means, but in
2010-2011 new streaming services were accompa-
nied by the ubiquity of the smartphone. In 2014, any
smartphone, computer, and Internet-enabled auto-
11. mobile (as of January 2074, Pandora had partnered
with 140 different car models to offer its in-car
radio service) was able to stream music directly and
quickly. It was estimated that, in2014,58 percent of
Americans had a smartphone and 63 percent of cell
phone owners used their phones to access the Inter-
net. Content owners had been reluctant to embrace
the services because of very low profit margins, but
CASE t2 Sony Music Entertainment and the Evolution of the
Music Industry
EXHIBIT I split of cD Baby Royalties
CDs and vinyl
(includes sales through our
distribution partners)
CDBaby.com downloads
(single tracks and full-album)
Digital distribution sales
(from iTunes, Amazon MP3,
Rhapsody, and many more)
Credit card swiper sales
Your chosen purchase
price minus $4
75ok of your chosen
purchase price
91"k of net income
87.2"k
12. We keep $4 per unit sold. lf your album sells for $13,
you get paid $9.
We keep only 25o/o and pay you a whopping 75%
per download sold on our store-more than iTunes,
Amazon, and other retailers. So if you set your single-
song download price at [email protected] you'tt get paid 740 per
song!
We keep 9% of the net income paid to us by our
partners and you keep the rest.
We keep 9% plus 3.8% for credit card fees (12.8% total).
Source; CDBaby.com.
c-182 PART 2 Cases in Crafting and Executing Strategy
it had become clear that consumers were enjoying
the services' flexibility, freedom, and access.
Interactive streaming services like Rhapsody
and Spotify licensed music from artists and record
labels and then provided it to users through a client
available on their respective websites. Spotify and
Rhapsody were very similar in terms of business
model, as both companies relied most heavily on
payments from subscribers in order to fund their
high cost of sales, or licensing fees. The main differ-
ence was the content available to unsubscribed users.
Whereas Rhapsody allowed a short, 30-day trial of
its premium service, nonpaying Spotify users were
able to listen to much of its paid content for free,
as long as they were willing to listen to ads played
13. between every few songs.
Spotify seemed to be offto an inauspicious start in
October 2008, with heavy losses totaling $42 million.
Exhibit 2 shows the change in the number of paying
customers for Spotify. Since its inception, Spotify
had not turned a profit but had seen explosive revenue
growth. The company increased its revenues from
$99 million in 2009 to $578 million in2012.
YouTube
YouTube was an unlikely but very significant player
in the music industry. An integral part of YouTube's
success in the music scene was the introduction of
Content ID, a service that identified the music in vid-
eos posted by users. With this information, instead of
removing videos that contained a song whose use was
a copyright infringement, YouTube simply identified
the owner of the copyright and paid a royalty to the
record label or artist after a short verification process.
Like Spotify and Rhapsody, YouTube paid licens-
ing fees to record labels and artists, and it was better
able to absorb the costs paid to content owners because
of the higher price advertisers paid for video ads.
Below the video would be a link to a digital disfibutor,
such as iTunes orAmazon, from which the song could
be purchased, as well as a link to theYouTirbe account
run by the artist. In this way, YouTube was somewhat
able to harness what was once copyright infringement
in order to gain legal entry into the market of interac-
tive streaming. Of course, the technology was still
flawed, but it had come far. YouTube is also rumored
to be planning to unveil a subscription music and video
service to directly rival Spotify, Rdio, and other com-
14. petitors.YouTirbe would offer a free version along with
a premium service for a monthly fee of $9.99.
To put the rivalry between YouTube and stream-
ing services in perspective, Spotify announced in
February 2014 that its most popular song was Avicii's
"Wake Me Up," with more than 200 million plays
since it was released in June 2013. On YouTube,
"Wake Me Up" had over 450 million plays and that
number did not include other uploads featuring the
song, such as uploads from fans, live performances,
or remixes.
SONY MUSIC
ENTERTAINMENT'S BUSI NESS
MODEL AND STRATHGY
In 2007, Sony Music Entertainment, in collabora-
tion with BMG, focused on two things: finding
promising new talent and collecting more fans for its
stars such as Daughtry, Alicia Keys, Avril Lavigne,
Celine Dion, Bruce Springsteen, and Foo Fighters.
The year 2007 was an excellent one for innovation.
Sony began Myspace Music as a joint venture "as
an interactive online platform for music sales, sub-
scription services and ad supported entertainment";
access to many of the company's artists' greatest hits
EXHIBIT 2 Change in Spotifyi Number of Paying
Subscribers,2oro-2org
Number of paying subscribers 13m
Source:
onfine.wsj.com/news/articles/SBrooor4z4os27o2zo479t7o
s7g2t2'ts216s4 gA52.
15. was included on stock mobile phones, and an agree-
ment was made with Amazon to sell MP3s, which
were compatible with iPods and other MP3 players.
All this was accompanied by the promise in Sony's
2008 annual report that the company would maxi-
mize the potential of the digital distribution age.
A change in strategy came on October I,2009,
when Sony Music Entertainment became a wholly
owned subsidiary of Sony Corporation. Previously,
the company had been a 50-50 joint venture with
Bertelsmann AG, but the remaining 50 percent stake
was acquired by Sony for $1.2 billion. This was
done to lower costs through increased efficiency,
and, according to Sony's 2009 annual report, it was
envisioned that the acquisition would allow the com-
pany to work more effectively with the electronics,
game. and pictures businesses.
VEVO
In December 2009, Sony Music entered into a joint
venture with Abu Dhabi Media and Universal Music
Group to form VEVO, a music video licensor and
aggregator. The videos were uploaded by VEVO,
and users viewed and listened for free as advertise-
ments scrolled simultaneously. The company oper-
ated at a loss in 201 0 and 201 1 , but it was projected
to be profitable sometime in the middle of 2012, with
revenue jumping from $150 million in 20lI to $280
million in 2012. ln 2013, VEVO had 221 million
viewers from 13 countries and 5.5 billion monthly
video views. The company had seen a transition from
videos being viewed on smart TVs and computers to
65 percent of videos being viewed on mobile phones.
16. The company was valued at $500 million in20l3.
Music Unlimited
In December 2010, Sony Music announced Music
Unlimited, a cloud-based music streaming service
powered by Qriocity, the company's video distribution
platform. Music Unlimited had a library of approxi-
mately 15 million songs and allowed both radio and
interactive streaming capabilities. In Janaary 2012,
Music Unlimited had more than 1 million active users.
Sony was not the first to develop a cloud-based music
listening service, so the company made use of its mar-
ket share in consumer electronics to bundle the soft-
ware with Sony-made devices, like gaming systems,
Blu-ray players, and TVs, in order to gain an initial
audience. Holding true to the strategy of October
c-183
2009, Sony aimed to blend the business of Sony Music
Entertainment and Sony Corporation for the sake of
efficiency. This strategy paid dividends, with nearly
38 percent of all song streams occurring on Sony's
PlayStation 4 gaming device as of January 2014.
On June 15, 2077, Sony introduced the Music
Unlimited app for Android-enabled devices; the app
was, therefore, compatible with all Sony Corporation
tablets and smartphones. Sony Corporation also part-
nered with various other music services, most notably
Pandora and Slacker Radio, whose applications were
compatible with SonyTVs, MP3 players, smartphones,
and tablets. The Sony Entertainment Network allowed
linking of devices, so the same preferences, library, and
account could be used on multiple machines.
17. Upon creation of an account, Music Unlimited
provided certain benefits free, with progressive ben-
efits based upon the subscription type. New users
were given a free 30-day preview of premium ser-
vice. There were two subscription levels:
. For $4.99 per month, the basic subscription
included Spotify-like full interactive streaming
from a consumer's home PC and game console.
o For $9.99 per month, the premium subscription
included Spotify-like full interactive streaming
from the devices covered in the basic subscription
as well as Androids, iPhones, and tablets.
Interestingly, Music Unlimited was not Sony's
first attempt at a digital music medium. In December
2001, Sony Music (then Sony Music Entertainment
Inc.) and the Universal Music Group began Press-
play, an online, subscription-based music service
that allowed tracks to be streamed, downloaded, and
burned onto a CD while protecting artists' rights.
Pressplay had many of the features that characteized
subsequent popular services such as Spotify-for
example, playlist sharing and access to music charts
and new release information. However, the initiative
was discontinued in mid-2003 because of intense
criticism of the heavy-handed implementation, shal-
low variety of music, and inefficient licensing,
Beginning in2072, under new CEO Kazuo Hirai,
Sony launched a four-part plan to save the company,
which was hemonhaging cash. Hirai wanted to focus
the company on its core business, which he identi-
fied as gaming, mobile products, and digital imag-
ing, while curtailing the company's diverse business
18. portfolio and exiting the LCD TV market. In 2012,
Sony Publishing completed the purchase of EMI
CASE 12 Sony Music Entertainment and the Evolution of the
Music lndustry
c-184 PART 2 Cases in Crafting and Executing Strategy
Music Publishing for $2.2 billion. The purchase gave
Sony Publishing access to 1.3 million songs, raising
its total to over 2 million songs. In 2012 and 2013,
Sony sold Gracenote, an ownership stake in M3, and
Sony Chemical.
Sony Corporation's revenues from the sale
of music increased fromY44l.1 billion in 2012 to
Y503.3 billion in2013, and its operating income for
the division increased fromY37.2 billion to Y50.2
billion over the same period. This increase in operat-
ing income was mainly the result of lower restruc-
turing costs than in previous years and growth in
digital revenue. A summary of Sony Corporation's
financial performance between 2009 and 2013 is
presented in Exhibit 3. Exhibit 4 presents the reve-
nue and operating profit contributions for Sony Cor-
poration's various divisions for 2011 through 2013.
COMPHTITION IN THE
DXGITAL M USIC INNLISTRY
In the record label business in 2014, Sony Records
was second in terms of market share. with 20 oercent.
Universal Music Group boasted a slight edge at
25.5 percent, and Warner Music Group lagged
19. somewhat behind, with 11.6 percent. The Big Three
music companies collectively held 57.1 percent
of the industry market share. In music publishing,
the same players held 35.9 percent of the industry
market share: Sony/ATV had 16.9 percentt Univer-
sal Music Group, 13.9 percent; and Warner Music
Group, 5.1 percent. In 2013, Universal Music
Group (a l00%a Vivendi subsidiary) had revenues of
$6.7 billion and employed 6,500 employees. On
November 11.2011. Vivendi announced that it had
signed a definitive agreement to purchase EMI's
recorded music division for $1.9 billion, which was
seven times EBITDA prior to synergies.
Mobile Applications
In the age of data streaming and smartphones, mobile
application downloads were an apt way to track the
success of services. For comparison with the ratings
below, Clash of Clans, the most popular free app in
the Apple Store in 2014, received 752,024 ratings
with an averase of 4.5 stars.
EXHIBIT 5 Financial Summary for Sony Corporation, 2oo9-
2o15 (in millions of yen,
except per share amounts)
Sales and operating revenue
Operating income
Income (loss) before income raxes
Income taxes
Net income (loss) attributable to Sony
Corporation's stockholders
Data per share of common stock:
20. Basic
Diluted
Cash dividends
At year-end
Net working capital (deficit)
Long-term debt
Sony Corporation's stockholders' equity
Common stock
Total assets
Y6,800,851
230,100
245,68'l
141,505
Y43,034
*42.80
Y40.19
Y25.00
-Y668,556
938,428
2,197,766
630,923
23. -227,783
*'t74,955
-72,741
-Y98,938
-Y98.59
-Y98.59
Y42.50
-Y190,265
660,147
2,964,653
630,765
11,983,480
Source: Sony Corporation 2013 annual report.
Pandora. Pandora received 8ll,I24 ratings with
an average of 4 stars at the Apple Store and
1,428,724 ratings with an average of 4.5 stars at
Google Play in 2013. As of the first quarter of
2014, Pandora had over 250 million registered
users, who listened to 4.8 billion hours of music,
and had total revenue of $194.3 million. Panoora
had been downloaded more than 1 billion times
and claimed 73.6 percent of the market share of
streaming Internet radio listenin g in 2013.
24. Music Unlimited. At $9.99 per month, Music
Unlimited was far less popular than Pandora. It
received 688 ratings with an average of 3 stars at
the Apple Store and 24,029 ratings with an average
of 3.7 stars at Google Play. Music Unlimited had
approximately 10 million downloads by 2014.
c-185
. Spottfy. Spotify had 303,200 ratings with an aver-
age of 4.5 stars at the Apple Store and 568,870
ratings with an average of 4 stars at Google Play
in 2013. It was estimated that Spotify had been
downloaded more than 100 million times by 2014.
In May 2014, Spotify had over 24 million active
users, 5 million of whom were paying for the inter-
active streaming service. The company was based
in Sweden and operated globally in 56 countries.
The bulk of an average band's or artist's income
in2013 came from live performances-this was true
even for a band like Radiohead, which was able to
self-publish a CD that earned almost $3 million.
Under such circumstances, the publishing industry
still continued to struggle with monetizing stream-
ing music and saw an average annual growth of
CASE 12 Sony Music Entertainment and the Evolution of the
Music Industry
EXHIBIT 4 Sony Corporation's Revenues and Operating
Income, by Division,
2c12-2e13 (in millions of yen)
Sales and operating revenue
Mobile Products & Communications
25. Game
lmaging Products &
Solution
s
Home Entertainment & Sound
Devices
Pictures
Music
Financial Services
All other, corporate and eliminations
Consolidated
Operating income
Mobile Products & Communications