This document discusses qualitative and quantitative research methods in social science research. It provides an overview of the research process and describes key differences between qualitative and quantitative approaches. Specifically, it outlines several qualitative methods like ethnographic research, focus groups, interviews, case studies and content analysis. It also discusses quantitative methods such as descriptive research, experimental and correlational research designs. Statistical tests for different types of data are also reviewed. The document aims to inform researchers on appropriate method selection based on their objectives and the nature of the data.
Exploratory research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
Exploratory research is research conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined. It often occurs before we know enough to make conceptual distinctions or posit an explanatory relationship. Exploratory research helps determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects.
Exploratory research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
Exploratory research is research conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined. It often occurs before we know enough to make conceptual distinctions or posit an explanatory relationship. Exploratory research helps determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects.
This slide will guide other researchers that wants to collect data using Interview method. It teaches how to analyse the data as well. This was a presentation that was carried out in our research method class by our group.
This presentation is about Quantitative Research, its types and important aspects including advantages and disadvantages, characteristics and definitions.
Research is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possible control of events .
Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods DesignThiyagu K
A Research Design is simply a structural framework of various research methods as well as techniques that are utilized by a researcher. This presentation slides explain the resign design of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method design.
Let's Talk Research Annual Conference - 24th-25th September 2014 (Professor R...NHSNWRD
"Introduction to Evidence Synthesis": Professor Rumona Dickson's presentation provided an overview of evidence synthesis and a platform to refine questions that participants wanted to answer related to their own clinical practice. The workshop also included information detailing how teams of health care professionals might access support for addressing their clinical review questions through the CPD programme of the CLAHRC NWC.
Designing and Planning a Research.pptxDrHafizKosar
Research:
Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue. At a general level, research consists of three steps:
1. Pose a question.
2. Collect data to answer the question.
3. Present an answer to the question.
Salient Feature of Quantitative Research
Quantitative research is a methodological approach used in the social sciences and other fields to collect, analyze, and interpret numerical data. Here are some salient features of quantitative research:
1. Objective and Empirical: Quantitative research is focused on gathering objective, measurable data that can be analyzed statistically. It relies on empirical evidence rather than subjective opinions or interpretations.
2. Numerical Data: This research method involves the collection of numerical data, often in the form of statistics, percentages, or numerical measurements. The data can be subjected to statistical analysis for patterns and trends.
3. Structured Research Design: Quantitative studies typically have a structured and predetermined research design. The research process is planned in advance, and the data collection instruments, such as surveys or experiments, are carefully designed.
4. Large Sample Size: Quantitative research often requires a large sample size to ensure statistical reliability and generalizability of findings to a broader population. The goal is to make inferences about the population based on the data collected from the sample.
5. Statistical Analysis: Statistical methods and techniques, such as descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and correlation analysis, are commonly used in quantitative research. These analyses help researchers draw conclusions and make predictions about the population under study.
6. Replicable and Generalizable Results: The aim of quantitative research is to produce results that are replicable and can be generalized to a larger population. This contributes to the scientific rigor and validity of the findings.
7. Closed-Ended Questions: Data collection instruments, such as surveys or questionnaires, often use closed-ended questions with predefined response options. This facilitates the quantification of responses and simplifies the analysis process.
8. Controlled Environment: In experimental quantitative research, efforts are made to control and manipulate variables to isolate cause-and-effect relationships. This allows researchers to make more precise statements about the impact of independent variables on dependent variables.
9. Objective Measurement: Quantitative research relies on objective measurements and standardized data collection methods to ensure consistency and reduce bias in the data.
10. Cross-Sectional or Longitudinal Design: Quantitative studies can be cross-sectional, examining data at a single point in time, or longitudinal, collecting data over an extended period to observe changes and trends over time.
This slide will guide other researchers that wants to collect data using Interview method. It teaches how to analyse the data as well. This was a presentation that was carried out in our research method class by our group.
This presentation is about Quantitative Research, its types and important aspects including advantages and disadvantages, characteristics and definitions.
Research is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possible control of events .
Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods DesignThiyagu K
A Research Design is simply a structural framework of various research methods as well as techniques that are utilized by a researcher. This presentation slides explain the resign design of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method design.
Let's Talk Research Annual Conference - 24th-25th September 2014 (Professor R...NHSNWRD
"Introduction to Evidence Synthesis": Professor Rumona Dickson's presentation provided an overview of evidence synthesis and a platform to refine questions that participants wanted to answer related to their own clinical practice. The workshop also included information detailing how teams of health care professionals might access support for addressing their clinical review questions through the CPD programme of the CLAHRC NWC.
Designing and Planning a Research.pptxDrHafizKosar
Research:
Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue. At a general level, research consists of three steps:
1. Pose a question.
2. Collect data to answer the question.
3. Present an answer to the question.
Salient Feature of Quantitative Research
Quantitative research is a methodological approach used in the social sciences and other fields to collect, analyze, and interpret numerical data. Here are some salient features of quantitative research:
1. Objective and Empirical: Quantitative research is focused on gathering objective, measurable data that can be analyzed statistically. It relies on empirical evidence rather than subjective opinions or interpretations.
2. Numerical Data: This research method involves the collection of numerical data, often in the form of statistics, percentages, or numerical measurements. The data can be subjected to statistical analysis for patterns and trends.
3. Structured Research Design: Quantitative studies typically have a structured and predetermined research design. The research process is planned in advance, and the data collection instruments, such as surveys or experiments, are carefully designed.
4. Large Sample Size: Quantitative research often requires a large sample size to ensure statistical reliability and generalizability of findings to a broader population. The goal is to make inferences about the population based on the data collected from the sample.
5. Statistical Analysis: Statistical methods and techniques, such as descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and correlation analysis, are commonly used in quantitative research. These analyses help researchers draw conclusions and make predictions about the population under study.
6. Replicable and Generalizable Results: The aim of quantitative research is to produce results that are replicable and can be generalized to a larger population. This contributes to the scientific rigor and validity of the findings.
7. Closed-Ended Questions: Data collection instruments, such as surveys or questionnaires, often use closed-ended questions with predefined response options. This facilitates the quantification of responses and simplifies the analysis process.
8. Controlled Environment: In experimental quantitative research, efforts are made to control and manipulate variables to isolate cause-and-effect relationships. This allows researchers to make more precise statements about the impact of independent variables on dependent variables.
9. Objective Measurement: Quantitative research relies on objective measurements and standardized data collection methods to ensure consistency and reduce bias in the data.
10. Cross-Sectional or Longitudinal Design: Quantitative studies can be cross-sectional, examining data at a single point in time, or longitudinal, collecting data over an extended period to observe changes and trends over time.
These slides are mainly based on research and its meaning and concept and it is prepared mainly for PG learners and researchers in Education. In the above 3rd slide, 5th line please write "search' instead of 'research".
All research endeavors share a common goal of furthering our understanding of the problem and thus all share certain basic stages forming a process called the research process.
Research Formulation by Dr. Ved Nath Jha.pptxDrVednathJha1
During the course of Ph.D , it is the 1st step towards the steps of best research .On the basis of analysis of research methodology, conclusions are elaborated here.
Districts of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh have been classified according to Nutritional Status of children and Influencing factors by using Cluster analysis (K-mean clustering) and ranked by TOPSIS method. Identified Poor, Middle and Best districts according to nutritional status of children and influencing factors by using NFHS-5 data
Inadequate nutrition is a problem in many states in India and more so in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Nutritional status of Under 5 year children is measured through three standard indices as height-for-age (stunting), weight-for-height (wasting) and weight-for age (underweight). And these indices expressed as Z-scores of reference population can be assessed nutritional status of children. The nutritional status of children strongly depends upon their mother’s health condition. This paper aims to find out the nutritional status of children (stunting, wasting, underweight and anemic) and the influence of risk factors in the districts of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. District level data were collected from NFHS-5 and by using cluster analysis method, districts were classified into poor, medium and better nutritional status districts and by using TOPSIS method these districts were ranked. Considering each cluster, the risk factors such as mothers anemic status, BMI below normal and obesity of mother and breast feeding practices influencing child nutritional status has been examined
Application of Multiple Correspondence Analysis to identify the risk factors ...PRAKASAM C P
Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) is used for the analysis of categorical variables encompassing more than two categories. MCA is a part of a group of descriptive method (viz: clustering, factor analysis and principal component analysis) reveal patterning in complex data base and reveals variation of variables with respect to the categories for selected dimensions with graphical presentation. This research paper aims to identify the specific risk factors of Partner violence by using multiple correspondence analyses. To achieve the objectives data were collected from NFHS3 for the Bihar and Chhattisgarh states where prevalence of partner violence is high. A set of risk factors such as Age of the currently married women, place of living, marital duration, wealth index, husband drinks alcohol for women exposed for ever emotional violence has been identified. MCA has been applied for the set of Bihar and Chhattisgarh data. Examining the model summary in Chhattisgarh, first and second dimension accounting for 14.28 percent and in Bihar it was observed 14.24 percent. Discrimination Measures revealed age of the respondent and marital duration contributes highest variation in Chhattisgarh and in Bihar Marital duration exhibits higher variation than Age group. Bi-plots revels that in Chhattisgarh younger age of mother lower marital duration and in Bihar higher age of mother, longer marital duration contribute more variation towards dimension2 in identifying emotional violence
Acceptance of Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Health Problems in Selecte...PRAKASAM C P
In this research work, the association between Intimate partner violence (IPV) and risk of sexual health problems in three selected states: Bihar, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh has been examined by collecting data from NFHS-3. Acceptance of IPV has been measured by asking the respondent (Currently married women) whether, in their opinion, a husband was justified in hitting or beating his wife in the following situation: if she goes out without telling him, does not cook food properly etc. Women acceptance of IPV with the background characteristics has been examined by applying Logit regression. Results indicates that women belong to poor socio economic strata, illiterate husband, non-Hindu accepts IPV than their counter part. Risk of sexual health problems among women experiencing IPV range between 1.5 to 3.1 times higher than women without IPV. Women in Bihar and Andhra Pradesh were three times more at risk of getting genital ulcer due to IPV. It has been found that women with IPV were at risk of experiencing sexual health problems than women without IPV.
Women acceptance of Intimate Partner Violence and sexual health problems in s...PRAKASAM C P
This research work examines currently married women acceptance of intimate partner violence (IPV) in three selected states in India and their sexual health problems by using NFHS-3 data. Women acceptanting husband beating for not doing house work, refuse to have sex , goes with out telling , argues with husband and physical, sexual violence has been considred. The Sexual health problems such as : itching, bleeding and other gynocological problems has been considered. Influence of socioeconomic variables influencing IPV has been determined by logit regression and risk ratio has been calculated for sexual health problems for the Indian states data Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Bihar.
Life Style of Elderly and its Impact on Health Condition in Andhra Pradesh an...PRAKASAM C P
This paper discusses about life style of elderly population and their health conditions in Kerala and Andhra Pradesh by using census and NFHS-2 data. The variation in Age pattern in two states discussed and health conditions in terms of Morbidity and life style by observing their smoking, chewing habits has been studied.
Does Utilization of Antenatal Care Reduces Reproductive Risk? A Case Study o...PRAKASAM C P
This paper examines the utilization of antenatal care and out come of pregnancy and delivery complications (Reproductive risk) among currently married women in Andhra Pradesh, India. Data for this study were collected from DLHS-RCH-3 for Andhra Pradesh. Pregnancy outcome has been collected for all deliveries from the currently married women and the utilisation of ANC, health seeing behavior, pregnancy problems during and problems during delivery which have been considered as reproductive risk and analysed for the last child data. Reproductive history of 19825 deliveries for Andhra Pradesh form data set. Analysis has been carried out in three stages. Initially Pregnancy loss and its ANC and treatment seeking behavior have been analysed. At the second stage pregnancy complications and delivery complications for the last delivery in relation to outcome has been analysed for Andhra Pradesh data. At the third stage interrelation between Pregnancy out come and reproductive risk has been analysed by using logistic regression. Further influence of background variables on reproductive loss and treatment seeking behavior has been analysed. The results revealed that women experience still birth in Andhra Pradesh found to be around 2.9. Further results revealed that women who had utilized antenatal care services found to have less risk in delivering last child than other. Maternal age and husband occupation played significant influence in utilization of health care services leading to safe delivery in these two selected states.
This presentation explains about trends in Maternal Mortality in India during the period 1911-2013 and also future estimates of decline in MMR in selected states to achieve UN SDG goals. Life time risk has been calculated and states have been ranked. By fitting polynomial regression equation, the MMR has been projected for the next decade and estimated time required to decline less than 90.
Influence of Early Marriage on Reproductive Health risk among Adolescent wome...PRAKASAM C P
Marriage is entry in to reproductive life in Indian Society. It has been observed that states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh experiencing early age at marriage before reaching age 18 years. Early age at marriage leads to early child birth and repeated deliveries.With the above concept in view an attempt is made in this study to know the influence of early marriage among currently married Adolescent women and their reproductive loss and reproductive health problems in EAG states. Further to know the influence of socio economic variables on reproductive risk factors by using NFHS-3 data.
Virtual Platform Annamalai university: First StepPRAKASAM C P
Annamalai University, Department of Population Studies initiating to enhance the research capabilities of Population Studies Scholars through Virtual Platform by organizing a training program in a couple of months. What is virtual platform and what are the modules in the training for data analysis is given here.
How to use SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) data. This software program is extensively used for Social Science data analysis. However it is also used by managers, scholars and Engineers also. In this document how to use SPSS for data analysis is explained step by step.
Risk factors and treatment seeking behavior of Tuberculosis In Selected Stat...PRAKASAM C P
In this paper an attempt is made to know 1.Prevalence of TB in four southern states, 2. Risk factors associated with the infection (TB) and 3.Health seeking behavior among the infected person with TB.
Data were collected from NFHS-3 for the four selected states viz: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Risk factors for the infection of TB have been identified as: 1.Houseld factors viz: Persons per room used for sleeping, Cooking fuel, Place for cooking, Type of fuel/stove, and 2.individual factors viz: Use of Tobacco, Use of Alcohol. Treatment seeking behavior has been identified as: Source of health care and Health insurance coverage
Risk Factors Associated with Tuberculosis in Indian StatesPRAKASAM C P
TB is the leading cause of death among people who are HIV positive. TB would be serious health problem where there is poor sanitation, poverty and illiteracy. In this paper an attempt is made to know 1.Prevalence of TB in four southern states, 2. Risk factors associated with the infection (TB) and 3.Health seeking behavior among the infected person with TB.
Data were collected from NFHS-3 for the four selected states viz: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu analyzes and discussed.
Health condition and Health seeking behavior of elderly in an Urban set up has been studies by doing household survey with a small sample. In this Elderly person above 60 asked about their health condition and health seeking behavior.
Qualitative research design Types and ApproachesPRAKASAM C P
This research paper describes when to used qualitative research methods types of qualitative research such as Narrative Research Phenomenal Method Grounded theory with illustrations.
This presentation describes selection of variables for social science research. It also describes with an illustration and explains how to transfer coded variables in to measurable variables,
Deleterious Effects of Consanguineous Marriage in Tamil NaduPRAKASAM C P
This Presentation discusses about the survey conducted in Tamil Nadu to know the prevalence of Consanguineous Marriages and its effect on sibling. A representative sample of villages in Chidambaram District, Tamil Nadu, India has been studied. Results shows around 26 percent marriages are consanguineous. Intergenerational pattern of marriages has been studies.2265 households marriage pattern and its impact of child survival status has been studied
Elderly population district wise variation in Tamil Nadu has been discussed by using Census Data. Dependence ratio, Index of ageing and trends in ageing has been calculated for the census years 1961 to 2001 and projected figures up to 2056 has been discussed by considering districts in Tamil Nadu.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods in Social Science Research
1. Qualitative and Quantitative
Research Methods in Social
Science Research
By
Prof . C.P.PRAKASAM
FORMER PROFESSOR, INTERNATIONAL
INSTITUTE FOR POPULATION SCIENCES,
MUMBAI
prakasamcp60@gmail.com
4/6/2021
Research Methods-
Prof.C.P.Prakasam 1
2. Research Process:
Selection of Research Topic
Defining Objectives, Hypothesis
Collection of data—Primary or
secondary or mixed methods by
Qualitative or Quantitative approach.
Analysis and interpretation
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Prof.C.P.Prakasam 2
3. Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research is defined as a
method to collect data via open-
ended and conversational
discussions.
This method is not only about
“what” people think but also “why”
they think so.
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Prof.C.P.Prakasam 3
4. Qualitative research methods
1. Ethnographic research
2. Focus groups,
3. One-on-one
4. Online interview,
5. Content analysis and
6. Case study research.
Usually, participants are not taken out of their
ecosystem for qualitative data collection to gather
information in real-time which helps in building trust
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Prof.C.P.Prakasam 4
5. 4/6/2021
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Prof.C.P.Prakasam 5
Qualitative Research Methods
Focus Groups Depth Interviews
Direct
(Nondisguised)
Association
Techniques
Completion
Techniques
Construction
Techniques
Expressive
Techniques
Projective
Techniques
Indirect
(Disguised)
Qualitative Research
Procedures
6. Ethnographic research
Ethnography is a qualitative design
in which the researcher describes
and interprets the shared and
learned patterns of values,
behaviors, beliefs and language of a
cultural-sharing group, most often
through participant observation
method.
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Prof.C.P.Prakasam 6
7. Procedures for conducting
Ethnography
Identify and locate a culture-sharing
group to study.
Identify a gatekeeper or key informants
who will give information about the
group.
Conduct one –to-group and one-to-one
interviews or focus group discussion or
use projective technique such as story
telling/visual charts, diagrams, picture
and capture the information
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Prof.C.P.Prakasam 7
8. 2. Focus groups
FGs are group interviews or
discussions , guided by a moderator or
a facilitator.
Groups are “organised to explore a
specific set of issues (Ex: Acceptance
of FP methods) relating to people’s
views and experiences”
Focus comes from collective activity
on a theme
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Prof.C.P.Prakasam 8
9. Why use FGs?
Gather information from people in
an informal, non-confrontational
setting.
The group allows for interaction
amongst people.
They allow researchers to determine
if their questions illicit the desired
response.
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Prof.C.P.Prakasam 9
10. FGD: When and How to conduct
To collect qualitative data and to
interpret the group’s dynamics,
Interaction; Way of understanding; and
the local Language (words used).
6-12 people from similar backgrounds.
Discussing a topic in an informal but
moderated environment for 1-3 hours.
Facilitator or moderator.
Prepare lead questions to be asked on
the topic to generate discussion. Use
notes, record the discussion
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Prof.C.P.Prakasam 10
11. FG Uses
1. Learning how respondents talk about the
topic of interest;
2. Generating research hypotheses for further
testing;
3. Stimulating new ideas;
4. Diagnosing potential problems for a new
policy programme;
5. Obtaining general background information;
6. Interpreting previously obtained qualitative
results.
(Stewart & Shamdasani, 1990).
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Prof.C.P.Prakasam 11
12. 3.One-on-one 4.Online interview
It is a personal interview that is
carried out with one respondent at a
time.
This is purely a conversational method
and invites opportunities to get details
in depth from the respondent.
These interviews can be performed
face-to-face or on phone and usually
can last between half an hour to two
hours or even more
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Prof.C.P.Prakasam 12
13. 5.Case study research
Case study research approach in
which the investigator explores a
bounded system (a case) or multiple
bounded systems (cases) over time,
through detailed in-depth data
collection involving multiple sources
of information( viz: observation,
interviews, audiovisual material, and
documents and reports), and reports
a case description and case-based
themes.
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Prof.C.P.Prakasam 13
14. Conducting case studies
Case/cases may be selected through
“purposive sample”. Sample size would
be small depending on “ordinary
cases”, “accessible cases” or “unusual
cases”.
The data collection typically extensive,
drawing on multiple sources of
information: Viz: observations, interviews,
documentation, and audiovisual material.
Analysis involves “holistic or embedded
analysis”.
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Prof.C.P.Prakasam 14
15. 6.Content analysis
Studying the contents through:
Biographies
Autobiography
Life history
Large documentation through internet
data bases on the theme selected
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Prof.C.P.Prakasam 15
16. When to use qualitative research
techniques:
When need to capture accurate, in-
depth insights. Useful to capture
“factual data”.
To understand strengths and
weaknesses of selected issue/problem.
To Understand KA behaviour
To know stigma and beliefs and the
specific words used.
Gathering perception data
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17. Computer packages for qualitative
data analysis
AQUAD
ATLAS-ti
Epi-info
NVivo
Hypersoft (Mac),
Zyindex
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19. What is Quantitative Research
Quantitative Research is an
extremely informative source of
data collection conducted via
mediums such as surveys, polls,
and questionnaires.
The gathered data can be analysed
to conclude numerical or statistical
results.
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Prof.C.P.Prakasam 19
20. Objective of Quantitative Research
The objective is to develop and
employ mathematical models, theories
and/or hypotheses pertaining to
phenomena.
It is used to know “how many”
and/or “how often”
Used to profile a target Population by
determining all descriptive statistics.
and whether specific determinants are
at a statistically significant level.
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Prof.C.P.Prakasam 20
21. Quantitative Methods
Descriptive research,
Correlational research,
Causal-comparative/ Quasi-
experimental research and
Experimental research.
Approach: Through sample that is
representative of the respondent, using
questions and data is presented in tables,
charts, graphs etc.
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Prof.C.P.Prakasam 21
22. Descriptive research
Descriptive studies are also called
observational, because the subjects are
observed without otherwise
intervening
The simplest descriptive study is a case
which reports data on only one subject;
Examples are a study of an outstanding
athlete. Trend analysis, Demographic data
analysis etc
Descriptive studies of a few cases are
called case series
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Prof.C.P.Prakasam 22
23. Types of Quantitative Research
Primary Research:
Secondary Research
Surveys: Longitudinal, Cross-
sectional, Correlational Research
Experiments: An experimental
research is conducted by researchers
to observe the change in one variable
on another
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24. CROSS- Sectional, Cohort studies
cross-sectional studies variables of
interest in a sample of subjects are
analyzed once and the relationships
between them are determined.
Prospective or cohort studies,
some variables are assayed at the
start of a study (e.g., dietary habits),
then after a period of time the
outcomes are determined (e.g.,
incidence of heart disease).
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Prof.C.P.Prakasam 24
25. Case-control studies
Case-control studies compare cases
(subjects with a particular attribute) with
controls (subjects without the attribute);
comparison is made of the exposure to
something suspected of causing the cases,
Case-control studies are also called
retrospective, because they focus on
conditions in the past that might have
caused subjects to become cases rather
than controls
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Prof.C.P.Prakasam 25
26. Experimental Studies
Experimental studies are also known
as longitudinal or repeated-
measures studies.
They are also referred to as
interventions, because you do more
than just observe the subjects.
major problem: Lost to follow up,
repeated answers, knowledge gain
from previous interview
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Prof.C.P.Prakasam 26
28. STATISTICAL MEASUREMENTS
What are tests of association and which test
to use?
Associations within categorical data
- descriptive (frequency tables)
- the chi-square test
Associations within continuous data
- descriptive (scatter plots)
- Spearman's and Pearson's ‘r’
Correlation:To examine whether there
is a relationship between variables
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Prof.C.P.Prakasam 28
29. Which test to use?
Test selection depends on data:
Categorical data – Chi-square
Ordinal (ranked) data - Spearman's rho
Interval/ratio data - Pearson's r
Regression method: Linear/Bivariate or
Logistic regression according to data
and researchers objectives.
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Prof.C.P.Prakasam 29
30. Software for Analysis
SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Sciences
(IBM SPSS)
R is a free software for statistical
computing and graphics. To
download R, please choose your
preferred
http://www.r-project.org/
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Prof.C.P.Prakasam 30
31. Difference between Qualitative and
Quantitative Research
Attributes Qualitative research methods Quantitative research methods
Analytical objectives
This research method focuses on
describing individual
experiences and beliefs.
Quantitative research method
focuses on describing the
characteristics of a population.
Types of questions asked Open-ended questions Closed-ended questions
Data collection Instrument
Use semi-structured methods
such as in-depth interviews,
focus groups, and participant
observation
Use highly structured methods
such as structured observation
using questionnaires and surveys
Form of data produced Descriptive data Numerical data
Degree of flexibility
Participant responses affect how
and which questions researchers
ask next
Participant responses do not
influence or determine how and
which questions researchers ask
next
4/6/2021
Research Methods-
Prof.C.P.Prakasam 31