The document provides information about minerals, including their classification and identification. It defines what qualifies something as a mineral and lists the five criteria. Key points include: minerals have distinct chemical compositions and physical structures; they are classified based on their chemical makeup and crystal structure; silicate minerals are the most common and are made of silica tetrahedrons; physical properties like habit, luster, cleavage, hardness, color, and streak are used to identify unknown minerals. Mafic and felsic silicates are contrasted and different silicate mineral structures are described. Common non-silicate minerals are also named.
Quartz is found in almost every geological environment. It is a common constituent in most of the rock types and soil groups. Granite, sandstone, limestone, and most of the igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks contain quartz. Quartz contains mainly oxygen and silicon. These two constituents make upto 75 % of the earth’s crust. An alternate name for the Quartz Group is the Silica Group.
The document provides an overview of minerals and their properties. It discusses that minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and crystal structures. It then covers various mineral groups including silicates, which are the most abundant mineral group composed of silica tetrahedra bonded together. Physical properties of minerals like crystal form, cleavage, luster, and hardness are also summarized as they are used to identify different minerals.
This document discusses weathering, which is the process of decay and disintegration of rocks due to physical and chemical agents in the atmosphere like wind, water, ice and sun. It defines various terminology related to weathering like disintegration, deposition, decomposition, erosion and deflation. The types of weathering are mechanical, chemical and biological. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into pieces through forces like wind, rivers, glaciers etc without chemical change. Chemical weathering breaks rocks through chemical processes like oxidation and carbonation. Biological weathering occurs through processes involving trees, plants, animals and human activity. Factors like the rock type, climate, topography and burrowing organisms affect the rate of weathering. Weathering produces el
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids that have a definite chemical composition and crystal structure. They form through geological processes such as cooling of magma or crystallization of dissolved materials. Minerals are identified based on properties like color, crystal structure, hardness, and density. They have many important economic uses in construction, technology, and everyday products.
The document discusses the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling lava. Sedimentary rocks form through the compression of sediments and can include limestone, sandstone, and shale. Metamorphic rocks form from existing igneous and sedimentary rocks undergoing heat and pressure, changing their composition, such as limestone becoming marble through metamorphism. The rock cycle illustrates how rocks continuously change between these three types through geological processes over millions of years.
This document provides information about minerals, including their classification and identification. It begins by defining what constitutes a mineral and explaining the key criteria. The main mineral groups are then introduced, particularly silicate minerals which are the most common. The document outlines different silicate mineral structures and provides examples. Physical properties that can be used to identify unknown minerals are described in detail. These include habit, luster, cleavage, hardness, color, streak, and other properties. Common non-silicate minerals are also listed. The document concludes with links to additional mineral resources.
This document provides an overview of mineralogy, which is the study of minerals. It defines minerals as naturally occurring solid inorganic substances with a defined chemical composition and crystalline structure. Rocks are made up of aggregates of minerals, and the properties of rocks are determined by the minerals they contain. Minerals form through crystallization from magma or lava or by precipitation from solution. Minerals are identified based on physical properties like color, streak, hardness, luster, cleavage, fracture, and crystal form, which are determined by their internal atomic structure. Common minerals include quartz, feldspars, micas, calcite, pyroxenes, olivine, amphiboles, and iron oxides.
This document provides information on minerals, rocks, and their properties. It defines minerals as naturally occurring solid materials with a defined chemical composition and internal structure. The most common elements in Earth's crust are oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, and potassium. Minerals are divided into silicate and non-silicate groups. Key silicate minerals include quartz, feldspar, mica, amphibole, pyroxene, olivine, and garnet. Non-silicates include carbonates, oxides, sulfides, phosphates, and native elements. Physical properties used to identify minerals include color, streak, luster, hardness, crystal shape, cleavage, fracture, and specific
Quartz is found in almost every geological environment. It is a common constituent in most of the rock types and soil groups. Granite, sandstone, limestone, and most of the igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks contain quartz. Quartz contains mainly oxygen and silicon. These two constituents make upto 75 % of the earth’s crust. An alternate name for the Quartz Group is the Silica Group.
The document provides an overview of minerals and their properties. It discusses that minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and crystal structures. It then covers various mineral groups including silicates, which are the most abundant mineral group composed of silica tetrahedra bonded together. Physical properties of minerals like crystal form, cleavage, luster, and hardness are also summarized as they are used to identify different minerals.
This document discusses weathering, which is the process of decay and disintegration of rocks due to physical and chemical agents in the atmosphere like wind, water, ice and sun. It defines various terminology related to weathering like disintegration, deposition, decomposition, erosion and deflation. The types of weathering are mechanical, chemical and biological. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into pieces through forces like wind, rivers, glaciers etc without chemical change. Chemical weathering breaks rocks through chemical processes like oxidation and carbonation. Biological weathering occurs through processes involving trees, plants, animals and human activity. Factors like the rock type, climate, topography and burrowing organisms affect the rate of weathering. Weathering produces el
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids that have a definite chemical composition and crystal structure. They form through geological processes such as cooling of magma or crystallization of dissolved materials. Minerals are identified based on properties like color, crystal structure, hardness, and density. They have many important economic uses in construction, technology, and everyday products.
The document discusses the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling lava. Sedimentary rocks form through the compression of sediments and can include limestone, sandstone, and shale. Metamorphic rocks form from existing igneous and sedimentary rocks undergoing heat and pressure, changing their composition, such as limestone becoming marble through metamorphism. The rock cycle illustrates how rocks continuously change between these three types through geological processes over millions of years.
This document provides information about minerals, including their classification and identification. It begins by defining what constitutes a mineral and explaining the key criteria. The main mineral groups are then introduced, particularly silicate minerals which are the most common. The document outlines different silicate mineral structures and provides examples. Physical properties that can be used to identify unknown minerals are described in detail. These include habit, luster, cleavage, hardness, color, streak, and other properties. Common non-silicate minerals are also listed. The document concludes with links to additional mineral resources.
This document provides an overview of mineralogy, which is the study of minerals. It defines minerals as naturally occurring solid inorganic substances with a defined chemical composition and crystalline structure. Rocks are made up of aggregates of minerals, and the properties of rocks are determined by the minerals they contain. Minerals form through crystallization from magma or lava or by precipitation from solution. Minerals are identified based on physical properties like color, streak, hardness, luster, cleavage, fracture, and crystal form, which are determined by their internal atomic structure. Common minerals include quartz, feldspars, micas, calcite, pyroxenes, olivine, amphiboles, and iron oxides.
This document provides information on minerals, rocks, and their properties. It defines minerals as naturally occurring solid materials with a defined chemical composition and internal structure. The most common elements in Earth's crust are oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, and potassium. Minerals are divided into silicate and non-silicate groups. Key silicate minerals include quartz, feldspar, mica, amphibole, pyroxene, olivine, and garnet. Non-silicates include carbonates, oxides, sulfides, phosphates, and native elements. Physical properties used to identify minerals include color, streak, luster, hardness, crystal shape, cleavage, fracture, and specific
Ever wondered what makes the industrial minerals market tick? Just how does it differ from the metal minerals market? Thinking of investing in industrial minerals?
Industrial Minerals Basics: Executive Primer is a concise overview presentation for a quick but informed assessment of key elements of the industrial minerals business. Ideal as an introduction for first timers, or as a refresher for those already in the business.
Contents:
What are industrial minerals?
Why are they so important?
How is the market structured?
How is the market driven?
Summary
Which key factors influence success?
Please contact me with any questions or comments: mike@modriscollminerals.com
This document provides an overview of gemstones, including their physical and optical properties, shapes and cuts, and synthetics and simulants. It discusses the key properties used to identify gemstones such as crystal habit, specific gravity, hardness, refractive index, and luminescence. Different cutting styles including cabochon and faceted cuts are described. The document also covers synthetic gemstones which mimic natural stones, and simulants which have similar appearances but different properties. It aims to equip gemologists with the knowledge to distinguish natural gems from synthetics or enhanced stones.
The document summarizes key concepts from chapters 4-6 about rocks and minerals. It defines minerals as naturally occurring inorganic solids with specific chemical compositions and crystalline structures. It describes the formation of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks and how their characteristics are influenced by cooling rates, pressure, heat, and other factors. Identification properties of minerals like color, luster, hardness, and cleavage are also outlined.
This lesson discusses what minerals and rocks are. It tackles various types of minerals and rocks. It discusses the rock cycle and how it produces the different kinds of rocks on our planet.
Metamorphic rocks form when other rocks are subjected to heat and pressure, causing their mineral composition and texture to change. Heat sources include magma and Earth's interior, while pressure results from tectonic plate movement or overlying rock layers. There are two types of metamorphism: contact metamorphism near magma intrusions and regional metamorphism over large areas during mountain building. Metamorphic rocks are either foliated with parallel mineral bands like slate, phyllite, and schist, or non-foliated like marble and quartzite.
This document discusses metamorphism and metamorphic rocks. It defines metamorphism as the change in rocks due to increases in temperature and pressure. There are different types of metamorphism including contact, regional, and cataclastic metamorphism. Regional metamorphism occurs over large areas and results in strongly foliated rocks like slates, schists and gneisses. The document describes the different grades of metamorphism from low to high and the typical minerals formed. It also discusses structures in metamorphic rocks like foliation and banding. In conclusion, different metamorphic rocks like slates, schists and gneisses have various economic uses as building materials.
This document provides information about minerals and their properties. It defines minerals as naturally occurring solids with a crystal structure and definite chemical composition. Minerals form through crystallization as magma or solutions cool. They can crystallize on the surface through evaporation or underground as magma cools. The size of mineral crystals depends on the cooling rate, with slower cooling deep underground producing larger crystals. Minerals have many uses including in jewelry, metals, construction materials, and tools. Metals are extracted from ores through mining and smelting to remove the metal.
Garnet is a group of six silicate minerals that are isomorphous and never occur in pure form. They vary slightly in properties but can be indistinguishable without analysis. Garnets have the general formula X3Y2(SiO4)3 and consist of silicon tetrahedrons linked to distorted metal octahedrons, forming a cubic crystal structure. They commonly occur as dodecahedrons or trapezohedrons and vary in color from red to green to black. Garnets are used as abrasives, for water jet cutting, filtration, and as gemstones due to their variety of colors and hardness.
Metamorphism occurs when rocks undergo changes in temperature and pressure due to burial or intrusion. There are several types of metamorphism that produce different textures and minerals depending on factors like stress, fluids, time, and temperature/pressure conditions. Regional metamorphism results from tectonic forces building mountains and produces foliated rocks through recrystallization and deformation. Plate tectonics drives metamorphism through processes like subduction and burial that subject rocks to high pressures and temperatures.
1. Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic crystalline solids with a definite chemical composition.
2. Minerals form repeating patterns within crystals that can be cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, or triclinic.
3. Physical properties of minerals include color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, and fracture.
This document discusses minerals, their economic importance, depletion, and the need for conservation. It notes that minerals are essential resources but non-renewable, as their formation occurs over millions of years. While minerals provide the base for industry and jobs, the large-scale exploitation since the Industrial Revolution has resulted in decreasing supplies and increasing demand. Conservation efforts are needed to use minerals sustainably and reduce waste so they can last for future generations.
This document provides an overview of the mineral olivine, beginning with its classification as a nesosilicate. It describes olivine's isolated tetrahedral structure and solid solution with forsterite and fayalite. Physical and optical properties of both minerals are outlined. The document discusses olivine's significance in petrology as a mantle constituent and provenance indicator. High-pressure polymorphs and economic uses of olivine are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of rocks and minerals. It begins by defining minerals as natural inorganic substances composed of elements arranged in crystalline structures. It notes that minerals are found in all rocks and can be exploited as ores. Most minerals make up rocks but some are gemstones. It then defines rocks as consolidated substances made of minerals, rock pieces, or fossils. Rocks form through geological processes at and below the Earth's surface. They can be categorized based on their appearance, composition, and formation process. The document outlines the three main rock groups - sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic - and the dynamic recycling of rocks through weathering, erosion, burial, deformation, melting and uplift.
Minerals' physical properties that distinguish every mineral including:
Color
Streak
Hardness
Cleavage
Fracture
Crystalline Structure
Luster
Others
and how to make difference between two minerals
This document discusses rock forming minerals and their properties. It defines what constitutes a mineral and compares minerals to rocks. It then describes several key physical properties of minerals that can be used for identification, including luster and transparency, color and streak, cleavage, fracture and parting, hardness, and density. Specific examples are provided to illustrate different types of each property. The document also notes that over 4000 minerals have been identified but only around 50 are abundant, with most composed of oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium. Minerals are classified based on their dominant anion such as silicates, carbonates, sulfides, oxides, sulfates and halides.
Igneous rock textures are controlled by cooling rate, with rapid cooling resulting in smaller crystals and slower cooling allowing larger crystals to form. Textures provide information about cooling/crystallization rates and phase relations during crystallization. Textures describe grain features like size, shape, orientation, and boundaries, seen in hand samples or microscopically. Common textures include phaneritic (with evident crystals), porphyritic (with larger phenocrysts in fine-grained groundmass), and graphic (with exsolved minerals forming angular shapes). Compositionally zoned crystals also occur.
1. Wall rock alteration occurs when hot hydrothermal fluids interact with surrounding country rocks, changing their mineralogy. There are two main types: hypogene alteration from ascending fluids and supergene alteration from descending waters.
2. Alteration products depend on the rock character, fluid properties like pH and temperature/pressure conditions. Important reactions include hydrolysis, hydration, dechlorination, silication, and decarbonation.
3. Different alteration types are associated with certain deposit types, like potassic alteration with porphyry copper deposits and greisenization indicating tin or tungsten. Original rock type influences prevalent alteration, such as sericitization and silicification in acidic rocks.
This document discusses metamorphism and metamorphic rocks. It defines metamorphism as a change in shape of pre-existing rocks due to heat and pressure below the surface. It describes different types of metamorphism including contact, dynamic, and regional metamorphism. It also defines foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rocks, providing examples like slate, schist, and gneiss. The document aims to explain metamorphic concepts and rock types to students.
This document discusses metamorphism and metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks form from existing igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks through heat, pressure, and chemically reactive fluids. Metamorphism progresses incrementally and involves the growth of new minerals and deformation of existing ones. Metamorphism occurs in various settings like contact, regional, and burial metamorphism. Factors like heat, pressure, and fluids drive changes in mineralogy and texture. Metamorphic grade is indicated by index minerals and results in foliated and non-foliated rock types.
This document provides an overview of the physical properties of minerals. It begins with an introduction defining minerals and dividing them into rock-forming and ore-forming categories. The main section then discusses 13 physical properties of minerals including color, streak, lustre, hardness, habit, cleavage, fracture, feel, tenacity, magnetism, fluorescence, specific gravity and form. Each property is explained and examples are provided. The document concludes with comparison tables showing properties of common minerals like pyrite, hematite, magnetite and bauxite.
1) Minerals are naturally formed solid substances with a crystal structure that are not alive and have a definite volume and shape.
2) All minerals share characteristics of being formed by natural processes, having a unique chemical makeup, and being made up of particles arranged in a repeating crystal pattern.
3) Minerals are grouped based on their chemical composition, with the most abundant group being silicates containing oxygen and silica like quartz and mica.
Ever wondered what makes the industrial minerals market tick? Just how does it differ from the metal minerals market? Thinking of investing in industrial minerals?
Industrial Minerals Basics: Executive Primer is a concise overview presentation for a quick but informed assessment of key elements of the industrial minerals business. Ideal as an introduction for first timers, or as a refresher for those already in the business.
Contents:
What are industrial minerals?
Why are they so important?
How is the market structured?
How is the market driven?
Summary
Which key factors influence success?
Please contact me with any questions or comments: mike@modriscollminerals.com
This document provides an overview of gemstones, including their physical and optical properties, shapes and cuts, and synthetics and simulants. It discusses the key properties used to identify gemstones such as crystal habit, specific gravity, hardness, refractive index, and luminescence. Different cutting styles including cabochon and faceted cuts are described. The document also covers synthetic gemstones which mimic natural stones, and simulants which have similar appearances but different properties. It aims to equip gemologists with the knowledge to distinguish natural gems from synthetics or enhanced stones.
The document summarizes key concepts from chapters 4-6 about rocks and minerals. It defines minerals as naturally occurring inorganic solids with specific chemical compositions and crystalline structures. It describes the formation of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks and how their characteristics are influenced by cooling rates, pressure, heat, and other factors. Identification properties of minerals like color, luster, hardness, and cleavage are also outlined.
This lesson discusses what minerals and rocks are. It tackles various types of minerals and rocks. It discusses the rock cycle and how it produces the different kinds of rocks on our planet.
Metamorphic rocks form when other rocks are subjected to heat and pressure, causing their mineral composition and texture to change. Heat sources include magma and Earth's interior, while pressure results from tectonic plate movement or overlying rock layers. There are two types of metamorphism: contact metamorphism near magma intrusions and regional metamorphism over large areas during mountain building. Metamorphic rocks are either foliated with parallel mineral bands like slate, phyllite, and schist, or non-foliated like marble and quartzite.
This document discusses metamorphism and metamorphic rocks. It defines metamorphism as the change in rocks due to increases in temperature and pressure. There are different types of metamorphism including contact, regional, and cataclastic metamorphism. Regional metamorphism occurs over large areas and results in strongly foliated rocks like slates, schists and gneisses. The document describes the different grades of metamorphism from low to high and the typical minerals formed. It also discusses structures in metamorphic rocks like foliation and banding. In conclusion, different metamorphic rocks like slates, schists and gneisses have various economic uses as building materials.
This document provides information about minerals and their properties. It defines minerals as naturally occurring solids with a crystal structure and definite chemical composition. Minerals form through crystallization as magma or solutions cool. They can crystallize on the surface through evaporation or underground as magma cools. The size of mineral crystals depends on the cooling rate, with slower cooling deep underground producing larger crystals. Minerals have many uses including in jewelry, metals, construction materials, and tools. Metals are extracted from ores through mining and smelting to remove the metal.
Garnet is a group of six silicate minerals that are isomorphous and never occur in pure form. They vary slightly in properties but can be indistinguishable without analysis. Garnets have the general formula X3Y2(SiO4)3 and consist of silicon tetrahedrons linked to distorted metal octahedrons, forming a cubic crystal structure. They commonly occur as dodecahedrons or trapezohedrons and vary in color from red to green to black. Garnets are used as abrasives, for water jet cutting, filtration, and as gemstones due to their variety of colors and hardness.
Metamorphism occurs when rocks undergo changes in temperature and pressure due to burial or intrusion. There are several types of metamorphism that produce different textures and minerals depending on factors like stress, fluids, time, and temperature/pressure conditions. Regional metamorphism results from tectonic forces building mountains and produces foliated rocks through recrystallization and deformation. Plate tectonics drives metamorphism through processes like subduction and burial that subject rocks to high pressures and temperatures.
1. Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic crystalline solids with a definite chemical composition.
2. Minerals form repeating patterns within crystals that can be cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, or triclinic.
3. Physical properties of minerals include color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, and fracture.
This document discusses minerals, their economic importance, depletion, and the need for conservation. It notes that minerals are essential resources but non-renewable, as their formation occurs over millions of years. While minerals provide the base for industry and jobs, the large-scale exploitation since the Industrial Revolution has resulted in decreasing supplies and increasing demand. Conservation efforts are needed to use minerals sustainably and reduce waste so they can last for future generations.
This document provides an overview of the mineral olivine, beginning with its classification as a nesosilicate. It describes olivine's isolated tetrahedral structure and solid solution with forsterite and fayalite. Physical and optical properties of both minerals are outlined. The document discusses olivine's significance in petrology as a mantle constituent and provenance indicator. High-pressure polymorphs and economic uses of olivine are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of rocks and minerals. It begins by defining minerals as natural inorganic substances composed of elements arranged in crystalline structures. It notes that minerals are found in all rocks and can be exploited as ores. Most minerals make up rocks but some are gemstones. It then defines rocks as consolidated substances made of minerals, rock pieces, or fossils. Rocks form through geological processes at and below the Earth's surface. They can be categorized based on their appearance, composition, and formation process. The document outlines the three main rock groups - sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic - and the dynamic recycling of rocks through weathering, erosion, burial, deformation, melting and uplift.
Minerals' physical properties that distinguish every mineral including:
Color
Streak
Hardness
Cleavage
Fracture
Crystalline Structure
Luster
Others
and how to make difference between two minerals
This document discusses rock forming minerals and their properties. It defines what constitutes a mineral and compares minerals to rocks. It then describes several key physical properties of minerals that can be used for identification, including luster and transparency, color and streak, cleavage, fracture and parting, hardness, and density. Specific examples are provided to illustrate different types of each property. The document also notes that over 4000 minerals have been identified but only around 50 are abundant, with most composed of oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium. Minerals are classified based on their dominant anion such as silicates, carbonates, sulfides, oxides, sulfates and halides.
Igneous rock textures are controlled by cooling rate, with rapid cooling resulting in smaller crystals and slower cooling allowing larger crystals to form. Textures provide information about cooling/crystallization rates and phase relations during crystallization. Textures describe grain features like size, shape, orientation, and boundaries, seen in hand samples or microscopically. Common textures include phaneritic (with evident crystals), porphyritic (with larger phenocrysts in fine-grained groundmass), and graphic (with exsolved minerals forming angular shapes). Compositionally zoned crystals also occur.
1. Wall rock alteration occurs when hot hydrothermal fluids interact with surrounding country rocks, changing their mineralogy. There are two main types: hypogene alteration from ascending fluids and supergene alteration from descending waters.
2. Alteration products depend on the rock character, fluid properties like pH and temperature/pressure conditions. Important reactions include hydrolysis, hydration, dechlorination, silication, and decarbonation.
3. Different alteration types are associated with certain deposit types, like potassic alteration with porphyry copper deposits and greisenization indicating tin or tungsten. Original rock type influences prevalent alteration, such as sericitization and silicification in acidic rocks.
This document discusses metamorphism and metamorphic rocks. It defines metamorphism as a change in shape of pre-existing rocks due to heat and pressure below the surface. It describes different types of metamorphism including contact, dynamic, and regional metamorphism. It also defines foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rocks, providing examples like slate, schist, and gneiss. The document aims to explain metamorphic concepts and rock types to students.
This document discusses metamorphism and metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks form from existing igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks through heat, pressure, and chemically reactive fluids. Metamorphism progresses incrementally and involves the growth of new minerals and deformation of existing ones. Metamorphism occurs in various settings like contact, regional, and burial metamorphism. Factors like heat, pressure, and fluids drive changes in mineralogy and texture. Metamorphic grade is indicated by index minerals and results in foliated and non-foliated rock types.
This document provides an overview of the physical properties of minerals. It begins with an introduction defining minerals and dividing them into rock-forming and ore-forming categories. The main section then discusses 13 physical properties of minerals including color, streak, lustre, hardness, habit, cleavage, fracture, feel, tenacity, magnetism, fluorescence, specific gravity and form. Each property is explained and examples are provided. The document concludes with comparison tables showing properties of common minerals like pyrite, hematite, magnetite and bauxite.
1) Minerals are naturally formed solid substances with a crystal structure that are not alive and have a definite volume and shape.
2) All minerals share characteristics of being formed by natural processes, having a unique chemical makeup, and being made up of particles arranged in a repeating crystal pattern.
3) Minerals are grouped based on their chemical composition, with the most abundant group being silicates containing oxygen and silica like quartz and mica.
This document discusses the potential for using rice hulls as a source of biosilica. It summarizes a process developed by ChK Group to convert rice hulls into high-purity biosilica and generate process heat and power. Biosilica can be used as a renewable additive in high-performance concrete to improve strength and durability. The document outlines plans to commercialize the ChK process and use of biosilica in concrete and other applications like producing zeolites.
This document discusses nanophase manganese oxide (NMO) particles, specifically NMO-V particles which are violet in color. NMO-V particles in the nanometer size range were stabilized using phenylenediamine compounds and coated onto various fabrics to impart antibacterial properties. Testing showed the NMO-V coated fabrics were effective at killing both algae and bacteria. Potential applications of the antibacterial NMO-V coated fabrics include safety garments, tents, air and water filters, hospital bedding, and smart sensors.
Evaporites are sedimentary rocks that form when water evaporates from an aqueous solution, leaving behind mineral deposits. There are two types: marine evaporites, which form from ocean water, and non-marine evaporites, which form from inland bodies of water. Minerals precipitate from solution in reverse order of solubility as the water evaporates. Common evaporite minerals include halite, gypsum, and anhydrite. Evaporites are economically important as sources of minerals and because some formations can trap oil and gas deposits.
Fire Clay Bricks - Exporters provides technical specifications for fire clay bricks they export, including maximum and minimum percentages for components like AI2O3 and Fe2O3, minimum bulk density and cold crushing strength, and minimum refractory use limit temperature of 1300 degrees Centigrade. They can supply good quality bricks that meet the specifications, palletized or not palletized, and provide contact information for trade inquiries via email and WhatsApp.
Arthur Godsell enjoys skeet and clay shooting in his free time. Clay targets come in various shapes and sizes, from standard 110mm diameter disks to smaller mini and midi targets. Different sized and shaped targets are used to add difficulty, as rabbit targets hop along the ground and battue targets fall quickly in the air despite their standard size.
weathering is the process of disintegration (physical breakdown) and decomposition (chemical breakdown) of rocks and minerals. In physical weathering, rocks are reduced in size but the chemical composition remains unaltered. In contrast, chemical weathering alter the chemical composition of rocks by changing the mineral constitutes. In weathering, primary minerals are decomposed to form secondary minerals. Weathering plays a vital role in soil formation.
Clay is fine particles that form from weathered rocks and minerals. Ancient cultures discovered clay could be shaped and used to make pottery as early as 8,000 BCE in the Middle East. There are two main types of clay - primary kaolin clay found where it was originally formed, and secondary clay that has eroded and been carried elsewhere. To prepare clay, it is wedged to remove air, allowed to dry to the leather-hard stage, and then fired first in a bisque firing and finally glazed and fired again to produce finished pottery. Modern kilns use gas or electricity to fire clay to the appropriate temperature indicated by pyrometric cones on a cone chart.
This document defines and describes the three main types of weathering: physical, chemical, and biological. Physical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces through temperature changes and water, such as exfoliation weathering caused by hot temperatures and freeze-thaw weathering caused by melting and freezing water. Chemical weathering occurs as acid in rainwater reacts with minerals in rocks, either slowly over time from carbonic acid or more rapidly from acid rain. Biological weathering results from plants and animals breaking rocks into fragments.
Soils are composed of minerals and organic matter and are classified based on their composition of clay, silt, sand, and loam. Soils form distinct horizontal layers called horizons, with the O horizon at the surface containing organic matter, followed by the A horizon of topsoil, then the B subsoil horizon, and the C horizon of weathered parent rock or bedrock. Rocks are composed of minerals and are classified as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic, with weathering breaking rocks down through mechanical and chemical processes to form soil in layers over the underlying parent material.
The document summarizes key mineral properties including New Hampshire's state mineral (beryl) and gem (smokey quartz). It describes physical properties such as crystal shape, luster, color, streak, hardness, cleavage, fracture and specific gravity. It also discusses major mineral groups including silicates, carbonates, oxides, sulfides, phosphates and provides examples of minerals that fall within each group.
Clay is a soft, earthy material made from eroded rocks that can be shaped using different methods like pinching, coil building, working with slabs, or throwing on a pottery wheel. Common techniques for working with clay include pinching pieces by hand, creating coil structures by rolling ropes of clay, forming flat slabs using rollers or pins, and shaping items on a spinning wheel using one's hands. Once formed, clay pieces are fired in a kiln to make them strong and permanent.
Phosphorus is the second most abundant mineral in the body, with 1kg total. 80% is found in bones and teeth, forming calcium phosphate. It plays important roles in producing ATP and other high-energy compounds, synthesizing DNA, RNA, proteins, and phospholipids, and regulating pH balance. Dietary sources include milk, cereals, vegetables, meat, and eggs. Phosphate is absorbed with help from vitamin D and acidic conditions, and excreted through reciprocal regulation with calcium levels by parathyroid hormone.
This PowerPoint presentation summarizes several different minerals and their uses. It discusses minerals such as antimony, aggregates, aluminum, asbestos, basalt, barium, beryllium, bismuth, boron, bromine, cadmium, calcium, cement, clays, and copper. For each mineral, it provides a brief description and their main industrial applications and uses. The presentation was submitted to Mr. Hernono B. Lopez Jr. at Tagoluan Community College in the Philippines by Cherry Rose P. Naelga.
Clay can be formed into objects through processes like pinching, slab building, coil building, and wheel throwing. It needs to be fired in a kiln to become permanent. The document provides instructions for making clay cottage or gingerbread house facades, including drawing a sketch, building up the front wall and triangle sides with clay, scoring and slipping pieces together, allowing it to dry, glazing it, and firing it twice in a kiln. The finished pieces can have candles placed behind them.
This document summarizes plant mineral nutrition and the nitrogen cycle. It discusses how plants absorb essential elements and classifies them as macronutrients or micronutrients. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are identified as important macronutrients. The nitrogen cycle is then described, including nitrogen fixation by nitrogen-fixing bacteria through symbiotic root nodules in legumes. The key steps of nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification are outlined.
This document provides an overview of molecular spectroscopy techniques, including rotational spectroscopy, vibrational spectroscopy, and absorption and emission spectroscopy. Rotational spectroscopy uses microwave spectroscopy to study the quantized rotational energy levels of molecules. Vibrational spectroscopy uses infrared spectroscopy to analyze the quantized vibrational energy levels of bonds as they stretch, bend, and vibrate. Absorption and emission spectroscopy examines how molecules absorb and emit photons during electronic transitions between energy levels.
The document provides an overview of minerals, including their definition, classification, properties, and importance. It discusses that minerals are the building blocks of rocks and there are over 4,000 known types. Minerals have specific physical properties like crystal structure, hardness, and cleavage that allow them to be identified. The most abundant minerals in the Earth's crust are silicates, which make up the majority of rocks.
Mineral - naturally occurring, inorganic solid with orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition.
These are the basic building blocks of rocks.
INTRODUCCIÓN A LOS ESTUDIOS DE MINERALES.pdfHenryBrown72
Introducción a los Minerales.
Manual para determinar los tipos de minerales, durante una exploración geológica.
Con este manual Usted determinara que tipo de mineral puede encontrar, de acuerdo a los indicios de tipo de roca y el análisis de mineralogía.
Es el mejor manual de cabecera para un geologo de exploraciones.
This document discusses minerals and rocks. It provides 11 physical properties and 8 chemical properties used to identify minerals, such as color, hardness, luster, crystalline structure, and chemical composition. It also defines 3 main classes of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and their distinguishing characteristics, such as their formation processes and common examples. The document aims to teach students to identify minerals based on their properties and classify rocks according to their origins.
Exogenic processes are geological processes that occur on the surface of the Earth and involve interactions with the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. They include weathering, erosion, deposition, and sedimentation.
Endogenic processes are geological processes that occur underneath Earth's surface, within the lithosphere and asthenosphere. They include plate tectonics, mountain building, volcanism, and seismic and igneous activity. Endogenic processes are driven by internal heat from the Earth's core and mantle and shape the interior of the planet independently from surface influences.
The key difference is that exogenic processes are surface processes influenced by external, near-surface factors like the atmosphere, while endogenic processes are internal processes within Earth driven
The document discusses various topics related to earth science including minerals, rocks, and rock formation processes. It defines minerals as naturally occurring inorganic solids and describes their key physical properties like crystal habit, cleavage, hardness, and chemical streak. It also explains how minerals are classified based on their chemical composition, mentioning important classes like silicates, carbonates, and oxides. The document then defines rocks as natural aggregates of minerals and classifies them as igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic. It briefly introduces the rock cycle and differences between exogenous and endogenous geological processes. Several activities are provided to classify minerals and rocks based on their given properties.
The document provides information about rocks and minerals, including reference tables to help identify different types of rocks based on their properties. It includes tables on mineral properties, igneous rock identification, sedimentary rock identification, metamorphic rock identification, and general rock cycle and geology information. Students are given practice questions to test their understanding of using the reference tables to identify rocks and minerals based on their given characteristics.
The document provides information about rocks and minerals, including reference tables to help identify different types of rocks based on their properties. It includes tables on mineral properties, igneous rock identification, sedimentary rock identification, metamorphic rock identification, and general rock cycle and geology information. Students are given practice questions to test their understanding of using the reference tables to identify rocks and minerals based on descriptions of their characteristics.
This document provides information about rocks and minerals. It discusses the different types of minerals based on their physical properties like hardness, color, streak, luster, density and crystalline structure. It also describes different types of rocks like igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks and how they are formed. The rock cycle shows how different rock types can be transformed into one another over geological time periods. The document also briefly discusses some valuable mineral deposits found in the Philippines.
Rocks and minerals for grade 11; Earth and life sciencesknip xin
please don't forget to like and leave your comments. this presentation is about rocks and minerals, grade 11, earth and life sciences; senior high school
The document discusses various topics related to earth science and geology. It begins by defining earth science and life science. It then provides information on the age of the universe, theories of earth's formation, and different geologic processes. The last sections discuss the continental drift theory and plate tectonics, explaining how continents move and interact at plate boundaries through convergent, divergent, and transform boundaries. Overall, the document provides a broad overview of concepts in earth science, geology, and theories of earth's development and changing landscape over time.
This document provides information on identifying common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties. It begins with an introduction to the learning competency and objectives. It then discusses the key physical properties used to identify minerals, including luster, hardness, crystal form, color, streak, cleavage, specific gravity, and other properties. It also covers the main chemical properties and groups of minerals, such as silicates, oxides, sulfates, sulfides, carbonates, native elements, and halides. The document provides examples and diagrams to illustrate mineral properties and identification techniques.
This document discusses minerals of the Earth's crust. It defines a mineral as a natural, inorganic, crystalline solid. There are over 3,000 types of minerals, but only 20 are common, and a few like quartz make up 90% of the crust. Minerals are classified as silicates, which contain silicon and oxygen and make up 96% of the crust, or nonsilicates which do not contain silicon. All minerals have a definite crystalline structure and shape. Earth scientists identify minerals through tests of their characteristics such as color, hardness, crystal shape, and density.
This document provides information about mineralogy, including the definition of a mineral, modes of mineral formation, crystallography, physical properties of minerals, and important rock-forming mineral groups. It discusses how minerals form from magma, secondary processes, and metamorphism. It also summarizes symmetry in crystals, Mohs hardness scale, cleavage, fracture, isomorphism, and silicate mineral structures. Major rock-forming silicates like feldspars, pyroxenes, and amphiboles are described in terms of their crystal systems, chemical compositions, and physical characteristics.
The document provides an overview of minerals, including their key characteristics and classification. It discusses that minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with definite crystalline structures. They form from magma or solutions and there are over 3000 types found in the Earth's crust. Minerals are classified into groups based on their chemical composition, with examples including silicates like quartz and mica, carbonates like limestone, and oxides like hematite. The document also outlines several properties used to identify minerals, such as color, luster, hardness, cleavage, and reaction to acid.
The document discusses the composition and characteristics of minerals that make up the Earth's crust. Minerals are naturally occurring substances composed of elements and ions bonded together. They are solid, inorganic compounds with defined chemical compositions. Common minerals include quartz, feldspar, calcite, and many others. Minerals can be classified based on their chemical makeup and physical properties such as color, hardness, crystal structure, and streak. Together minerals constitute the solid rocky materials that form the Earth's crust.
Minerals have various physical and chemical properties that are used to identify and classify them. Physically, minerals can be described by their crystal habit, luster, cleavage, hardness, color, and streak. Chemically, minerals may be classified as native elements, silicates, oxides, sulfides, sulfates, halides, carbonates, phosphates or mineraloids depending on their chemical composition and structure. Key properties include how minerals react with acid or dissolve in water. Minerals play an important role in everyday life and examples can be found in many common materials and products.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
2. The earth is made of rocks, which are in turn made of
minerals. In this part of the course we'll learn how
to identify common minerals and rocks.
In order for something to be classified as a mineral, it
must meet five (5) criterion:
Minerals are:
· 1. Naturally occurring,
· 2. Inorganic,
· 3. Have known chemical compositions
· 4. Have definite physical properties.
5. Are solid
·
They are usually (although not always) crystalline.
3. Mineral Classification
Minerals are classified based on chemical composition and crystal structure.
Minerals are made of different ions bonded together.
Ions are charged atoms
• Cations are positively charged whereas
• Anions are negatively charged
Common ions in earth's crust:
O - most common ion (anion)
Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg, (Cations)
Minerals are made mainly of these ions
Crystal structure
Crystal structure depends on sizes of and charges on ions
Polymorphs -- same chemical composition, different crystal structures
Mafic silicate minerals
Most common minerals are silicates
4. Crystal structure
Crystal structure depends on sizes of and charges on
ions
Most common mineral group is the silicates
All silicate minerals contain silicon and oxygen
1. Mafic silicate minerals contain iron or magnesium and
are dark in color.
Examples: olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite
mica
2. Felsic silicates don't contain magnesium or iron, and
are light in color.
Examples: feldspar, quartz, clay minerals, muscovite
6. Silicate mineral structures
Basic building block: silica tetrahedron
Silica tetrahedron is a silicon ion bonded to 4 oxygen ions
Silicon is positively charged (+4)
Oxygen is negatively charged (-2)
Net charge on tetrahedron: -4
Because entire tetrahedron is negatively charged, it is
attracted to cations
Tetrahedra may link together by a cation (e.g. Mg, Fe, Na,
Ca, K) serving as a bridge, or may link together by
sharing oxygens
8. Isolated tetrahedral structure
Cations serve as links between tetrahedra; no sharing of oxygens
e.g. olivine, and garnet, which also happen to be mafic silicates
Single chain silicates
Adjacent tetrahedra form a chain by sharing 2 of their oxygens with
neighboring tetrahedra
e.g. pyroxenes, which also happen to be mafic silicates
Double chain silicates
Two chains can link up by sharing oxygens
e.g. amphiboles, which are mafic silicates too
Sheet silicates
Sheets are formed when each tetrahedron shares 3 of its oxygens with its
neighbors
e.g. micas, biotite (mafic) and muscovite (non-mafic), and clay minerals, which
are non-mafic silicates
Framework silicates
Every oxygen in each tetrahedron is shared to form 3-D framework
e.g. feldspar, quartz, which are also non-mafic
9.
10.
11. Common non-silicate minerals
Fluorite – used as a toothpaste additive
Calcite -- calcium carbonate -- Limestone is made of calcite.
Dolomite -- calcium magnesium carbonate
Gypsum -- calcium sulfate
Galena -- lead sulfide
Pyrite -- iron sulfide
Halite -- sodium chloride (table salt)
12.
13. How to Identify Minerals: Physical Properties
Geologists determine the identity of an unknown mineral by describing its
physical properties. They then use a reference book to find out what
mineral has those properties. We will learn to describe the physical
properties.
1. Habit refers to the overall shape of the mineral. Scientists use terms
like: "equant" (3 dimensions of the mineral have about the same
length, like a cube or sphere), “elongate" (one direction is long but
the other 2 are short, like a pencil), or "platy" (one dimension is
short, other 2 are long like a sheet of paper)
Isolated tetrahedra & framework silicate minerals tend to be equant
in habit; chain silicates tend to be elongate, sheet silicates are platy
2. Luster refers to the light reflected off of the mineral and its overall
quality. Minerals can be termed: glassy, opaque, transparent, shiny,
or most commonly: metallic and non-metallic.
One of the first determinations a geologist must make is whether the
mineral in metallic or non-metallic.
15. Cleavage
Refers to very smooth, flat, shiny breakage surfaces
These special breakage surfaces correspond to zones of
weak bonding in the crystal structure.
To describe cleavage, one must determine the number of
unique cleavage planes (directions) and their angle with
respect to each other (e.g. salt breaks into cubes, with
cleavage in 3 directions, all at 90 degrees)
NO
cleavage
16. Hardness
Refers to "scratchability" or resistance to being scratched. Harder
minerals will scratch softer minerals.
Geologists rank minerals according to hardness using the Moh's scale
Moh's Hardness Scale (Commit this to memory)
1.0 TALC
2.0 GYPSUM
2.5 FINGERNAIL
3.0 CALCITE
3.5 COPPER PENNY
4.0 FLUORITE (Note the spelling!)
5.0 APATITE
5.5 STEEL KNIFE BLADE/GLASS PLATE
6.0 ORTHOCLASE FELDSPAR
7.0 QUARTZ
8.0 TOPAZ
9.0 CORUNDUM (RUBY)
10.0 DIAMOND
17. Color
Varies in many minerals, e.g. quartz
VERY unreliable.
Some minerals come in just one color;
other are many colors/many varieties.
Streak
Refers to color of mark left by rubbing mineral against a
streak plate (unglazed porcelain). Streak does not vary
even if color does.
Other Properties
Some minerals are magnetic (i.e., magnetite)
Some minerals effervesce ("fizz") in dilute acid (calcite)
Specific gravity (like density) galena has a high specific
gravity.
19. Pertinent Web Sites
Amateur Mineralogy Links
A very extensive listing of links to sites related to mineralogy.
Ask a Geologist
If you have questions, a professional geologist is here to help.
Ecole des Mines de Paris Mineralogy
Here are some beautiful mineral pictures from a museum in Paris.
Gems and Precious Stones
Jill Banfield's (University of Wisconsin-Madison) integrated body of information about gems and gemstones.
Gold Institute
A good commercial site with a lot of information about gold.
Gold Prospecting
A good source for information about recreational gold prospecting.
Mineral and Gemstone Kingdom
This site contains a comprehensive list of minerals and their properties.
Mineral and Rock Description (National Park Service)
Mineral and rock photographs and descriptions from the National Park Service.
Mineral Data Links
Links to several mineralogy related Web sites.
Mineral Descriptions and Images
The Mineral Gallery is a constantly growing collection of mineral descriptions, images, and specimens, together with several ways of
accessing these descriptions.
Mineralogy and Petrology Research on the Web
An extensive list of mineralogy and petrology resources on the Web.
Mineralogy Database
This extensive mineral database contains more than 5,000 pages of mineral data. There are 3,874 individual mineral species data
descriptions.
Mineralogy Links (University of Oxford)
An extensive listing of mineralogy and minerals related sites.
Mineral Identification Tutorial
Mineral identification tutorial from Texas A & M University.
Mineral Photographs
A comprehensive collection of mineral and gemstone photographs from The Image.
Mineral Resources Program (USGS)
The USGS Mineral Resources Program is responsible for providing and communicating current, unbiased information on the occurrence,
quality, quantity, and availability of mineral resources.
Minerals Links (Houghton Mifflin)
20. Minerals Links (NAGT)
An extensive listing of mineral links arranged by topic from the National Association of Geology Teachers (NAGT).
Minerals Links (University of Würzburg)
An extensive listing of mineral links including mineral descriptions and thin section images.
Minerals (Mineralogical Society of America)
The Mineralogical Society of America web site offers a good, general description of mineral properties, classification, etc. directed primarily
toward K-12 grade students.
Minerals (Trinity Mineral Company)
Beautiful photos of rare minerals offered for sale by the Trinity Mineral Company.
Minerals Information (USGS)
United States Geologic Survey (USGS) statistics and information on the worldwide supply, demand, and flow of minerals and materials essential
to the U.S. economy, the national security, and protection of the environment.
Minerals on the Internet
A wide variety of minerals-related sites sorted into relevant categories from Tasa Graphic Arts, Inc.
Mining and Mineral Resources
A great source for information about mining of mineral resources, mining news and trends, etc.
National Mining Association
The National Mining Association (NMA) represents the mining industry, mining equipment manufacturers, and other mining-related businesses,
throughout the United States.
Periodic Table of the Elements
In addition to listing a wealth of information about each element, this location also lists and describes numerous compounds.
21. Periodic Table of the Elements II
A great source for information on the elements.
Resource Fact Sheets (USGS)
United States Geological survey (USGS) activities in the natural resources theme area inventory the occurrence and assess the quantity and
quality of natural resources. Activities also include monitoring changes to natural resources, understanding the processes that form and affect
them, and forecasting the changes that may be expected in the future.
Resources from Space
University of Wisconsin course notes with links to several essays about resources from space.
Resource Sustainability
An essay that examines the future of Earth's resources.
Rock and Mineral Collecting (USGS)
Selected references on rocks, minerals, and gemstones from the United States Geological Survey (USGS).
Rockhounds Information Page
The Rockhounds Information Page offers many links to mineral and rock related Websites.
Smithsonian Gem & Mineral Collection
Images of mineral and gemstone specimens found in the Smithsonian Institution. (Not an official Smithsonian site)
Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration, Inc.
The Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration (SME) is an international society of professionals in the minerals industry.
Society of Economic Geologists
The Society of Economic Geologists, Inc. (SEG) is an international organization of individual members with interests in the field of economic
geology.
State Minerals Information (USGS)
Statistics and information on the supply, demand, and flow of minerals and materials essential to the U.S. economy, the national security, and
protection of the environment from the United States Geological Survey (USGS).
22. Technical University of Clausthal
This site at a German university also shows some excellent mineral pictures.
Virtual Atlas of Opaque and Ore Minerals
This site provides over 400 full colour photomicrographs of the major ore-forming associations and opaque minerals in non-mineralized
rocks. It describes typical examples of each material from many classical localities throughout the world. For each association there is a
listing of the major (and important minor) primary ore minerals, alteration products and gangue, typical textures, a brief discussion of the
geology of the association and a list of references.
World Lecture Hall (University of Texas at Austin)
The World Lecture Hall features links to online courses in the United States and Canada.
Simplest to use for Mineral I.D. Lab:
Virtual Rock Bag
http://comp.uark.edu/~sboss/vrockbag.htm#minerals