1) A microprocessor is a CPU built on a single chip and forms the basis of microcomputers which contain a single microprocessor. 2) Early microprocessors contained the CPU, memory, and I/O on a single chip while later models separated components onto multiple chips. 3) Microprocessors are used in computers, industrial automation, appliances, scientific/engineering applications, and more.

1. MICROPROCESSOR &
ARCHITECTURE
By
K.THAMIZHSELVI
Asst. Prof. of Computer Science

2. MICROPROCESSOR
• CPU built on a single chip – Microprocessor
• A digital computer that has one
microprocessor - Microcomputer

3. EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR

4. 1.4 Single-Chip/Multi-Chip Microprocessors
•Putting a CPU, ROM, RAM, and data input/output
circuitry into a single IC will make a single-chip
microprocessor.
•Single-chip microprocessors come compact and
cheap, but do not allow users to choose built-in
functions at their option.
•Single-chip microprocessors are also known
as "microcomputer units (MCUs)," because they are
made of a single IC.

6. Applications of Microprocessor
• CPU of Computer
• Automatic Control in industries
• Commercial and consumer appliances control
• Control temperature in oven, electric motors,
boiler etc
• Ticket reservations
• Optical bar code to identify objects
• Scientific and engineering calculations

7. BUSES
• Various i/p, o/p, memory devices are
connected to CPU through lines – Bus
• A bus that connects all the internal computer
components to the CPU and main memory.
• TYPES:
– Address Bus
– Data Bus
– Control Bus

9. • Address bus – carry address of memory
location that CPU wants to access.
• Data bus – transfer data b/w processor,
memory and i/o devices
• Control bus carry control signals b/w CPU and
memory and i/o devices

10. Memory addressing Capability
• The addressing capabilities of CPU = 2n bytes
• Memory addressing Capability of CPU
depends on width of its address bus
• n address line – 2n memory locations
• 16 address line – 216 = 64K
• 32 address line – 232 = 4GB

11. Processor architecture
• Von-Neumann Architecture
• Harvard Architecture
• Dataflow Architecture

12. Von-Neumann Architecture
• John Von-Neumann – idea of digital computer
and storing data
• Von Neumann architecture is based on the
stored-program computer concept, where
instruction data and program data are stored
in the same memory.
• Program is executed in sequential manner.

14. Harvard Architecture
• Harvard Architecture has separate instruction
memory and data memory.
• Both have separate data path.
• This increase the speed of the processor.

15. Dataflow Architecture
• Data flow or data driven processor does not
need program counter.
• Instructions are executed based on the
availability of the data
• Data flow architecture is a part of Von-
neumann model of computation which
consists of a single program counter,
sequential execution and control flow which
determines fetch, execution, commit order.