This document provides an introduction to microprocessors including definitions, components, and applications. It discusses that a microprocessor is the central processing unit of a computer built on a single integrated circuit. It contains the arithmetic logic unit, control unit and registers. The document outlines the evolution of microprocessors from 4-bit to 32-bit models. It describes the basic components of a microcomputer including the address bus, data bus, and control bus. Finally, it discusses many applications of microprocessors in devices, industrial systems, transportation, computers, medical equipment, and more.

1. INTRODUCTIONTO
MICROPROCESSOR

2. Microprocessor
• Computer's Central Processing Unit (CPU) built on a single Integrated Circuit (IC) is
called a microprocessor.
• Microprocessor is the brain of computer, which does all the work.
• A digital computer with one microprocessor which acts as a CPU is called microcomputer.
• It is a programmable, multipurpose, clock -driven, register-based electronic device that
reads binary instructions from a storage device called memory, accepts binary data as
input and processes data according to those instructions and provides results as output.
• The microprocessor contains millions of tiny components like transistors, registers, and
diodes that work together.
• The microprocessors of laptops and smartphones are general purpose whereas ones
designed for graphical processing or machine vision are specialized ones.

3. Micro Computer

5. • Address Bus:
• It carries the address, which is a unique binary pattern used to identify a
memory location or an I/O port.
• For example, an eight bit address bus has eight lines and thus it can address
28 = 256 different locations.
• The locations in hexadecimal format can be written as 00H – FFH.
• Data Bus:
• The data bus is used to transfer data between memory and processor or
between I/O device and processor.
• For example, an 8-bit processor will generally have an 8-bit data bus and a 16-
bit processor will have 16-bit data bus.
• Control Bus:
• The control bus carry control signals, which consists of signals for selection of
memory or I/O device from the given address, direction of data transfer and
synchronization of data transfer in case of slow devices.

6. Evolution of Microprocessors
• 4-bit Microprocessors
• The first microprocessor was introduced in 1971 by Intel Corp. It was named Intel 4004 as it
was a 4 bit processor. It was a processor on a single chip.
• It could perform simple arithmetic and logic operations such as addition, subtraction, Boolean
AND and Boolean OR.
• It had a control unit capable of performing control functions like fetching an instruction from
memory, decoding it, and generating control pulses to execute it.
• It was able to operate on 4 bits of data at a time.
• This first microprocessor was quite a success in industry. Soon other microprocessors were also
introduced. Intel introduced the enhanced version of 4004, the 4040.
• 8-bit Microprocessors
• The first 8 bit microprocessor which could perform arithmetic and logic operations on 8 bit
words was introduced in 1973 again by Intel.
• This was Intel 8008 and was later followed by an improved version, Intel 8088. Some other 8 bit
processors are Zilog-80 and Motorola M6800.

7. Evolution of Microprocessors
• 16-bit Microprocessors
• The 8-bit processors were followed by 16 bit processors. They are Intel 8086 and 80286.
• 32-bit Microprocessors
• The 32 bit microprocessors were introduced by several companies but the most popular
one is Intel 80386.
• Pentium Series
• Instead of 80586, Intel came out with a new processor namely Pentium processor.
• Its performance is closer to RISC performance. Pentium was followed by Pentium Pro
CPU.
• Pentium Pro allows multiple CPUs in a single system in order to achieve multiprocessing
Cont…….

8. Terminology of Microprocessors
• Ports:
• To interface actual physical devices to the computer buses.
• Input Port:
• Allows data to read from keyboard, an A/D converter, or some other sources
• Output Port:
• Used to send data from the computer to some peripheral, such as display device, printer, D/A
converter.

10. Mnemonics: A combination of letters to suggest the operation of an
instruction.
Program: A set of instructions written in specific sequence for the computer
to accomplish a given task.

11. Memory
Microprocessor has two types of memory
•RAM − Random Access Memory is volatile memory that gets erased when power is switched off.
All data and instructions are stored in RAM.
•ROM − Read Only Memory is non-volatile memory whose data remains intact even after power is
switched off. Microprocessor can read from it any time it wants but cannot write to it. It is
preprogrammed with most essential data like booting sequence by the manufacturer.

12. Features of Microprocessor
• Low Cost –
• Due to integrated circuit technology microprocessors are available at very low cost. It will reduce the cost of a computer system.
• High Speed –
• Due to the technology involved in it, the microprocessor can work at very high speed. It can execute millions of instructions per
second.
• Small Size –
• A microprocessor is fabricated in a very less footprint due to very large scale and ultra large scale integration technology.
Because of this, the size of the computer system is reduced.
• Versatile –
• The same chip can be used for several applications, therefore, microprocessors are versatile.
• Low Power Consumption –
• Microprocessors are using metal oxide semiconductor technology, which consumes less power.
• Less Heat Generation –
• Microprocessors uses semiconductor technology which will not emit much heat as compared to vacuum tube devices.
• Reliable –
• Since microprocessors use semiconductor technology, therefore, the failure rate is very less. Hence it is very reliable.
• Portable –
• Due to the small size and low power consumption microprocessors are portable.

13. Microprocessor Applications
• A microprocessor makes daily life easier because of its low cost, low power, small weight, and vast application in
every field.
Household Devices
• The programmable thermostat allows the control of temperature at homes.
• High-end coffee makers, Washing machines, and radio clocks contain microprocessor technology.
• Some other home items that contain microprocessors are: microwaves, toasters, televisions, VCRs, DVD
players, ovens, stoves, clothes washers, stereo systems, home computers, alarm clocks, hand-held game
devices, thermostats, video game systems, bread machines, dishwashers, home lighting systems and even
some refrigerators with digital temperature control.
Industrial Applications of Microprocessors
• cars, boats, planes, trucks, heavy machinery, elevators, gasoline pumps, credit-card processing units, traffic
control devices, computer servers, most high tech medical devices, surveillance systems, security systems, and
even some doors with automatic entry.
Transportation Industry
• Automobiles, trains and planes also use microprocessor technology
• Navigation systems provide information using microprocessors and global positioning system (GPS)
technology.

14. Microprocessor Applications
• Computers and Electronics
• Microprocessor-drives technology is the brain of the computer. They are used in all type of computers ranging from
microcomputers to supercomputers.
• A cell phone or mobile device executes game instructions by way of the microprocessor.
• VCRs, televisions and gaming platforms also contain microprocessors for executing complex instructions and tasks.
• In Medicals
• Many medical devices, like an insulin pump, are typically controlled by a microprocessor. The microprocessors perform
various functions, such as processing data from bio-sensors, storing measurements, and analyzing results.
• Instrumentation
• Microprocessor is also very useful in the field of instrumentation. Function generators, frequency counters, frequency
synthesizers, spectrum analyses and many other instruments are available, when microprocessors are used as controller.
• Entertainment
• The use of microprocessor in entertainment equipment, toys and home entertaining applications is making them more
useful and full of features.
Cont…….

15. Microprocessor Applications
• Embedded Systems at Home
• A number of modern devices in the home are microprocessor based i.e. camera; washing machines;
calculators; hi-fi systems; telephones; microwave ovens; burglar alarms etc.
• The input are usually simple numeric keyboards, sensors, buttons or while the output include lights, simple
LCD screens displays, motors and relays, LEDs, buzzers etc.
• Office Automation and Publication
• Microprocessor based system with software packages has changed the office environment.
• Microprocessors based systems are being used for spread sheet operations, word processing, storage etc.
• The Publication technology has revolutionized by the microprocessor.
• Communication
• In communication the telephone industry is most important.
• In this industry, microprocessors are used in digital telephone sets, telephone exchanges and modem etc.
• The use of microprocessor in satellite communication, television, has made teleconferencing possible.
• Railway reservation and airline reservation system also uses microprocessor technology.
• WAN (Wide Area Network) and LAN (Local Area Network) for communication of vertical information through
computer network.
Cont…….