Microbiology of sewage and sewage treatment
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
34 likes•21,943 views
Sewage or wastewater contains water and solids separated from various sources like domestic, industrial, and stormwater runoff. It contains pathogens and organic material. Treatment aims to remove solids, reduce biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and eliminate pathogens through primary, secondary, and sometimes tertiary processes. Primary treatment removes 50% of solids and 25% of BOD through settling. Secondary treatment further reduces BOD through microbial degradation. Sludge from primary treatment is anaerobically digested by microbes to produce methane and reduce pathogens before disposal or reuse. Disinfection with chemicals or UV light is sometimes applied before releasing the treated water.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Aeromicrobiology
this will put a light on air microbiology, air microbes, airborne diseases and factors that influence the bioaerosols.
Water zonation
Freshwater bodies can be divided into zones based on environmental factors like depth and sunlight penetration. The major zones are:
1) The littoral zone near the shoreline, which receives nutrients from runoff and supports plant and algae growth.
2) The limnetic zone in open water, divided into the euphotic zone near the surface with sunlight and oxygen, and the deeper profundal zone without sunlight below the thermocline.
3) The benthic zone along the bottom consists of sediments and decomposes organic matter from the other zones.
Marine environments also exhibit zonation. The water column is divided horizontally into neritic and oceanic zones, and vertically into phot
Microorganism & Water Pollution
1. Water is essential for life and supports all living organisms, but it can become polluted from various human and natural sources.
2. Microorganisms play important roles in water, including as primary producers, decomposers, and indicators of water quality. Phytoplankton, zooplankton, periphyton, benthos, and saprotrophic bacteria and fungi are some of the main types of microorganisms found in water.
3. Water pollution occurs when waste disposal or other human activities change the physical or chemical properties of water, making it unsuitable for uses like drinking, agriculture, or recreation. Sources of water pollution include industrial, domestic, agricultural, and mining activities.
Aquatic microbiology
Describes the microbiology of fresh water ecosystems especially lentic environments such as lakes and wetlands.
Microbial Ecology
This document outlines the course content for a course on microbial ecology. It covers 5 units: (1) microbes and ecological theory, (2) microorganisms in ecosystems, (3) physiological adaptations of microorganisms, (4) bioconversion, and (5) microbial interactions. Unit 1 defines key terms like ecosystem, habitat, niche, and discusses colonization and succession. It provides examples of succession on cellophane films, dung, and human hair. The overall objective of the course is to study microbial community dynamics and interactions between microbes, plants, animals and their environments.
Microbial flora of the aquatic env
This document discusses the microbial flora found in aquatic environments. It begins by defining microbial flora and the different types of aquatic environments, including marine, freshwater, and wetland ecosystems. The main types of microorganisms found in aquatic environments are plankton and benthic microorganisms. Sources of microbes in aquatic systems include runoff from soil, agricultural activities, industrial discharge, and human or animal waste. Microbes have adapted traits like capsules, plasmids, and flagella to survive in different aquatic conditions such as temperature, salinity, pressure, and oxygen levels.
Aquatic microbiology
Aquatic microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms like bacteria, viruses, and fungi that live in freshwater and saltwater environments. These microorganisms are found throughout aquatic systems, from rivers and lakes to oceans and even hot springs. They play important roles like breaking down organic matter, recycling nutrients, and providing food for other aquatic life. Aquatic microorganisms also impact humans through activities like water purification in sewage treatment.
Sources of microorganisms in air
The document discusses sources of microorganisms in air. It states that the main sources are soil, water, plant and animal surfaces, and human beings. Microbes from these sources enter the air through environmental factors like wind and water, or human activities like digging and talking. Once airborne, microbes can exist as droplets, droplet nuclei, or infectious dust, with droplet nuclei able to remain suspended the longest. The largest source is human beings through sneezing, coughing, and other activities that expel microbes from our respiratory tracts in bioaerosols.
Recommended
Aeromicrobiology
this will put a light on air microbiology, air microbes, airborne diseases and factors that influence the bioaerosols.
Water zonation
Freshwater bodies can be divided into zones based on environmental factors like depth and sunlight penetration. The major zones are:
1) The littoral zone near the shoreline, which receives nutrients from runoff and supports plant and algae growth.
2) The limnetic zone in open water, divided into the euphotic zone near the surface with sunlight and oxygen, and the deeper profundal zone without sunlight below the thermocline.
3) The benthic zone along the bottom consists of sediments and decomposes organic matter from the other zones.
Marine environments also exhibit zonation. The water column is divided horizontally into neritic and oceanic zones, and vertically into phot
Microorganism & Water Pollution
1. Water is essential for life and supports all living organisms, but it can become polluted from various human and natural sources.
2. Microorganisms play important roles in water, including as primary producers, decomposers, and indicators of water quality. Phytoplankton, zooplankton, periphyton, benthos, and saprotrophic bacteria and fungi are some of the main types of microorganisms found in water.
3. Water pollution occurs when waste disposal or other human activities change the physical or chemical properties of water, making it unsuitable for uses like drinking, agriculture, or recreation. Sources of water pollution include industrial, domestic, agricultural, and mining activities.
Aquatic microbiology
Describes the microbiology of fresh water ecosystems especially lentic environments such as lakes and wetlands.
Microbial Ecology
This document outlines the course content for a course on microbial ecology. It covers 5 units: (1) microbes and ecological theory, (2) microorganisms in ecosystems, (3) physiological adaptations of microorganisms, (4) bioconversion, and (5) microbial interactions. Unit 1 defines key terms like ecosystem, habitat, niche, and discusses colonization and succession. It provides examples of succession on cellophane films, dung, and human hair. The overall objective of the course is to study microbial community dynamics and interactions between microbes, plants, animals and their environments.
Microbial flora of the aquatic env
This document discusses the microbial flora found in aquatic environments. It begins by defining microbial flora and the different types of aquatic environments, including marine, freshwater, and wetland ecosystems. The main types of microorganisms found in aquatic environments are plankton and benthic microorganisms. Sources of microbes in aquatic systems include runoff from soil, agricultural activities, industrial discharge, and human or animal waste. Microbes have adapted traits like capsules, plasmids, and flagella to survive in different aquatic conditions such as temperature, salinity, pressure, and oxygen levels.
Aquatic microbiology
Aquatic microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms like bacteria, viruses, and fungi that live in freshwater and saltwater environments. These microorganisms are found throughout aquatic systems, from rivers and lakes to oceans and even hot springs. They play important roles like breaking down organic matter, recycling nutrients, and providing food for other aquatic life. Aquatic microorganisms also impact humans through activities like water purification in sewage treatment.
Sources of microorganisms in air
The document discusses sources of microorganisms in air. It states that the main sources are soil, water, plant and animal surfaces, and human beings. Microbes from these sources enter the air through environmental factors like wind and water, or human activities like digging and talking. Once airborne, microbes can exist as droplets, droplet nuclei, or infectious dust, with droplet nuclei able to remain suspended the longest. The largest source is human beings through sneezing, coughing, and other activities that expel microbes from our respiratory tracts in bioaerosols.
Bioremediation
•Introduction of bioremediation: Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•In situ bioremediation:
It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•Types of in situ bioremediation:
Natural attenuation.
Engineered in situ bioremediation.
- Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping,
phytoremediation.
•Ex situ bioremediation:
Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried out at a designated place or site.
• Types of ex situ bioremediation
Land farming, windrow, biopiles, bioreactors.
•Microorganisms use in bioremediation:
A number of naturally occurring marine microbes
such as Pseudomonas sp. is capable of degrading oil and other hydrocarbons.
•Factors affecting bioremediation:
Nutrient availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, contaminant availability.
•References:
Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
Microbiology of water
The document summarizes key information about microorganisms found in various aquatic environments and their role in water purification. It discusses the microflora present in underground, surface, and polluted waters. Microorganisms exist in all areas of surface waters, including plankton suspended in water, periphyton attached to surfaces, and benthos in sediments. Various types of plankton, including phytoplankton, zooplankton, protozoa, bacteria, and viruses are described. The document also outlines indicators used to assess water quality and types of pathogens found in polluted waters.
Bioremediation
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to degrade environmental pollutants. It defines bioremediation and describes how it works by stimulating existing microbes or adding specialized microbes. The key factors for effective bioremediation like nutrients, water, oxygen and temperature are outlined. In-situ and ex-situ bioremediation methods are compared, and applications to treat soil, groundwater, marine spills and air are reviewed. Advantages like low cost are balanced with longer timescales. Related technologies like phytoremediation and bioventing are also mentioned.
Distribution of microbes in aquatic environment
The document discusses the distribution of microbes in aquatic environments. It describes that plankton, which includes phytoplankton like algae and zooplankton like protozoa, are primary producers and consumers found in marine and fresh waters. It provides examples of phytoplankton like diatoms and dinoflagellates and zooplankton like krill and copepods. The document also mentions that benthic microorganisms live on the bottom substrates of bodies of water and that mixing of waters through upwelling accomplishes redistribution of microbial populations.
Biodegradation of xenobiotics
This document summarizes biodegradation of various xenobiotics including hydrocarbons, plastics, and pesticides. It discusses that xenobiotics are man-made chemicals that do not occur naturally. Biodegradation is the breakdown of these substances by microorganisms. Various microbes can degrade hydrocarbons through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Plastics are broken down through hydrolysis and further degraded by acidogenic, acetogenic, and methanogenic bacteria. Pesticides are degraded through methods like dehalogenation, deamination, and hydroxylation. The document provides examples of microbes and mechanisms involved in the biodegradation of these pollutants.
Bioremediation
This document provides an overview of bioremediation. Some key points:
- Bioremediation uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to remove or break down pollutants in the environment. It can be used to treat contamination in soil, water, and solid waste.
- There are different types of bioremediation including biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and intrinsic bioremediation. Genetically engineered microbes are also used.
- The microbes degrade pollutants through redox reactions and metabolic pathways. Bioremediation can be done on-site (in situ) or by removing contaminated material to another location (ex situ).
Water microbiology
Water Microbiology, Water Borne Diseases, Infection, Fresh Water, Waste Water microbiology, Fresh water microbiology - some details.
Microbiology of air
This document discusses microorganisms that can occur in air, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. It describes how they can exist in air suspended in dust or liquid droplets. The document outlines the health risks of airborne microorganisms, including infectious diseases, allergies, and poisoning from toxins. Various types of airborne diseases caused by viruses and bacteria are also mentioned.
Microbial degradation of pesticides
IntroductionDefinitionPescidesType of pesticidesFate of pesticides in environmentBiodegradation of pesticides in soil Criteria for biodegradation
Strategies for biodegradationDifferent approaches of biodegradationChemical reaction leading to biodegradationChanging the spectrum of toxicityExample of biodegradationAdvantageDisadvantage
Bioindicators
A bioindicator is any an "indicator species" or group of species whose function, population, or status reveal the qualitative status of the environment.
Environmental microbiology
This document provides an overview of environmental microbiology. It defines environmental microbiology as the study of microbial interactions, processes, and communities in the environment. It discusses the diversity of microbes and their roles in ecosystems. It describes various microbial habitats including soil, water, other organisms, and extreme environments. It also covers symbiotic relationships between microbes and other organisms. Biogeochemical cycles mediated by microbes, such as carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus cycles are explained. The role of microbes in environments without sunlight is also discussed.
Bioremediation.
The document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants. It describes different types of bioremediation including in situ and ex situ methods. In situ bioremediation occurs on-site and can be intrinsic or engineered, while ex situ involves removing contaminated material for treatment using methods like land farming, composting, or biopiles. The document also outlines factors influencing bioremediation and lists some advantages and limitations.
bioaccumulation and
Bioaccumulation and biomagnification refer to the increasing concentration of pollutants like pesticides, mercury, and other chemicals as they move up the food chain. Bioaccumulation is when an organism absorbs more of a substance than it eliminates, resulting in increasing concentration over time. Biomagnification occurs when concentrations increase at each trophic level, so organisms at the top of food chains face greater exposure. Pollutants like DDT, PCBs, and mercury are especially prone to bioaccumulation and biomagnification due to their persistence and ability to concentrate in fatty tissues. This can negatively impact wildlife and pose risks to human health through consumption of contaminated fish and seafood.
Assessment of air quality
This document describes different methods for assessing air quality by sampling and quantifying airborne microorganisms. It discusses the principles and procedures for sedimentation, impaction, impingement, and filtration air sampling techniques. Impaction uses inertia to deposit particles on a collection surface like agar. Impingement traps particles in a liquid that is then plated. Filtration collects particles on membrane filters which are cultured. The document provides materials needed and step-by-step instructions to sample air using an AGI-30 impinger or cassette filtration to collect microbes which are then cultured and counted to quantify bacteria and fungi concentrations per cubic meter of air.
Microbiology of water
Water is the medium of life and covers 71% of the Earth's surface. It exists in various forms such as atmospheric water, surface water, ground water, fresh water, marine water, and estuarine water. The document discusses the types of microorganisms found in water such as viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi and algae. It describes various waterborne diseases caused by these microorganisms and their symptoms. The aquatic environment influences the microbial population with factors like temperature, hydrostatic pressure, light, salinity, turbidity, and pH varying widely between streams, estuaries and oceans.
Water microbiology
The document discusses aquatic microbiology and water microbiology. Aquatic microbiology is the study of microorganisms in aquatic environments like lakes, rivers, and oceans, while water microbiology relates specifically to microorganisms in drinking water. The scope of aquatic microbiology is wide and includes plankton, benthic organisms, microbial mats, and biofilms found across various aquatic habitats.
Air sampling devices
The document discusses several air sampling devices used to collect airborne particles such as microorganisms, pollen, and spores. The slit sampler uses a rotating petri dish under a slit to directly impinge particles onto agar media. The Anderson sampler uses progressively smaller perforations to increase air speed and momentum to collect particles of different sizes on agar plates. The Burkard spore trap is a volumetric sampler that uses an adhesive tape to continuously trap particles over 24 hours to 1 week to analyze pollen and spore levels over time.
Bioremediation of heavy metals pollution by Udaykumar Pankajkumar Bhanushali
This document summarizes techniques for bioremediating heavy metal pollution using plants (phytoremediation) and microorganisms. It discusses how plants and microbes like bacteria, fungi, and algae can uptake, accumulate, immobilize, or transform heavy metals into less toxic forms. Integrated approaches are also proposed, such as using plants inoculated with metal-resistant endophytic bacteria or combining phytoremediation with microbial remediation. The document provides examples of plant and microbial species effective for remediating various metals like mercury, lead, chromium, and more. It explains the mechanisms by which these living organisms remediate heavy metal contamination in soils and water.
Soil microbiology
Soil microorganisms play important roles in maintaining soil health and fertility. They are involved in nutrient cycling by decomposing organic matter, fixing nitrogen, and carrying out other biochemical processes. The main types of microbes found in soil are bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Soil microbes affect soil structure, plant growth, and carry out important processes like nitrogen fixation, nutrient availability, and degradation of pollutants. However, human activities like agricultural practices, urbanization, and climate change threaten soil microbes by reducing organic matter, increasing salinity, and introducing pollutants. Proper management is needed to protect these vital soil microorganisms.
Bioleaching
This document provides an overview of bioleaching and discusses its applications in extracting various metals. Bioleaching employs bacteria to convert insoluble metal sulfides into water-soluble metal sulfates. The key microorganisms involved are mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria that oxidize ferrous iron and sulfur. The bioleaching process involves providing bacteria with metal ores or concentrates, oxygen, nutrients, and maintaining optimal temperature and pH. Factors like mineral composition, surface area, and leaching method affect bioleaching. It allows extraction of metals from low-grade ores and has advantages of being cheaper and more environmentally friendly compared to conventional methods. Gold, uranium, and copper are some metals extracted via bio
Microbiology of waste water treatment
Waste water treatment involves three main stages - primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment removes solid waste through processes like screening, grinding, and flotation. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge and oxidation ponds to break down organic matter with microbes. Tertiary treatment provides additional filtration and may include chemical processes or lagoons to further polish the treated water before discharge or reuse. The main goal is to reduce contaminants like BOD, COD, and remove pathogens before releasing or recycling the water.
Introduction to Toxicology
Toxicology is the study of how poisons affect living organisms. Some key points:
- Toxicology has a long history dating back to the 15th century physician Paracelsus who said "the dose makes the poison."
- Toxicants can enter the body through various routes like skin contact, inhalation, or ingestion and cause local or systemic effects.
- Toxicants are classified into categories like heavy metals, solvents, radiation, pesticides, and plant/animal toxins. Each can have acute and chronic health effects depending on dose and route of exposure.
- Toxicokinetics refers to how the body absorbs, distributes, and eliminates toxins while
More Related Content
What's hot
Bioremediation
•Introduction of bioremediation: Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•In situ bioremediation:
It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•Types of in situ bioremediation:
Natural attenuation.
Engineered in situ bioremediation.
- Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping,
phytoremediation.
•Ex situ bioremediation:
Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried out at a designated place or site.
• Types of ex situ bioremediation
Land farming, windrow, biopiles, bioreactors.
•Microorganisms use in bioremediation:
A number of naturally occurring marine microbes
such as Pseudomonas sp. is capable of degrading oil and other hydrocarbons.
•Factors affecting bioremediation:
Nutrient availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, contaminant availability.
•References:
Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
Microbiology of water
The document summarizes key information about microorganisms found in various aquatic environments and their role in water purification. It discusses the microflora present in underground, surface, and polluted waters. Microorganisms exist in all areas of surface waters, including plankton suspended in water, periphyton attached to surfaces, and benthos in sediments. Various types of plankton, including phytoplankton, zooplankton, protozoa, bacteria, and viruses are described. The document also outlines indicators used to assess water quality and types of pathogens found in polluted waters.
Bioremediation
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to degrade environmental pollutants. It defines bioremediation and describes how it works by stimulating existing microbes or adding specialized microbes. The key factors for effective bioremediation like nutrients, water, oxygen and temperature are outlined. In-situ and ex-situ bioremediation methods are compared, and applications to treat soil, groundwater, marine spills and air are reviewed. Advantages like low cost are balanced with longer timescales. Related technologies like phytoremediation and bioventing are also mentioned.
Distribution of microbes in aquatic environment
The document discusses the distribution of microbes in aquatic environments. It describes that plankton, which includes phytoplankton like algae and zooplankton like protozoa, are primary producers and consumers found in marine and fresh waters. It provides examples of phytoplankton like diatoms and dinoflagellates and zooplankton like krill and copepods. The document also mentions that benthic microorganisms live on the bottom substrates of bodies of water and that mixing of waters through upwelling accomplishes redistribution of microbial populations.
Biodegradation of xenobiotics
This document summarizes biodegradation of various xenobiotics including hydrocarbons, plastics, and pesticides. It discusses that xenobiotics are man-made chemicals that do not occur naturally. Biodegradation is the breakdown of these substances by microorganisms. Various microbes can degrade hydrocarbons through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Plastics are broken down through hydrolysis and further degraded by acidogenic, acetogenic, and methanogenic bacteria. Pesticides are degraded through methods like dehalogenation, deamination, and hydroxylation. The document provides examples of microbes and mechanisms involved in the biodegradation of these pollutants.
Bioremediation
This document provides an overview of bioremediation. Some key points:
- Bioremediation uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to remove or break down pollutants in the environment. It can be used to treat contamination in soil, water, and solid waste.
- There are different types of bioremediation including biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and intrinsic bioremediation. Genetically engineered microbes are also used.
- The microbes degrade pollutants through redox reactions and metabolic pathways. Bioremediation can be done on-site (in situ) or by removing contaminated material to another location (ex situ).
Water microbiology
Water Microbiology, Water Borne Diseases, Infection, Fresh Water, Waste Water microbiology, Fresh water microbiology - some details.
Microbiology of air
This document discusses microorganisms that can occur in air, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. It describes how they can exist in air suspended in dust or liquid droplets. The document outlines the health risks of airborne microorganisms, including infectious diseases, allergies, and poisoning from toxins. Various types of airborne diseases caused by viruses and bacteria are also mentioned.
Microbial degradation of pesticides
IntroductionDefinitionPescidesType of pesticidesFate of pesticides in environmentBiodegradation of pesticides in soil Criteria for biodegradation
Strategies for biodegradationDifferent approaches of biodegradationChemical reaction leading to biodegradationChanging the spectrum of toxicityExample of biodegradationAdvantageDisadvantage
Bioindicators
A bioindicator is any an "indicator species" or group of species whose function, population, or status reveal the qualitative status of the environment.
Environmental microbiology
This document provides an overview of environmental microbiology. It defines environmental microbiology as the study of microbial interactions, processes, and communities in the environment. It discusses the diversity of microbes and their roles in ecosystems. It describes various microbial habitats including soil, water, other organisms, and extreme environments. It also covers symbiotic relationships between microbes and other organisms. Biogeochemical cycles mediated by microbes, such as carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus cycles are explained. The role of microbes in environments without sunlight is also discussed.
Bioremediation.
The document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants. It describes different types of bioremediation including in situ and ex situ methods. In situ bioremediation occurs on-site and can be intrinsic or engineered, while ex situ involves removing contaminated material for treatment using methods like land farming, composting, or biopiles. The document also outlines factors influencing bioremediation and lists some advantages and limitations.
bioaccumulation and
Bioaccumulation and biomagnification refer to the increasing concentration of pollutants like pesticides, mercury, and other chemicals as they move up the food chain. Bioaccumulation is when an organism absorbs more of a substance than it eliminates, resulting in increasing concentration over time. Biomagnification occurs when concentrations increase at each trophic level, so organisms at the top of food chains face greater exposure. Pollutants like DDT, PCBs, and mercury are especially prone to bioaccumulation and biomagnification due to their persistence and ability to concentrate in fatty tissues. This can negatively impact wildlife and pose risks to human health through consumption of contaminated fish and seafood.
Assessment of air quality
This document describes different methods for assessing air quality by sampling and quantifying airborne microorganisms. It discusses the principles and procedures for sedimentation, impaction, impingement, and filtration air sampling techniques. Impaction uses inertia to deposit particles on a collection surface like agar. Impingement traps particles in a liquid that is then plated. Filtration collects particles on membrane filters which are cultured. The document provides materials needed and step-by-step instructions to sample air using an AGI-30 impinger or cassette filtration to collect microbes which are then cultured and counted to quantify bacteria and fungi concentrations per cubic meter of air.
Microbiology of water
Water is the medium of life and covers 71% of the Earth's surface. It exists in various forms such as atmospheric water, surface water, ground water, fresh water, marine water, and estuarine water. The document discusses the types of microorganisms found in water such as viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi and algae. It describes various waterborne diseases caused by these microorganisms and their symptoms. The aquatic environment influences the microbial population with factors like temperature, hydrostatic pressure, light, salinity, turbidity, and pH varying widely between streams, estuaries and oceans.
Water microbiology
The document discusses aquatic microbiology and water microbiology. Aquatic microbiology is the study of microorganisms in aquatic environments like lakes, rivers, and oceans, while water microbiology relates specifically to microorganisms in drinking water. The scope of aquatic microbiology is wide and includes plankton, benthic organisms, microbial mats, and biofilms found across various aquatic habitats.
Air sampling devices
The document discusses several air sampling devices used to collect airborne particles such as microorganisms, pollen, and spores. The slit sampler uses a rotating petri dish under a slit to directly impinge particles onto agar media. The Anderson sampler uses progressively smaller perforations to increase air speed and momentum to collect particles of different sizes on agar plates. The Burkard spore trap is a volumetric sampler that uses an adhesive tape to continuously trap particles over 24 hours to 1 week to analyze pollen and spore levels over time.
Bioremediation of heavy metals pollution by Udaykumar Pankajkumar Bhanushali
This document summarizes techniques for bioremediating heavy metal pollution using plants (phytoremediation) and microorganisms. It discusses how plants and microbes like bacteria, fungi, and algae can uptake, accumulate, immobilize, or transform heavy metals into less toxic forms. Integrated approaches are also proposed, such as using plants inoculated with metal-resistant endophytic bacteria or combining phytoremediation with microbial remediation. The document provides examples of plant and microbial species effective for remediating various metals like mercury, lead, chromium, and more. It explains the mechanisms by which these living organisms remediate heavy metal contamination in soils and water.
Soil microbiology
Soil microorganisms play important roles in maintaining soil health and fertility. They are involved in nutrient cycling by decomposing organic matter, fixing nitrogen, and carrying out other biochemical processes. The main types of microbes found in soil are bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Soil microbes affect soil structure, plant growth, and carry out important processes like nitrogen fixation, nutrient availability, and degradation of pollutants. However, human activities like agricultural practices, urbanization, and climate change threaten soil microbes by reducing organic matter, increasing salinity, and introducing pollutants. Proper management is needed to protect these vital soil microorganisms.
Bioleaching
This document provides an overview of bioleaching and discusses its applications in extracting various metals. Bioleaching employs bacteria to convert insoluble metal sulfides into water-soluble metal sulfates. The key microorganisms involved are mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria that oxidize ferrous iron and sulfur. The bioleaching process involves providing bacteria with metal ores or concentrates, oxygen, nutrients, and maintaining optimal temperature and pH. Factors like mineral composition, surface area, and leaching method affect bioleaching. It allows extraction of metals from low-grade ores and has advantages of being cheaper and more environmentally friendly compared to conventional methods. Gold, uranium, and copper are some metals extracted via bio
What's hot (20)
Bioremediation of heavy metals pollution by Udaykumar Pankajkumar Bhanushali
Bioremediation of heavy metals pollution by Udaykumar Pankajkumar Bhanushali
Viewers also liked
Microbiology of waste water treatment
Waste water treatment involves three main stages - primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment removes solid waste through processes like screening, grinding, and flotation. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge and oxidation ponds to break down organic matter with microbes. Tertiary treatment provides additional filtration and may include chemical processes or lagoons to further polish the treated water before discharge or reuse. The main goal is to reduce contaminants like BOD, COD, and remove pathogens before releasing or recycling the water.
Introduction to Toxicology
Toxicology is the study of how poisons affect living organisms. Some key points:
- Toxicology has a long history dating back to the 15th century physician Paracelsus who said "the dose makes the poison."
- Toxicants can enter the body through various routes like skin contact, inhalation, or ingestion and cause local or systemic effects.
- Toxicants are classified into categories like heavy metals, solvents, radiation, pesticides, and plant/animal toxins. Each can have acute and chronic health effects depending on dose and route of exposure.
- Toxicokinetics refers to how the body absorbs, distributes, and eliminates toxins while
Introduction To Toxicology
The document discusses various topics related to toxicology including:
- Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of chemicals in the body
- Factors that affect absorption such as routes of entry and chemical properties
- Threshold doses and variability in individual susceptibility
- Acute and chronic effects of toxins
- Carcinogens and mutagens and their classification
- Dose-response relationships and metrics like LD50
- Toxicity testing methods including the Ames test
Water Treatment
Water treatment describes processes used to make water acceptable for various uses like drinking, industrial processes, and medical uses. The goal is to remove or reduce contaminants to fit the intended use. Processes can include physical separation methods like settling and filtration, chemical processes like disinfection and coagulation, and biological processes for wastewater. Factors in selecting treatment processes include the raw water quality, intended use, desired water quality, system size and cost. Common water treatment processes are pretreatment, coagulation, rapid mixing, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, and softening.
Microbiology Power Point
The document discusses microbiology cultures and antibiotic sensitivity testing. Cultures can detect microorganisms causing infections in different body parts, and sensitivity tests identify the most effective antibiotic. Various sample types can be cultured on different media like blood agar or MacConkey agar. The procedure involves collecting samples, culturing on media, and incubating to observe growth. Sensitivity testing involves spreading bacteria on nutrient agar, placing antibiotic disks, and measuring inhibition zones to determine antibiotic effectiveness.
Introduction to General toxicology
This document provides an introduction to the field of toxicology. It discusses the history of toxicology, including famous historical poisonings. It describes toxicology as the study of the harmful effects of chemicals on living organisms. The document outlines some key concepts in toxicology including dose-response relationships, types of poisoning, factors affecting toxicity, classification of poisons, routes of administration, diagnosis of poisoning, and medico-legal aspects of toxicology. It provides an overview of the general considerations and approaches in the study of toxicology.
Ch. 7 (microbial metabolism)
This document provides information about microbial metabolism and enzymes. It begins with learning outcomes about metabolism, enzymes, and metabolic pathways. It then defines metabolism as all chemical reactions in the cell, and defines anabolism as building reactions that require energy, and catabolism as energy-releasing breakdown reactions. Enzymes are described as catalysts with specific active sites that lower reaction activation energy. Regulation of enzymes through feedback inhibition or induction in response to substrates is covered. Electron carriers like NADH and FAD that facilitate energy transfer in redox reactions are also discussed. ATP is described as the main energy currency molecule in cells.
sewage treatment plant
This document provides an overview of a student project on the design of a sewage treatment plant and reuse of energy. It introduces the importance of sewage treatment, sources of wastewater, and describes the primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment processes. These include bar screening, grit removal, primary sedimentation, activated sludge, trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, filtration, sludge drying beds, and chlorination. The objective is to produce safe effluent for disposal without harming the environment.
Waste water treatment plant product catalouge 2016
Waste water treatment plant product catalouge 2016Shubham Inc - A Water and Waste Water Management Company
Shubham Inc, wastewater treatment plants for residential government and municipal and commercial applications.
By considering environmental responsibility towards water, Shubham Inc.has forayed into Water and Sewage Water Treatment Plants. Shubham‘s product range is mainly split into two market verticals Water Treatment & Waste Water Treatment.Biotechnology in Industrial Waste water Treatment
This document discusses biotechnology in industrial wastewater treatment. It provides an overview of industrial wastewater characteristics and various treatment technologies including primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Secondary treatment includes anaerobic and aerobic processes like trickling filters, activated sludge, and oxidation ponds. Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade pollutants and can be done on-site (in situ) or by removing contaminated material (ex situ). Factors like microorganisms, temperature, pH, nutrients influence bioremediation effectiveness. The document concludes that bioremediation is an effective wastewater treatment approach when proper conditions are maintained.
Effluent treatment plant - design, operation and analysis of waste water trea...
Effluent treatment plant - design, operation and analysis of waste water trea...Shubham Hydrosys Pvt. Ltd
The Effluent Treatment Plants [ETP] plant is designed to treat the effluent coming from various areas of the plant. The treatment of different effluents varies with the type of effluent. Industrial wastewater contains a diversity of impurities and therefore for this reason alone, its treatment establishes a special task. Shubham Inc. offers comprehensive range of Effluent Treatment Plants that is highly effective.
The complete treatment solution works at many levels and comprises of different physical, chemical, biological and membrane processes. For reducing the BOD, COD, color, nitrogen and toxic level of the effluent, SHUBHAM is offeringa various solutions from ASP (activated sludge process) to advance Membrane technologies as per treated water uses.Shubham OffersCustomized systems to suit the extensive variety of effluents and to maintain efficiency are provided to industries.
We provide innovative and economical systems for waste withexpertise is advantageously employed for the technical and economic optimization of every subsequent facility.
SHUBHAM INC use the best-in-class technology and cutting-edge tools to foster high-quality, sustainable, community-level water supply sewage treatment plant and Effluent Treatment Plants projects in Gujarat, India across the ahmedabad, Surat, Rajkot and Baroda.
Some processes followed by us are:
• Aerobic Biological Process
• Anaerobic Biological Process
• Chemical-physical process
TREATMENT REQUIREMENTS:
1. Oil & grease Separation
2. Neutralization of Acids and Alkali
3. Removal of Suspended Solids
4. Reduction & Removal of metallic impurities
5. Reduction of high organic content: BOD, COD, P, TKN, etc.
6. Dissolve impurities for ZLD system.
TREATMENT METHODS
• Primary clarifications
• Biological process
• Secondary clarifications.
• Tertiary treatment
• Polishing units i.e. UF, RO and DM (Optional for recycling or ZLD)
Applications:
• Textile Industries
• Distilleries
• Pharmacy Industries.
• Chemical Industries
• Paper Industries
• Tannery Industries
• Dye & Dye Intermediaries
• Edible Oil Refineries
• Electroplating Industries
Features:
• Sturdy construction
• Resistant to corrosion
• Superior performance
• Rapid installation
• Less civil work involved
• Flexible in reworkingS&L Wwmps
Short power point showing wet well mounted pump station attributes. Smith & Loveless built a trailer with this station on it and we are traveling around the province showing it to many operators and consultants.
VISITA DEPURADORA DE CALAHORRA
The document summarizes the water treatment process at the Calahorra Water-Treatment Plant. Waste water is collected from surrounding municipalities and brought to the plant. It undergoes pre-treatment to remove solids, sand, and oils. The water then undergoes primary decantation where solids fall to the bottom. Next, bacteria digest organic pollutants through anaerobic and aerobic biological treatment. Secondary decantation separates the water from bacterial sludge. The sludge is further treated to produce methane and compost. Finally, the filtered and disinfected water is released into the river while the methane is used to produce electricity.
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT,LUCKNOW
The document discusses sewage treatment in Lucknow, India. It describes two existing sewage treatment plants (STPs), Daulatganj STP and Bharwara STP, and notes that while they are working properly, not all wastewater is being treated. It also notes issues like insufficient biogas generation at Bharwara STP due to diluted sewage, and a need for tertiary treatment and water quality monitoring. Overall it evaluates the sewage infrastructure and treatment processes in Lucknow.
Effluent Treatment Plant(ETP)
The document describes the effluent treatment plant (ETP) at Rourkela Steel Plant. The ETP treats wastewater from the Gas Cleaning Plant and recycles it for further use. The wastewater contains high levels of suspended solids that are removed through a multi-step process involving flash mixing with coagulants, settling in clarifiers, dewatering using a filter press, and recycling of treated water. The ETP is designed to treat 1140 cubic meters of wastewater per hour to reduce costs and conserve water resources.
Delay analysis of raw water reservoir and pumping Station
Delay Analysis of raw water reservoir and pumping station using PRIMAVERA SOFTWARE, with a case study.
Project #2 - Sewer Treatment Plant - Electrical Drawings Upgrade
I was asked to provide current markups of the electrical drawing set. The problem was that much of the equipment had been upgraded with no drawing supplied by the contractor. There was also no drawing standards at the time, so I quick created a new numbering system and block templates.
See my LinkedIn post for more info;
https://www.linkedin.com/today/post/article/project-2-sewer-treatment-plant-electrical-drawings-david-list?trk=prof-post
Wastewater treatment plant
This document summarizes the key processes involved in wastewater treatment, including primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment stages. Primary treatment involves physical processes like screening and sedimentation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like trickling filters, activated sludge tanks, and anaerobic digesters to break down organic matter. Tertiary treatment provides disinfection using chlorination, UV light, or ozonation to remove pathogens before wastewater is discharged.
water treatment plant
This document provides information on the water treatment and electrical systems for the balance of plant for a 2x500MW thermal power project. It discusses the water requirements and sources, various water treatment processes, desalination processes, and electrical and control systems. The key points are: fresh water is a critical input for thermal power plants but availability is limited, so water conservation and reuse methods are discussed. Membrane and thermal desalination processes are described to supplement fresh water sources. Electrical systems including transformers, switchgear, cables, and control and instrumentation are outlined.
L 9 pumping stations
The document discusses sewage pumping stations. Sewage pumping stations are needed when sewage must be raised to flow by gravity, such as when basements are too low to discharge into main sewers or sewage must be conveyed over ridges. Problems with sewage pumping include fouling, solids causing clogs, corrosion from waste, health risks from pathogens, and flow variations. Pumping stations have dry wells to house pumps and wet wells for incoming sewage. Design considerations include retention time, water levels, screens, standby pumps, space for future pumps, and formulas for head loss and pump power.
Viewers also liked (20)
Waste water treatment plant product catalouge 2016
Waste water treatment plant product catalouge 2016
Effluent treatment plant - design, operation and analysis of waste water trea...
Effluent treatment plant - design, operation and analysis of waste water trea...
Delay analysis of raw water reservoir and pumping Station
Delay analysis of raw water reservoir and pumping Station
Project #2 - Sewer Treatment Plant - Electrical Drawings Upgrade
Project #2 - Sewer Treatment Plant - Electrical Drawings Upgrade
Similar to Microbiology of sewage and sewage treatment
MCB 474 SEWAGE MANAGEMENT.pptx
Sewage is wastewater. Sewage is polluted water which includes all harmful liquid, solid or gaseous substances introduced into waters or soil that may lead to a contamination of surface or underground waters
SOURCES AND EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTANTS ON HUMAN HEALTH, QUALITY STANDARDS FO...
This document discusses sources and effects of water pollution on human health. It outlines various sources of water pollution including sewage, industrial waste, pesticides, fertilizers and others. It describes the waste water treatment process including preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatments. The secondary treatment involves biological processes like activated sludge process, trickling filters and anaerobic digestion to remove organic matter. Tertiary treatment further removes nutrients and disinfects the water. The document provides information on water quality standards and processing steps to treat domestic and industrial waste water.
Sewage treatment
This document provides an overview of the sewage treatment process. It begins with an introduction to sewage treatment and its importance. It then describes the various stages of treatment - preliminary (screening), primary (settling), secondary (trickling filters or activated sludge), tertiary (additional filtration), and solids processing (digestion or composting). The final effluent is disinfected before discharge while solids are disposed of in landfills. The document outlines the key objectives, processes, and equipment used at each treatment stage.
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
The document discusses waste water treatment. It defines sewage and its classes. Sewage contains domestic and industrial waste waters. Treatment is necessary to prevent hazards and pollution. Methods include single dwelling unit treatment with septic tanks and municipal treatment processes. The municipal process involves primary treatment to remove solids, secondary treatment using biological methods like activated sludge to reduce organic compounds, and sludge processing. Activated sludge treatment uses aeration of sewage to form flocs to oxidize organic matter. The sludge is further treated through anaerobic digestion or composting.
Microbiology of wastewater & Wastewater Treatment
The document discusses the microbiology of wastewater treatment. It describes the types and characteristics of wastewater and indicators used to measure wastewater strength like BOD, COD, and TOD. It outlines the pollution problems caused by untreated wastewater. It then explains the various methods used in wastewater treatment including primary treatment to remove solids, and secondary treatment using processes like septic tanks, Imhoff tanks, trickling filters, activated sludge, and oxidation ponds where microorganisms break down organic matter.
L 1 introduction
This document outlines the objectives, units, teaching scheme, and reference material for an elective course on industrial waste treatment. The key topics covered include sources and characterization of industrial wastewater, various in-plant waste reduction methods, water quality monitoring, stream classification, sludge disposal, treatment flow diagrams, major industry wastewater treatment, and water pollution control acts and standards. The course aims to provide a thorough understanding of industrial wastewater generation and basic knowledge of treatment options and legislation. Site visits to various industries are included in the term work.
Sewage treatement.docx
This document discusses sewage treatment and wastewater characterization. It defines sewage as wastewater generated by a community from domestic, industrial and storm sources. Sewage treatment is described as a multi-stage process to clean sewage and protect the environment and human health. Wastewater is characterized by its physical, chemical and biological properties such as temperature, solids, organic matter and microorganisms. Oxygen demand parameters like BOD and COD are also discussed.
Water quality management
This document provides information on aquaculture environment management and water quality management. It discusses analyzing water quality parameters, understanding ideal value ranges, and using chemical treatment and mechanical control. Specific parameters like nitrogen, pH, dissolved oxygen are analyzed. Common treatments include liming to adjust pH, using alum as a coagulant, and chlorination for disinfection. Filtration through gravel or activated carbon can be used for mechanical control. The objective is to manage water quality to provide optimal growing conditions for farmed fish.
Sustainable waste water treatment treatement in rural areas
This document discusses using oxidation ponds for sustainable waste water treatment in rural areas. Oxidation ponds use natural biological processes to efficiently remove up to 98-99% of bacteria, biodegradable organics, phosphorus, and nitrogen from wastewater. The ponds support an interaction between bacteria, algae, and other organisms to purify the water before discharge. The document covers pond design criteria like sizing based on BOD loading rates and detention time. It also describes the mechanisms of different pond types, including aerobic, anaerobic, and facultative ponds, and concludes that oxidation ponds provide a low-cost and simple method for waste water treatment suitable for rural communities.
L 21 developement of treatment processes
The document discusses the major contaminants found in wastewater and their appropriate treatment methods. The contaminants include suspended solids, biodegradable organics, pathogens, nutrients, refractory organics, heavy metals, and dissolved inorganic solids. Treatment methods are classified as physical, chemical, or biological unit operations/processes. Physical processes involve forces like screening and sedimentation. Chemical processes use additions of chemicals through precipitation or disinfection. Biological treatments use microorganisms to break down organics in processes like activated sludge or trickling filters. Each contaminant has one or more treatment methods recommended based on their removal via physical, chemical, or biological means.
lecture on characterization 2015
This document provides information about wastewater engineering as part of a civil engineering course. It discusses why wastewater engineering is important when pollution loads exceed the environment's carrying capacity. Nature has limits on its ability to self-purify, so wastewater treatment systems must be engineered to treat pollutants within smaller areas and timeframes. The document then covers characteristics of wastewater, parameters for analysis including biochemical oxygen demand, and methods for determining measures like total and volatile solids.
BREWING PRODUCTION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT
This document discusses water and waste management in brewing industries. It addresses the significance of water management and waste disposal as cost factors for breweries. Breweries aim to keep waste disposal costs low and monitor water consumption for process performance comparisons. The document then describes the characteristics of brewery wastewater and various treatment processes used, including physical, chemical and biological processes. Preliminary, primary and secondary treatment stages aim to remove solids, while tertiary treatment targets specific pollutants. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of waste reduction and environmental performance for breweries.
WASTE_WATER_PRESENTATION_2.pptx
Wastewater from domestic, industrial, and agricultural sources can pollute the environment if not properly treated. It contains organic matter, pathogens, nutrients, and other pollutants that can deplete oxygen in water bodies and threaten human and ecological health. The document outlines various wastewater characteristics and treatment processes like primary sedimentation, activated sludge process, trickling filters, and waste stabilization ponds that remove pollutants through physical, chemical, and biological means to produce effluent that meets quality standards for discharge or reuse. Proper wastewater treatment is important to protect water resources and public health.
Phytoremediation, an option for tertiary treatment of sewage
This document discusses using phytoremediation as a tertiary treatment for sewage. Phytoremediation uses plants to remove pollutants from wastewater and soil. It describes how plants and their associated microbes break down and absorb contaminants like heavy metals, nutrients, and organic compounds. The document evaluates phytoremediation systems like constructed wetlands that use aquatic plants for wastewater treatment. Studies show these systems effectively reduce COD, BOD, nutrients and other pollutants in sewage at a lower cost than conventional tertiary methods. The conclusion is that phytoremediation provides a sustainable, inexpensive alternative to traditional wastewater treatment, especially suitable for developing countries.
8. WASTE WATER CHARACTERISTICS.ppt
This document discusses waste water characterization and treatment needs in India. It provides the following key points:
- Only about 26% of the 22,900 MLD of wastewater generated in India is treated before discharge, with the rest being released untreated.
- The main goals of wastewater treatment are to prevent groundwater, soil and marine pollution, and protect public health. Proper treatment also allows for wastewater reuse.
- Wastewater contains pathogens, hazardous materials, nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus that can cause eutrophication if released untreated into the environment.
- Wastewater is characterized based on its physical, chemical and biological properties like temperature, odor,
21 chapter 24-wastewater (1)
The document summarizes wastewater treatment processes. The objectives are to reduce organic content, remove nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, and remove pathogenic microbes. Primary treatment involves physical separation processes. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge or trickling filters to reduce organic content like BOD. Tertiary treatment provides further nutrient removal and disinfection. Sludge generated is also treated. Pathogen removal effectiveness varies by treatment process. Land application of sludge and biosolids has requirements to protect public health.
Lecture1_31082020.pdf
The document provides an overview of water and wastewater treatment. It discusses three key topics:
1) Unit 1 covers water pollutants and sources of pollution, as well as various stages of water treatment including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection.
2) Unit 2 discusses wastewater characterization, degrees of treatment, and the processes involved in primary and secondary wastewater treatment including nitrogen removal.
3) Unit 3 outlines tertiary wastewater treatment techniques such as membrane processes, evaporation, and advanced oxidation processes like electrocoagulation and photo catalysis.
ECOTOXICAL ASSESSMENT OF BIODEGRADATION
This document discusses ecotoxicological assessment of biodegradable polymers. It contains sections on end of life scenarios of biodegradable polymers including aerobic and anaerobic conditions. It also discusses biodegradation during organic recycling through industrial composting, home composting, and anaerobic digestion. Another section covers investigating polymer biodegradation and identifying intermediates. The document ends with sections on ecotoxicological assessment of biodegradation intermediates in aquatic environments through impacts on bacteria, algae, crustaceans and fish, and in terrestrial environments through impacts on bacteria, invertebrates, plants and vertebrates.
phycoremediation-3.pptx
This document discusses the use of microalgae (phycoremediation) for wastewater treatment. It begins with definitions of phycoremediation and discusses how it utilizes microalgae and macroalgae to remove or transform pollutants from wastewater. The document then outlines several applications of phycoremediation including removal of nutrients, organic matter, and heavy metals. Specific examples of phycoremediation being used to treat domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater from textile, food, tannery, chemical and pharmaceutical facilities, are provided. The document emphasizes that phycoremediation is an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional wastewater treatment methods.
Similar to Microbiology of sewage and sewage treatment (20)
SOURCES AND EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTANTS ON HUMAN HEALTH, QUALITY STANDARDS FO...
SOURCES AND EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTANTS ON HUMAN HEALTH, QUALITY STANDARDS FO...
Sustainable waste water treatment treatement in rural areas
Sustainable waste water treatment treatement in rural areas
8 -W.W Characteristics02 Environment Engineering.pptx
8 -W.W Characteristics02 Environment Engineering.pptx
Phytoremediation, an option for tertiary treatment of sewage
Phytoremediation, an option for tertiary treatment of sewage
Recently uploaded
Emerging Earth Observation methods for monitoring sustainable food production
Presented by Daniela Requena Suarez, Helmholtz GeoResearch Center Potsdam (GFZ) at "Side event 60th sessions of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Bodies - Sustainable Bites: Innovating Low Emission Food Systems One Country at a Time" on 13 June 2024
Republic of Ethiopia EPA (2003) Ambient Environment Standards for Ethiopia.pdf
Republic of Ethiopia EPA (2003) Ambient Environment Standards for Ethiopia.pdf
REPORT-PRESENTATION BY CHIEF SECRETARY, ANDAMAN NICOBAR ADMINISTRATION IN OA ...
Green Tribunal Andaman
Formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
Mass Production of Trichogramma sp..pptx
Trichogramma spp. is an efficient egg parasitoids that potentially assist to manage the insect-pests from the field condition by parasiting the host eggs. To mass culture this egg parasitoids effectively, we need to culture another stored grain pest- Rice Meal Moth (Corcyra Cephalonica). After rearing this pest, the eggs of Corcyra will carry the potential Trichogramma spp., which is an Hymenopteran Wasp. The detailed Methodologies of rearing both Corcyra Cephalonica and Trichogramma spp. have described on this ppt.
Call Girls Dehradun +91-8094342248 Vip Call Girls Dehradun
Call Girls Dehradun +91-8094342248 Vip Call Girls Dehradun
一比一原版美国贝翰文大学毕业证（BU学位证）如何办理
原件一模一样【微信：WP101A】【美国贝翰文大学毕业证（BU学位证）成绩单】【微信：WP101A】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：WP101A】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：WP101A】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份【微信：WP101A】
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
办理美国贝翰文大学毕业证（BU学位证）学位证【微信：WP101A 】外观非常精致，由特殊纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理美国贝翰文大学毕业证（BU学位证）学位证【微信：WP101A 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理美国贝翰文大学毕业证（BU学位证）学位证【微信：WP101A 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理美国贝翰文大学毕业证（BU学位证）学位证【微信：WP101A 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Stay Ahead of the Curve with PFAS Testing
There is a tremendous amount of news being disseminated every day online about dangerous forever chemicals called PFAS. In this interview with a global PFAS testing expert, Geraint Williams of ALS, he and York Analytical President Michael Beckerich discuss the hot-button issues for the environmental engineering and consulting industry -- the wider range of PFAS contamination sites, new PFAS that are unregulated, and the compliance challenges ahead.
Widespread PFAS contamination requires stringent sampling and laboratory analyses by certified laboratories only -- whether it is for PFAS in soil, groundwater, wastewater or drinking water.
Contact us at York Analytical Laboratories for expert environmental testing with fast turnaround times and client service. We have 4 state-certified laboratories in Connecticut, New York and New Jersey, and 4 client service centers.
P: 800-306-YORK
E: clientservices@YorkLab.com
W: YorkLab.com
Lessons from operationalizing integrated landscape approaches
Presented by James Reed at "9th Landscape Sustainability Science Forum" on 11 May 2024
一比一原版(unuk毕业证书)英国诺丁汉大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(unuk毕业证书)英国诺丁汉大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(unuk毕业证书)英国诺丁汉大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(unuk毕业证书)英国诺丁汉大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(unuk毕业证书)英国诺丁汉大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(unuk毕业证书)英国诺丁汉大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
(Q)SAR Assessment Framework: Guidance for Assessing (Q)SAR Models and Predict...
The webinar provided an overview of the new OECD (Q)SAR Assessment Framework for evaluating the scientific validity of (Q)SAR models, predictions, and results from multiple predictions. The QAF provides assessment elements for existing principles for evaluating models, as well as new principles for evaluating predictions and results. In addition to the principles, assessment elements, and guidance for evaluating each element, the QAF includes a checklist for reporting assessments.
This new Framework provides regulators with a consistent and transparent approach for reviewing the use of (Q)SAR predictions in a regulatory context and increases the confidence to accept alternative methods for evaluating chemical hazards. The OECD worked closely together with the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (Italy) and the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), supported by a variety of international experts to develop a checklist of criteria and guidance for evaluating each criterion. The aim of the QAF is to help establish confidence in the use of (Q)SARs in evaluating chemical safety, and was designed to be applicable irrespective of the modelling technique used to build the model, the predicted endpoint, and the intended regulatory purpose.
The webinar provided an overview of the project and presented the main aspects of the framework for assessing models and results based on individual or multiple predictions.
A Comprehensive Guide on Cable Location Services Detections Method, Tools, an...
A Comprehensive Guide on Cable Location Services Detections Method, Tools, an...Aussie Hydro-Vac Services
Explore Aussie Hydrovac's comprehensive cable location services, employing advanced tools like ground-penetrating radar and robotic CCTV crawlers for precise detection. Also offering aerial surveying solutions. Contact for reliable service in Australia.Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation data
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
Download the Latest OSHA 10 Answers PDF : oyetrade.com
Latest OSHA 10 Test Question and Answers PDF for Construction and General Industry Exam.
Download the full set of 390 MCQ type question and answers - https://www.oyetrade.com/OSHA-10-Answers-2021.php
To Help OSHA 10 trainees to pass their pre-test and post-test we have prepared set of 390 question and answers called OSHA 10 Answers in downloadable PDF format. The OSHA 10 Answers question bank is prepared by our in-house highly experienced safety professionals and trainers. The OSHA 10 Answers document consists of 390 MCQ type question and answers updated for year 2024 exams.
按照学校原版(UAL文凭证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证快速办理
挂科购买【(UAL毕业证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证】【176555708微信号】留学假毕业证成绩单、外壳、offer、留信学历认证（永久存档真实可查）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【我们承诺采用的是学校原版纸张（纸质、底色、纹路），我们拥有全套进口原装设备，特殊工艺都是采用不同机器制作，仿真度基本可以达到100%，所有工艺效果都可提前给客户展示，不满意可以根据客户要求进行调整，直到满意为止！】
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信176555708】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信176555708】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
留信网服务项目：
1、留学生专业人才库服务（留信分析）
2、国（境）学习人员提供就业推荐信服务
3、留学人员区块链存储服务
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：客户在留信官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
一比一原版（Glasgow毕业证）英国格拉斯哥大学毕业证如何办理
原件一模一样【微信：WP101A】【（Glasgow毕业证）英国格拉斯哥大学毕业证学位证成绩单】【微信：WP101A】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：WP101A】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：WP101A】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份【微信：WP101A】
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
办理（Glasgow毕业证）英国格拉斯哥大学毕业证学位证【微信：WP101A 】外观非常精致，由特殊纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理（Glasgow毕业证）英国格拉斯哥大学毕业证学位证【微信：WP101A 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理（Glasgow毕业证）英国格拉斯哥大学毕业证学位证【微信：WP101A 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理（Glasgow毕业证）英国格拉斯哥大学毕业证学位证【微信：WP101A 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Recently uploaded (20)
Emerging Earth Observation methods for monitoring sustainable food production
Emerging Earth Observation methods for monitoring sustainable food production
Republic of Ethiopia EPA (2003) Ambient Environment Standards for Ethiopia.pdf
Republic of Ethiopia EPA (2003) Ambient Environment Standards for Ethiopia.pdf
REPORT-PRESENTATION BY CHIEF SECRETARY, ANDAMAN NICOBAR ADMINISTRATION IN OA ...
REPORT-PRESENTATION BY CHIEF SECRETARY, ANDAMAN NICOBAR ADMINISTRATION IN OA ...
Formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay
Formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay
Call Girls Dehradun +91-8094342248 Vip Call Girls Dehradun
Call Girls Dehradun +91-8094342248 Vip Call Girls Dehradun
Lessons from operationalizing integrated landscape approaches
Lessons from operationalizing integrated landscape approaches
(Q)SAR Assessment Framework: Guidance for Assessing (Q)SAR Models and Predict...
(Q)SAR Assessment Framework: Guidance for Assessing (Q)SAR Models and Predict...
A Comprehensive Guide on Cable Location Services Detections Method, Tools, an...
A Comprehensive Guide on Cable Location Services Detections Method, Tools, an...
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation data
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation data
Download the Latest OSHA 10 Answers PDF : oyetrade.com
Download the Latest OSHA 10 Answers PDF : oyetrade.com
Ch-2-Forest_And_Wildlife_Resources_Full_Chapter_Explanation_pdf_.pdf
Ch-2-Forest_And_Wildlife_Resources_Full_Chapter_Explanation_pdf_.pdf
Microbiology of sewage and sewage treatment
- 1. MICROBIOLOGY OF SEWAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT Pro. F. Tahir 12/2/2014 MCB 503 - ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 1
- 2. Sewage or Wastewater Treatment • Introduction Sewage is waste matter carried in sewers or drains. It is a “mixture of water and solids separated from various types of water as a result of natural or artificial processes”. Sewage could be sludge or wastewater from: – Domestic used water and toilet wastes – Rainwater (surface runoffs) – Industrial effluent – Agricultural wastes 12/2/2014 MCB 503 - ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 2
- 3. Purpose of treatment –Eliminate potential pathogens and toxins –Decrease nutrient content (reduce microbial growth) –Remove odour and chemical contaminants –Reduce B.O.D. 12/2/2014 MCB 503 - ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 3
- 4. Nature and Characteristics of Sewage • The properties of sludge resulting from urban sewage wastewater treatment differ from place to place and depend on the structure of the population and its eating habits, season, diversity of industrial and agricultural units which overflow the wastewater into the urban sewage, on the way of its treatment in the purification plant, etc. • Sewage is 99.9% water and 0.02-0.04% solids and sewage sludge is formed at the wastewater sewage treatment plants by being evacuated through the sewage system. It contains mineral, organic, and biological impurities and microorganisms in soluble, insoluble and colloidal forms. 12/2/2014 MCB 503 - ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 4
- 5. Nature and Characteristics of Sewage continued • The important physical, chemical and biological characteristics of sewage are: Temperature The pH Colour and Odour Solids Nitrogen and Phosphorus Chlorides Toxic Metals and Compounds Organic Material • Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) • Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 12/2/2014 MCB 503 - ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 5
- 6. Microorganisms found in sewage BACTERIA Salmonella typhimurium Vibrio cholerae Clostridium botulinum Escherichia coli Etc. NEMATODES Schistosomes, Guinea worm, Tapeworm, Ascaris etc. VIRUSES PROTOZOA Giardia lamblia Entomoeba histolytica Cryptosporidium parvum Etc. 12/2/2014 MCB 503 - ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 6
- 7. B.O.D. Effects Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD): Amount of oxygen required for microbial decomposition of organic matter in sample • Oxygen is removed from water when organic matter is consumed by bacteria. • Low oxygen conditions may kill fish and other organisms. Raw sewage BOD: 300 to 400 mg/liter Natural water BOD: 5-10mg/L If you dump raw sewage into “receiving water”, the dissolved O2 can be quickly depleted by microbes 12/2/2014 MCB 503 - ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 7
- 8. Large Scale Wastewater Treatment Multi-series process • Primary (1°) treatment • Secondary (2°) treatment (4 methods) • Advanced treatment (3o treatment) Effluent (treated liquid) is discharged into water bodies Sludge (solid) is further treated in anaerobic digester and disposed of 12/2/2014 MCB 503 - ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 8
- 9. Primary (1°) Treatment Filter & settle steps remove ~50% of solids & 25% of BOD 12/2/2014 MCB 503 - ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 9
- 10. Anaerobic Sludge Digestion • Anaerobic organisms act on solids (sludge) • Various populations act sequentially Organic matter organic acids, CO2, H2 Organic acids acetate, CO2, H2 Acetate, CO2, H2 methane • Remaining sludge dehydrated • Disposal: incineration, landfill, fertilizer 12/2/2014 MCB 503 - ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 10
- 11. Secondary (2°) Treatment • Eliminates most of remaining BOD • Microbial degradation of organic material • 4 different options 12/2/2014 MCB 503 - ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 11
- 12. 2° Treatment cont. 12/2/2014 MCB 503 - ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 12
- 13. Tertiary or Advanced Treatment Physical, chemical or biological processes Increased expense over 1° and 2 ° treatment Removal of ammonia, nitrates and phosphates • Ammonia stripping: Liberates gaseous ammonia from water • Denitrification: use of bacteria (creation of N2 gas) • Chemical precipitation: phosphate removal 12/2/2014 MCB 503 - ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 13
- 14. Disinfection Performed before effluent is discharged. • Chlorine • Ozone • Ultraviolet light Purpose: reduce numbers of microorganisms and viruses 12/2/2014 MCB 503 - ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 14
- 15. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING 12/2/2014 MCB 503 - ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 15
Editor's Notes
- Higher BOD-large amounts of degradable materials present
- Bacteria: typhoid, cholera (photo), leigeonella, botulism Protozoa: giardia (photo), entomoeba, cryptosporidium (diarrhea, bad in HIV+) Worms: schistosome (photo), guinea worm, tapeworm, ascaris Viruses: rotavirus (photo), hepatitis A, polio
- Sludge is removed for sludge digestion Liquid sent for secondary treatment Sludge digestion?
- (Fermentation & TCA cycle Many treatment plants use generated methane to power equipment Organic acids: Lactic acid, Acetic acid, citric acid May have concentrated heavy metals
- Can be used in combo Look up ozone antimicrobial activity: )3 made by passing O2 across UV light, made on site and bubbled through water, highly reactive because unstable (like H2O2)